MULTIMEDIA INTEGRATED DIGITAL ACCESS SYSTEM SNM Network Control Modem Operation and Maintenance Manual. Part Number MN/SNM1001.

Transcription

1 MULTIMEDIA INTEGRATED DIGITAL ACCESS SYSTEM SNM-1001 Network Control Modem Operation and Maintenance Manual Part Number MN/SNM1001.OM Revision 1

2 SNM-1001 Network Control Modem Operation and Maintenance Manual Comtech EFData is an ISO 9001 Registered Company. Part Number MN/SNM1001.OM Revision 1 May 31, 1999 Copyright Comtech EFData, All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. Comtech EFData, 2114 West 7th Street, Tempe, Arizona USA, (480) , FAX: (480)

3 Customer Support Contact the Comtech EFData Customer Support Department for: Product support or training Information on upgrading or returning a product Reporting comments or suggestions concerning manuals A Customer Support representative may be reached at: Comtech EFData Attention: Customer Support Department 2114 West 7th Street Tempe, Arizona USA (480) (Main Comtech EFData Number) (480) (Customer Support Desk) (480) FAX or, can be sent to the Customer Support Department at: service@comtechefdata.com Contact us via the web at 1. To return a Comtech EFData product (in-warranty and out-of-warranty) for repair or replacement: 2. Request a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number from the Comtech EFData Customer Support Department. 3. Be prepared to supply the Customer Support representative with the model number, serial number, and a description of the problem. 4. To ensure that the product is not damaged during shipping, pack the product in its original shipping carton/packaging. 5. Ship the product back to Comtech EFData. (Shipping charges should be prepaid.) For more information regarding the warranty policies, see Warranty Policy, p. ix. ii Rev. 1

4 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Overview Mode of Operation Description Options Specifications CHAPTER 2. INSTALLATION Unpacking System Installation External Modem Connectors DATA I/O Interface (J8) EIA-422/449 Interface Connector Pinouts Remote (J6) Faults (J7) TX IF Output (CP1) RX IF Input (CP2) AC Power DC Power Chassis GND AGC Test Point Rev. 1 iii

5 Preface CHAPTER 3. OPERATION Front Panel LED Indicator Front Panel Keypad Option Clocking Options CHAPTER 4. THEORY OF OPERATION Modulator Specifications Theory of Operation Demodulator Specifications Theory of Operation Viterbi Decoding Theory Monitor and Control Non-Volatile Memory Remote Interface Specification M&C Theory of Operation Remote Interface Configuration Modem Defaults Digital Interfaces EIA-422/449 Interface Functional Description Specification CHAPTER 5. MAINTENANCE System Checkout Modulator Checkout Demodulator Checkout Test Points Modulator Test Points Demod/M&C/Interface Test Points Fault Isolation Modulator Faults Continuous Mode Demodulator Faults Burst Mode Transmit Interface Faults Receive Interface Faults Burst Mode Common Equipment Faults Module Identification iv Rev. 1

6 Preface 5.4 Software Versions Repackaging Requirements for Shipment APPENDIX A. REMOTE CONTROL OPERATION...A 1 A.1 General... A 2 A.2 Message Structure... A 3 A.2.1 Start Character... A 3 A.2.2 Device Address... A 3 A.2.3 Command/Response... A 4 A.2.4 End Character... A 4 A.3 Configuration Commands/Responses... A 5 A.3.1 Modulator... A 5 A.3.2 Demodulator... A 7 A.3.3 Interface... A 9 A.3.4 System... A 13 A.3.5 AUPC... A 13 A.4 Status Commands/Responses... A 15 A.4.1 Configuration... A 15 A.4.2 Error Performance... A 31 A.5 Stored Faults... A 32 Rev. 1 v

7 Preface Figures Figure Figure 1-2. Typical NMS Configuration Figure 1-3. Typical Network Control Channel Configuration Figure 1-4. SNM-1001 Block Diagram Figure 1-5. SNM-1001 Acquisition Performance Figure 1-6. SNM-1001 Bit Error Rate Performance (Burst Mode) Figure 2-1. Typical Rack Elevation Figure 2-2. Chassis Dimensional Drawing Figure 2-3. SNM-1001 Rear Panel View Figure 3-1. SNM-1001 Front Panel View Figure 4-1. Modulator Block Diagram Figure 4-2. Demodulator Block Diagram Burst Mode Figure 4-3. Viterbi Decoder Block Diagram Figure 4-4. EIA-422/449 Diagram Figure 5-1. Typical Output Spectrum Figure 5-2. Typical Output Spectrum Noise Figure 5-3. Typical Eye Constellations Figure 5-4. SNM-1001 Fault Tree (Burst Mode) Figure 5-5. SNM-1001 Fault Tree (Continuous Mode) Tables Table 1-1. Burst Mode Specifications Table 1-2. Continuous Mode Specifications Table 1-3. Burst Mode BER Specifications Table 2-1. Rear Panel Connectors Table 4-1. M&C Jumper Settings (AS/4973) Table 5-1. Adaptive Broadband Part Numbers for Various Modules vi Rev. 1

8 Preface About this Manual This manual provides installation and operation information for the Adaptive Broadband. This is a technical document intended for earth station engineers, technicians, and operators responsible for the operation and maintenance of the. Conventions and References Cautions and Warnings CAUTION CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION may also be used to indicate other unsafe practices or risks of property damage. WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. WARNING Metric Conversion Metric conversion information is located on the inside back cover of this manual. This information is provided to assist the operator in cross-referencing English to Metric conversions. these references apply to the MIL-STD A electrical characteristics for a balanced voltage digital interface circuit, Type 1 generator, for the full range of data rates. For more information, refer to the Department of Defense (DOD) MIL-STD A, Electrical Characteristics of Digital Interface Circuits. Trademarks Products names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged. Rev. 1 vii

9 Preface Reporting Comments or Suggestions Concerning this Manual Comments and suggestions regarding the content and design of this manual will be appreciated. To submit comments, please contact the Comtech EFData Customer Support Department. European EMC Directive In order to meet the European Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive (EN55022, EN ), properly shielded cables for DATA I/O are required. More specifically, these cables must be shielded from end-to-end, ensuring a continuous ground shield. The following information is applicable for the European Low Voltage Directive (EN60950): <HAR>! Type of power cord required for use in the European Community. CAUTION: Double-pole/Neutral Fusing ACHTUNG: Zweipolige bzw. Neutralleiter-Sicherung International Symbols: Alternating Current. Fuse. Safety Ground. Chassis Ground. Note: For additional symbols, refer to Cautions and Warnings listed earlier in this preface. viii Rev. 1

10 Preface Warranty Policy This Comtech EFData product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment. During the warranty period, Comtech EFData will, at its option, repair or replace products that prove to be defective. For equipment under warranty, the customer is responsible for freight to Comtech EFData and all related custom, taxes, tariffs, insurance, etc. Comtech EFData is responsible for the freight charges only for return of the equipment from the factory to the customer. Comtech EFData will return the equipment by the same method (i.e., Air, Express, Surface) as the equipment was sent to Comtech EFData. Limitations of Warranty The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper installation or maintenance, abuse, unauthorized modification, or operation outside of environmental specifications for the product, or, for damages that occur due to improper repackaging of equipment for return to Comtech EFData. No other warranty is expressed or implied. Comtech EFData specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for particular purpose. Exclusive Remedies The remedies provided herein are the buyer's sole and exclusive remedies. Comtech EFData shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, whether based on contract, tort, or any other legal theory. Disclaimer Comtech EFData has reviewed this manual thoroughly in order that it will be an easy-touse guide to your equipment. All statements, technical information, and recommendations in this manual and in any guides or related documents are believed reliable, but the accuracy and completeness thereof are not guaranteed or warranted, and they are not intended to be, nor should they be understood to be, representations or warranties concerning the products described. Further, Comtech EFData reserves the right to make changes in the specifications of the products described in this manual at any time without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such changes. If you have any questions regarding your equipment or the information in this manual, please contact the Comtech EFData Customer Support Department. Rev. 1 ix

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12 1Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the SNM-1001 network control modem, referred to in this manual as the modem. 1.1 Overview The (Figure 1-1) is a fully integrated, digital satellite network channel modem. Figure 1-1. Rev

13 Introduction Using digital signal processing techniques, it functions as the network control channel modem for Comtech EFData s Bandwidth-on-Demand (BOD) Multimedia Integrated Digital Access System (MIDAS). Features of the SNM-1001 include the following: Fully integrated master control mode functionality 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK, 1/2 rate burst mode demodulator 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK, 1/2 rate continuous mode modulator Operational parameters stored in EEPROM 50/180 MHz operation 1.2 Mode of Operation The SNM-1001 is an integral component of the MIDAS Network Management System (NMS), providing the control channel communication path between the NMS and the remote nodes. The NMS transmits commands to the remote nodes through the SNM-1001, using a continuous, TDM, outbound carrier. The remote nodes send requests and status messages to the NMS using the slotted ALOHA burst inbound channel. This inbound channel technology allows multiple remote nodes to share a single inbound carrier. A typical NMS configuration is shown in Figure 1-2. A typical network control channel configuration is shown in Figure Rev. 1

14 S N M N e t w o r k C o n t r o l M o d e m A TRANSMIT F TR A NS M I T PO WER O N L A RECEIVE RE C EI VE TRANSMITTER ON A U R L S A T E L L CO M M ON C A RR IE R DE T EC T M I T E T T E R M I N A L S S STO RE D TEST MODE T M EN T ER CLEA R ENTER CLEAR Introduction ETHERNET EIA-422 EIA-232 EIA-232 NETWORK CONTROL MODEM (SNM-1001) S D T IF ( MHz) RFT OPERATOR WORKSTATION NMS CONTROLLER LinkSync MODEM (SNM-1002) OPTIONAL PRINTER (USER SUPPLIED) Figure 1-2. Typical NMS Configuration BURST CONTINUOUS TDMA INBOUND TDN OUTBOUND REMOTE 4 (SNT-1020) NMS SITE (SNM-1001) REMOTE 3 (SNM-1010) REMOTE 1 (SNM-1000) REMOTE 2 (SNM-1000) Figure 1-3. Typical Network Control Channel Configuration Rev

15 Introduction Description The SNM-1001 is a complete, self-contained unit in a standard 1 Unit (1U) 19 (48.26 cm) rack-mountable enclosure weighing approximately 10 lbs. (8.63 kg.) All Monitor and Control (M&C) functions and indicators for operation of the modem, as well as the display Printed Circuit Board (PCB), are located on the front panel. The chassis contains the power supply; a fan is located on the rear panel. A system block diagram is shown in Figure 1-4. CUSTOMER J8 DATA I/O EXT. J8 CLOCK J7 ALARMS FORM C CONTACTS SNM-1001 NETWORK CONTROL MODEM INTERFACE COMMAND DATA CLK SCT BUS ENCODER/ MODULATOR M&C POWER SUPPLY IF OUTPUT CP1 50 TO 90 MHz 100 TO 180 MHz -5 TO -30 dbm 90 TO 264 VAC, 47 TO 63 Hz TRANSMIT RF EQUIPMENT ANTENNA REMOTE J6 SERIAL INTERFACE M&C DISPLAY AND KEYPAD DATA CLK M&C DEMOD/ DECODER IF INPUT CP2 50 TO 90 MHz 100 TO 180 MHz -30 TO -55 dbm RECEIVE RF EQUIPMENT FRONT PANEL REMOTE (OPT.) Figure 1-4. SNM-1001 Block Diagram 1.3 Options The following option is available for the SNM-1001: ± 48 VDC power 1 4 Rev. 1

16 Introduction 1.4 Specifications Table 1-1 and Table 1-2 list the operating specifications of the modem in Burst mode and Continuous mode, respectively. Table 1-1. Burst Mode Specifications General Specifications Operating Frequency Range 50 to 180 MHz, synthesized in 100 Hz steps Type of Demodulation QPSK Operating Channel Spacing Less than 0.5 db degradation operating with 2 adjacent-like channels, each 10 db higher at 1.3 times the symbol rate, or a minimum of 1.2 times the specified acquisition range Bit Error Rate See Table 1-3 Digital Interface EIA-422/449 on 37-pin D Digital Data Rate: QPSK, 1/2 Rate 19.2 kbit/s Doppler Buffer N/A Forward Error Correction Convolutional encoding with soft decision, K=7 Viterbi decoding. Data Descrambling Selectable or none, , synchronous Prime Power 90 to 264 VAC auto select, 47 to 63 Hz, 50W maximum, fused at 2A Size 1.75 H x 19.0 W x 20.1 D (4.44 H x W x 51.0 D cm) (see Figure 2-2) Operating Temperature 0 to 55 C (32 to 131 F) Storage Temperature -55 to +70 C (-131 to 158 F) Humidity 0 to 95% noncondensing Diagnostic Features IF Loopback RF Loopback Baseband Loopback (bi-directional, electrical) Fault Monitoring Bit Error Rate Monitoring Remote Control via Serial Port Additional Demodulator Specifications Input Power (Desired Carrier) -30 to -55 dbm (composite) +30 db power within 2 MHz from desired carrier +40 db power outside of 2 MHz from desired carrier 5 dbm maximum composite Input Impedance 75Ω standard Input Return Loss 20 db Carrier Acquisition Range ± 4 khz minimum Clock Acquisition Range ± 100 PPM Acquisition Time < 30 ms Directed Sweep N/A Rev

17 Introduction Table 1-2. Continuous Mode Specifications General Specifications Operating Frequency Range 50 to 180 MHz, synthesized in 100 Hz steps Type of Modulation QPSK Operating Channel Spacing Less than 0.5 db degradation operating with 2 adjacent-like channels, each 10 db higher at 1.3 times the symbol rate, or a minimum of 1.2 times the specified acquisition range Phase Noise In accordance with IESS-308 Digital Interface EIA-422/449 on 37-pin D (Field Changeable Plug-in Modules) One Interface per Module) Digital Data Rates: QPSK, 1/2 Rate 19.2 kbit/s Doppler Buffer Programmable from 64 to bits, or from 1 to 50 ms total depth Forward Error Correction Convolutional encoding with soft decision K=7 Viterbi decoding, Sequential decoding Data Scrambling CCITT V.35 Prime Power 90 to 264 VAC auto select, 47 to 63 Hz, 50W maximum, fused at 2A Size 1.75 H x 19.0 W x 20.1 D (4.44 H x W x 51.0 D cm) (see Figure 2-2) Operating Temperature 0 to 55 C (32 to 131 F) Storage Temperature -55 to +70 C (-131 to 158 F) Humidity 0 to 95% noncondensing Diagnostic Features IF Loopback RF Loopback Baseband Loopback (bi-directional, electrical) Fault Monitoring Bit Error Rate Monitoring Remote Control via Serial Port Additional Modulator Specifications Output Power -5 to -30 dbm, adjustable in 0.1 db steps Output Spurious and Harmonics -55 dbc in 4 khz BW in-band (50 to 180 MHz) -55 dbc in 4 khz BW out-of-band (0 to 500 MHz) Output Impedance 75Ω standard Output Return Loss 20 db Output Frequency Stability ± 10 PPM Data Clock Source Internal or external External clock ± 100 PPM and < 5% jitter Internal Data Clock Stability ± 10 PPM 1 6 Rev. 1

18 Introduction Serial Interface Signals Controlled/Monitored Configuration Retention Addressing Remote Control Specifications EIA-232, baud rate is19,200 bit/s. Transmit Frequency Receive Frequency Transmit Power Transmitter ON/OFF IF Loopback RF Loopback Baseband Loopback Scrambler ON/OFF Descrambler ON/OFF Sweep Center Filter Mask Raw Error Rate Corrected Bit Error Rate Receive E b /N 0 TX Clock Internal/External RX Clock Normal/Invert Receive Signal Level Receive Carrier Detect Power Supply Voltages Fault Status Stored Fault Status Will maintain current configuration for at least one year without power Programmable to 1 of 255 possibilities Address 0 reserved for global addressing The Bit Energy-to-Noise Ratio (E b /N 0 ) required to achieve 10-6 to 10-9 bit error rate in Burst mode is listed in Table 1-3. Table 1-3. Burst Mode BER Specifications E b /N 0 BER PER ACQ 6 db % 8 db % Notes: 1. Burst mode performance is measured with a 100 byte packet. 2. BER values are measured with a packet long enough to allow 100 errors. Rev

19 Introduction Acquisition performance of the modem is shown in Figure 1-5. Figure 1-5. SNM-1001 Acquisition Performance 1 8 Rev. 1

20 Introduction The Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the modem in Burst mode is shown in Figure BER 10-4 BER 10-5 BER E b /N 0 (db) Figure 1-6. SNM-1001 Bit Error Rate Performance (Burst Mode) Rev

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22 2Chapter 2. INSTALLATION This chapter contains the following information: Unpacking Installation System options External connections 2.1 Unpacking The modem and manual are packaged in a pre-formed, reusable cardboard carton containing foam spacing for maximum shipping protection. The circuit cards are contained in the modem chassis. CAUTION Do not use any cutting tool that will extend more than 1 (2.54cm) into the container and cause damage to the modem. To remove the modem: 1. Cut the tape at the top of the carton where it is indicated OPEN THIS END. 2. Lift out the cardboard/foam spacer covering the modem. 3. Remove the modem, manual, and power cord from carton. Rev

23 Installation 4. Save the packing material for reshipment purposes. 5. Inspect the equipment for damage incurred during shipment. 6. Check the equipment against the packing list to ensure that the shipment is complete. 2.2 System Installation To install the modem: 1. Mount the modem chassis in the assigned position in the equipment rack. Refer to Figure 2-1 for a typical rack elevation for an M:N system. For a custom rack installation, refer to the chassis dimensional drawing in Figure 2-2. Connect the cables to the appropriate locations on the rear panel. Section 2.3 contains a description of connector pinouts, placements, and functions. Before turning on the power switch, read and become familiar with Chapter 3. Verify that all jumper settings are correctly set for remote operation. Jumper settings are listed in Table 4-1. Turn on the power switch, located on the rear panel. Check for proper TX output signal level and spectrum. Check for proper RX input signal level and spectrum. If there is any problem with the installation, refer to Chapter 5 for instructions on how to troubleshoot the system. 2 2 Rev. 1

24 S N M N e t w o r k Installation Figure 2-1. Typical Rack Elevation 1.75 (4.5) (51.0) 19.0 (48.26) S N M N e t w o r k C o n t r o l M o d e m 1.25 (3.17) Figure 2-2. Chassis Dimensional Drawing Rev

25 Installation 2.3 External Modem Connectors Connections between the modem and other equipment are made through five connectors. These connectors are listed in Table 2-1 and their locations are shown in Figure 2-3. The use of each connector is described in the following paragraphs. Table 2-1. Rear Panel Connectors Name Ref. Design Function Connector Type AC POWER None AC Power Input Standard DATA I/O J8 DATA Input/Output (I/O) EIA-422/449 Various 37-pin D AGC None AGC Test Point Test Point FAULTS J7 FORM-C Fault Relay Contacts 9-pin Female D REMOTE J6 Remote Interface 9-pin Female D TX IF OUTPUT CP1 TX IF Output BNC RX IF INPUT CP2 RX IF Input BNC CHASSIS GND None Chassis Ground #10-32 Stud Figure 2-3. SNM-1001 Rear Panel View DATA I/O Interface (J8) The DATA I/O interface connector is used to interface data input and output signals to and from the modem. J8 connects to the customer terrestrial equipment directly, or through a protection switch. The modem operates with a single interface configuration. The DATA I/O interface is EIA-422/ Rev. 1

26 Installation EIA-422/449 Interface Connector Pinouts The EIA-422/449 interface is provided on a 37-pin female D connector accessible on the rear panel of the modem. Screw locks are provided for mechanical security of the mating connector. Signal Function Name Pin # Send Data SD-A SD-B 4 22 Send Timing ST-A ST-B 5 23 Receive Data RD-A RD-B 6 24 Request to Send EIA-A (See Note) 7 EIA-B (See Note) 25 Receiver Timing RT-A RT-B 8 26 Clear to Send CS-A (See Note) 9 CS-B (See Note) 27 Data Mode DM-A DM-B Receiver Ready RR-A RR-B Terminal Timing TT-A TT-B Master Clock (input) MC-A MC-B Demod Fault 21 Mod Fault 3 Signal Ground SG 1, 19, 20, 37 Note: The EIA and CS lines are jumpered together on the demod/m&c card (AS/4973-2), since the modem does not support polled operation. Rev

27 Installation Remote (J6) The remote connector allows the user to interface the Monitor and Control (M&C) functions with a remote location. This interface is EIA-232-C. For further discussion on the remote interface, refer to Chapter 4. The remote interface is provided on a 9-pin female D connector. Screw locks are provided for mechanical security of the mating connector. The remote connector is a Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) interface. There are jumpers that must be set on the demodulator board to select the EIA-232-C remote interface. Refer to Chapter 4 for their location and configuration information. EIA-232-C 4-Wire and 2-Wire Mode Pin # Name 1 2 RD (RX) 3 TD (TX) 4 5 GND 6 DSR 7 RTS 8 CTS Rev. 1

28 Installation Faults (J7) The fault connector on the modem is used to provide FORM-C contact closures for the purpose of fault reporting. There are three FORM-C summary fault contacts: Modulator Demodulator Common equipment To obtain a system summary fault, connect all FORM-C contacts in parallel. The fault interface is provided on a 9-pin female D connector. Screw locks are provided for mechanical security of the mating connector. The pinout of the connector is as follows: Pin # Name Function 1 NO Common equipment is not faulted 2 COM 3 NC Common equipment is faulted 4 NO Modulator is not faulted 5 COM 6 NC Modulator is faulted 7 NO Demodulator is not faulted 8 COM 9 NC Demodulator is faulted Note: A connection between the common (COM) and normally open (NO) contacts indicates no fault TX IF Output (CP1) CP1 is the transmit IF connector. The output impedance is 75Ω. The output power level is -5 to -30 dbm, in 0.1 db steps. In normal operation, the output will be a QPSK modulated result of the DATA I/O connector, between 50 and 180 MHz. Rev

29 Installation RX IF Input (CP2) CP2 is the receive IF connector. The input impedance is 50Ω (75Ω optional). In normal operation, the desired carrier signal level should read between -30 and - 55 dbm. Signals between 50 and 180 MHz are selected and demodulated to produce clock and data at the DATA I/O connector AC Power The AC power is supplied to the modem by a standard, detachable, non-locking, 3-prong power cord. Normal input voltage is 90 to 264 VAC, 47 to 63 Hz. The modem will automatically switch between ranges. Maximum power consumption is less than 40W DC Power DC power is available as an option. The DC power is supplied to the modem by a 3 position terminal block. Normal input voltage is ± 48 VDC, ± 10%. Maximum power consumption is less than 40W Chassis GND A #10-32 stud is available on the rear panel for the purpose of connecting a common chassis ground between all of the equipment. Note: The safety ground is provided through the AC power connector AGC Test Point The Automatic Gain Control (AGC) test point is a BNC connector on the back of the modem chassis. This feature allows the user to monitor the AGC. 2 8 Rev. 1

30 3Chapter 3. OPERATION This chapter describes the front panel operation and clocking options of the modem. 3.1 Front Panel The front panel of the modem (Figure 3-1) is locked out. It displays SNM The NMS sets all values. S N M N e t w o r k C o n t r o l M o d e m Figure 3-1. SNM-1001 Front Panel View Rev

31 Operation LED Indicator General modem status and summary fault information are indicated by 10 LEDs on the front panel. The indicators are defined in the following tables. Faults Name LED Description Transmit Red Indicates that a fault condition exists in the transmit chain. Receive Red Indicates that a fault condition exists in the receive chain. Common Red Indicates that a common equipment fault condition exists. Stored Yellow Indicates that a fault has been logged and stored. The fault may or may not be active. Status Name LED Description Power ON Green Indicates that power is applied to the modem. Transmitter ON Green Indicates that the transmitter is currently ON. This indicator reflects the actual condition of the transmitter, as opposed to the programmed condition. Carrier Detect Green Indicates that the decoder is locked. Test Mode Yellow Flashes when the modem is in a test configuration. Alarms Name LED Description Transmit Yellow Indicates that a transmit function is in an alarm condition. Receive Yellow Indicates that a receive function is in an alarm condition Front Panel Keypad Option This feature is a future option which will allow the user to plug in a hand-held keypad, and will allow access to all programming capabilities. 3.2 Clocking Options The clocking is addressed through the NMS. 3 2 Rev. 1

32 4Chapter 4. THEORY OF OPERATION This chapter describes the theory of operation for the various PCBs in the modem. 4.1 Modulator The modem modulator creates a QPSK modulated carrier within the 50 to 180 MHz range from the digital data stream provided by the interface section. The following subsections make up the modulator: Scrambler Convolutional encoder I/Q Nyquist filters Modulator Output amplifier RF synthesizer SCT synthesizer Modulator jumper settings are shown in Table 4-1. A block diagram of the modulator is shown in Figure 4-1. Rev

33 Theory of Operation Jumper Table 4-1. M&C Jumper Settings (AS/4973) Position Configuration Redundant Non-Redundant JP10 1 to 2 Closed Open 3 to 4 Closed Open 5 to 6 Open Closed 7 to 8 Open Closed JP 22 5 to 6 Open Closed JP 2 1 to 2 Closed Open 2 to 3 Open Closed JP 3 1 to 2 Closed Open 2 to 3 Open Closed JP 11 1 to 2 CTS shorted to TX FPGA CTS shorted to TX FPGA JP 6, JP7 2 to 3 Closed Closed JP 18 1 to 2 Closed Closed JP 21 2 to 3 Off Off OUTPUT SWITCH IF FILTER MPC VARIABLE ATTENUATOR MPC IF OUTPUT 50 to 180 MHz -5 to -30 dbm RF SWITCH RF SYNTH ATTENUATOR IF LOOPBACK 0 90 VCO DDS REF OSC EXT. CLOCK RX SAT CLK SCT IMPC M&C COMMAND BUS MICRO- PROCESSOR MPC MPC TX_DATA TX_CLOCK SCRAMBLERS PREAMBLE GENERATOR POSTAMBLE MPC CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODERS I Q VECTOR ROTATION I Q DIGITAL NYQUIST DIGITAL NYQUIST DAC DAC ALIAS FILTER ALIAS FILTER Figure 4-1. Modulator Block Diagram 4 2 Rev. 1

34 Theory of Operation Specifications Modulation Type QPSK Digital Data Rate: QPSK, 1/2 Rate 19.2 kbit/s Test Modes Carrier null and quadrature (dual and offset) CW Frequency Range 50 to 180 MHz Frequency Select Method Synthesized Frequency Step Size 100 Hz Frequency Stability (RF) ± 10 PPM internal oscillator Frequency Stability (SCT) ± 10 PPM internal oscillator Phase Error 2.5 maximum Filtering Type Nyquist, pre-equalized Spectral Occupancy Spectral density is -30 db, ± 0.75 symbol rate Spurious and Harmonics -55 dbc, 0 to 500 MHz Output Power Level Range -5 to -30 dbm, ± 0.5 db Output Stability ± 0.5 db Output Power Adjustment 0.5 db step size Output Impedance 75Ω Output Return Loss 20 db minimum Scrambling CCITT V.35 FEC Encoding Convolutional K=7 1/2 Rate Viterbi Decoding Soft-decision Viterbi Rate 1/2 Reported Faults AGC level fault Synthesizer fault I channel filter activity Q channel filter activity Clock activity fault Theory of Operation The modulator is composed of two basic sections: the baseband processing section and the RF section. The modem M&C controls all programmable functions in both sections. Data to be transmitted will come from the interface card via the demodulator. The format is EIA-422, and includes a clock that is synchronous with the data. The data signal at this point is clean and free of jitter. The data signal goes to the scrambler, which provides energy dispersal. It then goes to a differential encoder. The data signal passes to the Viterbi K = 7 convolutional encoder. The output of the encoder generates two separate data streams to drive the I&Q channels of the modulator. If selected from the front panel menu, one channel can be inverted, causing a spectral inversion. Rev

35 Theory of Operation From the encoder, the data signal passes through a set of variable-rate digital Nyquist filters. The filter set is for Comtech EFData Closed Network. There are activity detectors on both the I&Q channel Nyquist filters. The digital Nyquist filters are followed by Digital to Analog (D/A) converters and reconstruction filters. These filters provide proper spectral shaping and equalization. The filters are under control of the M&C. The symbol rate is 19.2 ks/s. The I&Q filtered data signals are applied to the RF modulator, which converts them to a modulated carrier. The spectral shape will be identical to that of the input data streams, but double-sided about the carrier frequency. The RF synthesizer provides the proper frequencies to convert the modulator IF to the desired output frequency in the 50 to 180 MHz range. The synthesizer has multiple loops, and incorporates a DDS chip to accommodate 100 Hz steps over a range of 130 MHz. The RF section has a frequency stability of ± 1 x The signal from the power combiner is sent to the output amplifier, which amplifies the low level signal from the modulator section to the proper level for output from the module. The amplifier contains circuitry that provides programmable control of the output level over a range of -5.0 to dbm, in 0.1 db steps. Power leveling is provided at ± 1.0 db to maintain the stability of the output level over time and temperature. Fault information from the modulator is sent to the M&C, and includes: Synthesizers out-of-lock RF output leveled Input data clock activity I channel digital filter activity Q channel digital filter activity 4 4 Rev. 1

36 Theory of Operation 4.2 Demodulator The modem demodulator converts a QPSK modulated signal of 50 to 180 MHz to a demodulated baseband data stream. The demodulator then performs error correction on the data stream, using a Viterbi decoding algorithm. A block diagram of the demodulator is shown in Figure 4-2. Demodulator jumper settings for selecting ROM size are listed in Table 4-1. RF IF INPUT 50 TO 180 MHz -55 TO -30 dbm IF FILTER ALIAS FILTER A/D DIGITAL NYQUIST I AGC ALIAS FILTER A/D DIGITAL NYQUIST Q IF LOOPBACK MPC RF SYNTH 0 VCO 90 BB MICRO- PROCESSOR MPC DDS DIGITAL COSTAS LOOP RX DATA SYNCHRONOUS DESCRAMBLER VITERBI SOFT DECISION MAPPING UNIQUE WORD DETECTOR MPC MPC DELAY RX CLOCK DDS DIGITAL CLOCK LOOP RR Figure 4-2. Demodulator Block Diagram Burst Mode Rev

37 Theory of Operation Specifications Digital Data Rate: QPSK, 1/2 Rate 19.2 kbit/s Symbol Rate 19.2 ks/s IF Frequency 50 to 180 MHz, in 100 Hz steps Input Level -30 to -55 dbm Decoding Type 1/2 Filter Mask Closed network Scrambler Types Synchronous Modulation Types QPSK Theory of Operation The demodulator card functions as an advanced, fully digital, coherent phase-lock receiver, and a Viterbi or Sequential decoder. The following subsections make up the demodulator: RF synthesizer IF amplifier Quadrature demodulator Identical anti-aliasing filters D/A converters Digital Nyquist filters Costas loop Clock loop Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Automatic Offset Control (AOC) Unique word detector Ambiguity resolver Soft-decision decoder Synchronous descrambler End of message detector The modulated signal enters the RF module, where it is converted from an IF signal at 50 to 180 MHz to I&Q baseband channels. The synthesizer has multiple loops, and incorporates a DDS chip to accommodate 100 Hz steps over a range of 130 MHz. The RF section has a frequency stability of ± 1 x The two channels are then passed through identical anti-aliasing filters, D/A converters, and digital Nyquist filters. 4 6 Rev. 1

38 Theory of Operation The result is a filtered, digital representation of the received signal. A Costas loop maintains the phase lock during the message. A phase-lock loop maintains the data clock. The soft-decision mapper converts the I&Q samples to soft-decision values. The soft-decision values are then fed to the Viterbi decoder, where error detection and correction are performed. The I&Q channels are also used to calculate the AGC and AOC voltages. The AGC and AOC are fed back to the RF module. Finally, the data from the output of the Viterbi decoder is descrambled with a synchronous descrambler, and routed to the interface card. There also is a summary fault relay that provides a FORM C output located on the demodulator board. The data clock phase can be selected from the Interface Utility menu. Using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques, the demodulator looks for carrier power in an 8 khz bandwidth. When a carrier is detected, the DSP calculates the offset from the nominal frequency. The DSP then zeros out the offset. This occurs during the CW portion of the preamble sequence. During the second part of the preamble sequence, the clock phase is recovered. When the unique word is detected, the Demod determines the ambiguity of the received signal. It then corrects the ambiguity, if necessary, and starts feeding data to the Viterbi decoder. A delay generator determines when the first bit of the data packet comes out of the Viterbi decoder, and initiates the synchronous load of the synchronous descrambler. After the descrambler starts the lock, the RR lines are set to true, denoting that valid data is being received. The demodulator, when locked, continually monitors the incoming data for the end-of-message marker. When the end-of-message marker is detected, a delay generator determines when the remaining data has been flushed out of the modem, and the Lock and RR line is set to false. Note: The data packet must not be less than 48 bits of data. There is no maximum length for the data packet Viterbi Decoding Theory The Viterbi decoder is used in open-network applications, typically in Intelsat Business Service (IBS) or Intermediate Data Rate (IDR) communication systems. The Viterbi decoder operates in conjunction with the convolutional encoder in the transmit modem. The Viterbi decoder and convolutional encoder correct the transmission channel errors in the received data stream. Figure 4-3 is a block diagram of the Viterbi decoder. Rev

39 Theory of Operation MICRO- COMPUTER BUS MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACE LOCK DETECT DEPUNCTURE DECODER VITERBI DECODER INCLUDES CHANNEL BER DETECTION DESCRAMBLER RECEIVE AMBIGUITY RESOLVER AND VW DETECTOR INPUT BUFFER RECEIVE CLOCK I CHANNEL Q CHANNEL COSTAS PROCESSOR AGC CONTROL DDS IF FREQUENCY LOCKED LOOP CLOCK RECOVERY Figure 4-3. Viterbi Decoder Block Diagram The Viterbi decoder processes 3-bit quantized R0 and R1 parallel code bits (symbols) from the demodulator. The quantization is 3-bit soft-decision in sign/magnitude format. This is a representation of the data transmitted, corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. The decoder uses the code symbols produced by the encoder to determine which symbols have been corrupted by the transmission channel. The decoder corrects as many corrupted symbols as possible. The data signal passes through an ambiguity resolver, which compensates for the potential 90 phase ambiguity inherent in a QPSK demodulator. A set of branch metric values is then computed for each of the received symbol pairs. The values are related to the probability that the received symbol pair was actually transmitted as one of the four possible symbol pairs. The branch metrics are then processed by the Add-Select-Compare (ASC) computer. The ASC computer makes decisions about the most probable transmitted symbol stream by processing the current branch metrics with the state metrics computed for the 64 previous decoder inputs. The results of the ASC computer are stored in memory called path memory. 4 8 Rev. 1

40 Theory of Operation Path memory is 80 states in depth. The path with the maximum metric is designated as the survivor path, and its data are used for output. The difference between the minimum and the maximum path metrics is used as the means of determining synchronization of the decoder. The output data may then be descrambled and differentially decoded. Both of these processes are optional, and may be selected locally or remotely. The data signal out of the differential decoder is sent to the interface card for formatting and output. The synchronization signal is used for lock detect, and is sent to the M&C. The raw BER count is generated from re-encoding the decoded data and comparing it to a delayed version of the input data. The count is then sent to the M&C for further processing. 4.3 Monitor and Control The modem uses a sophisticated micro-controller module to perform the M&C functions of the modem. This module is located on the demodulator board, and is referred to as the M&C. The M&C monitors the modem and provides configuration updates to other modules within the modem when necessary. The modem configuration parameters are maintained in battery-backed RAM. The RAM provides for total recovery after a power-down situation. Extensive fault monitoring and status gathering are provided. All modem functions are accessible through a remote communications interface Non-Volatile Memory Non-volatile memory on the M&C module allows it to retain configuration information without prime power for at least one year. Should the modem be powered down, the following sequence is carried out when power is re-applied to the M&C: 1. The micro-controller checks the non-volatile memory RAM to see if valid data has been retained. If valid data has been retained, the modem is reconfigured to that information. 2. If non-volatile memory fails the valid data test, a default configuration from ROM is loaded into the system. Rev

41 Theory of Operation Remote Interface Specification Refer to Appendix A for the remote interface specification M&C Theory of Operation The M&C module is built around the Intel 80C32 micro-controller, operating at MHz. The microsystem is designed to support up to 512 kbytes of read-only code memory, and up to 32 kbytes of non-volatile random-access data memory Remote Interface Configuration All modem functions can be remotely controlled and monitored via an EIA-232-C communications link. The EIA-232-C interface is used to communicate with a single modem. For M&C jumper settings, refer to Table Modem Defaults The M&C has default settings that are loaded into the modem at power-up. These default settings are also loaded each time the modem has been hard reset. The following tables list the defaults settings for each modem configuration parameter. Defaults for Burst Mode Modulator Defaults Demodulator Defaults Data Rate A Data Rate A TX Rate A 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK RX Rate A 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK TX-IF Frequency 70 MHz RX-IF Frequency 70 MHz TX-IF Output ON Descrambler ON Mod Power Offset 0 db Differential Decoder OFF TX Power Output -10 dbm Demodulator Type INTELSAT Open Scrambler ON Decoder Type Viterbi, 1/2 Rate Differential Encoder OFF IF Loopback OFF Modulator Type INTELSAT Open RF Loopback OFF Encoder Type Viterbi, 1/2 Rate BER Threshold None CW Mode Normal (OFF) Interface Defaults System Defaults TX Clock Source TX TERRESTRIAL Time 12:00 AM TX Clock Phase NORMAL Date 7/4/76 RX Clock Phase NORMAL Baud Rate 9600 Baseband Loopback OFF Parity Even Address 1 Operation Mode Duplex 4 10 Rev. 1

42 Theory of Operation Defaults for Continuous Mode Modulator Defaults Demodulator Defaults Data Rate A Data Rate A TX Rate 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK RX Rate 19.2 kbit/s, QPSK TX-IF Frequency 70 MHz RX-IF Frequency 70 MHz TX-IF Output ON Descrambler ON Mod Power Offset 0 db Differential Decoder ON TX Power Output -10 dbm Demodulator Type INTELSAT Open Scrambler ON Decoder Type Viterbi Differential Encoder ON IF Loopback OFF Modulator Type INTELSAT Open RF Loopback OFF Encoder Type Viterbi Sweep Center 0 Hz Frequency CW Mode Normal (OFF) Sweep Range Hz BER Threshold None Interface Defaults System Defaults TX Clock Source TX TERRESTRIAL Time 12:00 AM Buffer Clock Source RECEIVE SATELLITE Date 7/4/76 TX Clock Phase AUTO Baud Rate 9600 RX Clock Phase NORMAL Parity Even Baseband Loopback OFF Address 1 Buffer Size BYPASS Operation Mode Duplex Rev

43 Theory of Operation 4.4 Digital Interfaces The modem interface module is a daughter card that plugs onto the demodulator board. The module provides the interface for terrestrial data and overhead signals, and the fault reporting output of the modem. EIA-422/449 and EIA-232-C interfaces are available for input and output of terrestrial data when the modem is in the Continuous mode. Both baseband and interface loopbacks are provided. The terrestrial data rate is 19.2 kbit/s EIA-422/449 Interface Functional Description The EIA-422/449 digital interface provides the level translation, buffering, and termination between the internal modem signals and the EIA-422/449 interface on the rear panel. Electrical characteristics of the EIA-422/449 interface signals are defined in EIA STD EIA-422. Details of the mechanical interface are found in EIA STD EIA-449. A functional diagram of the interface is shown in Figure 4-4. The EIA-422/449 interface provides a Send Timing (ST) clock signal at the modem data rate. In the Internal Clock mode, the data to be transmitted, Send Data (SD), must be synchronized to ST. In the External Clock mode, the clock is accepted on the Terminal Timing (TT) input to clock-in the data to be transmitted. In either Internal or External Clock mode, the phase relationship between the clock and data is not important as long as it meets the EIA-422/449 jitter specifications Rev. 1

44 Theory of Operation A clock phase correction circuit is provided which shifts the clock away from the data transition times. The clock phasing is jumper selectable at JP1. When there is no jitter on the clock source, the Auto setting is used. The Normal setting is used when standard specifications on clock and data relationships exist. The Invert mode is used when the incoming clock is inverted from the standard clock and data relationship. Refer to Table 4-1 for jumper settings. J1 P1 5 TT +TT -TT ,32-5V 6 37,38 SD +5V +S 22 -SD 4 13 MC +MC -MC DF DEMOD FAULT MF MOD FAULT 3 14 CS +C 27 7 RS +R 25 8 ST +ST -ST ,34 +12V 10 RT +RT -RT ,36-12V RD RR +RD -RD DM +RR 31 1,2 GND -RR 13 39, GND INTF0 INTF1 +DM 29 -DM 11 GND 1,19,20,37 Figure 4-4. EIA-422/449 Diagram Data received by the modem is output on the Received Data (RD) lines, while the recovered clock is output on the Receive Timing (RT) lines. For applications that require the rising edge of the clock to occur in the middle of the data bit time, receive clock Normal mode should be selected. Invert mode puts the falling edge of RT in the middle of the data bit. This selection can be made from the front panel in the Configuration menu or from a remote terminal. Rev

45 Theory of Operation The Request To Send (RTS) lines are hardwired by JP11 to the Clear To Send (CTS) lines on the Demod/M&C card (AS/4973-2) for Continuous mode operation. The RTS line is activated for Burst mode by jumping pins 1 and 2 on JP11. Data Mode (DM) indicates that the modem is powered up. Receiver Ready (RR) indicates that an RF carrier is being received and demodulated with a sufficiently low error rate for the decoder to remain locked. The EIA-422/449 interface also provides bi-directional relay loopback of both the clock and data at the DCE interface. In loopback from the DTE side, SD is connected to RD, and either ST or TT (in Internal or External mode) is looped back to RT. From the modem side, the received data and recovered clock are routed back to the modulator input for retransmission. The Common Equipment, Modulator, and Demodulator fault outputs are provided on dry contact FORM C relays. They are available on the Fault connector on the modem rear panel. Fault indicators are also provided on Transistor/Transistor Logic (TTL) open collector drivers on the EIA-422/449 connector. The TTL MOD fault indicates a Modulator or Common Equipment fault. The TTL DEMOD fault indicates a Demodulator or Common Equipment fault Specification Circuit Supported SD, ST, TT, RD, RT, DM, RR, MC, MOD FAULT, DEMOD FAULT. Amplitude (RD, RT, ST, DM, RR) 4, ± 2V differential into 100Ω. DC Offset (RD, RT, ST, DM, RR) 0.0, ± 0.4V. Impedance (RD, RT, ST, DM, RR) Less than 100Ω, differential. Impedance (SD, TT, MC) 100, ± 20Ω, differential. Polarity True when B positive with respect to A. False when A positive with respect to B. Phasing (RD, RT) False-to-true transition of RT nominally in center of RD data bit. Symmetry (ST, TT, RT) 50%, ± 5%. Frequency Stability (ST) ± 100 PPM. Modulator Fault Open collector output. Fault is open circuit. 15V maximum, 20 ma maximum current sink. Demodulator Fault Open collector output. Fault is open circuit. 15V maximum, 20 ma maximum current sink Rev. 1

46 5Chapter 5. MAINTENANCE This chapter provides the following information: System checkout Modulator faults Module identification Software versions Repacking requirements 5.1 System Checkout The system checkout section is to be used as an aid in setting up a modem within the earth station. It includes E b /N 0 tables, a typical output spectrum, and typical eye pattern and constellation pictures. Rev

47 Maintenance Modulator Checkout A typical output spectrum is shown in Figure 5-1. If the output does not resemble this picture, refer to the fault isolation in Section 5.2 to locate the problem. Figure 5-1. Typical Output Spectrum The carrier frequency is selected through the NMS. 5 2 Rev. 1

48 Maintenance Demodulator Checkout The input to the demodulator card must be set within the proper frequency and power level ranges for the demodulator to lock to the signal. Refer to Figure 5-2 and the table below to check for proper E b /N 0 level. The following table lists Comtech EFData s conversion of (S+N)/N to S/N and E b /N 0 for 1/2 data rate: (db) Code Rate 1/2 (S+N)/N S/N E b /N Figure 5-2 is an example of the typical output spectrum noise for a 1/2 rate carrier operating at an E b /N 0 of 8.0 db. (S+N)/N is measured by taking the average level of the noise and the average level of the top of the modem spectrum as shown. Use this measurement for the first column on the above table. Read across the page to find the S/N and E b /N 0 for the specific code rate. Rev

49 Maintenance Figure 5-2. Typical Output Spectrum Noise 5 4 Rev. 1

50 Maintenance With Noise Without Noise Figure 5-3. Typical Eye Constellations Rev

51 Maintenance Test Points The modem does not have accessible test points. When troubleshooting is required at board level, the cover must be removed. The following is a list of test points located on the PCB, and a description of the signals that should be present under normal operation Modulator Test Points TP 1 DATA CLOCK TTL level clock that is locked to the incoming data to the interface card. TP 2 SYMBOL CLOCK TTL level clock that is locked to the incoming clock to the interface card. This clock is running at the symbol frequency and not at the data rate. The frequency is equal to: BPSK = 2 x Bit Clock QPSK1/2 = Bit Clock QPSK3/4 = 2/3 Bit Clock QPSK7/8 = 4/7 Bit Clock TP 3 Q MIXER Analog output of the Q channel baseband reconstruction filter and the input to the RF modulator. TP 4 Q DIGITAL FILTER Analog output from the Digital filter. TP 5 I DIGITAL FILTER Analog output from the Digital filter. TP 6 I MIXER Analog output of the I channel baseband reconstruction filter and the input to the RF modulator. 5 6 Rev. 1

52 Maintenance Demod/M&C/Interface Test Points TP 3 +5V +5V TP 4 GND Ground TP 11 GND Ground TP 12 SD Send Data TP 13 TT Terminal Timing (Transmit Clock) TP 14 RD Receive Data TP 15 RT Receive Timing TP 16 GND Ground TP 18 I I Channel Analog RF Output TP 19 Q Q Channel Analog RF Output TP 20 Q OFF Analog Q Channel DC Offset Control TP 21 Q CHAN Q Channel Analog Anti-Alias Filter Output TP 22 I CHAN I Channel Analog Anti-Alias Filter Output TP 24 I OFF Analog I Channel DC Offset Control TP 25 GND Ground TP 26 AGC DRV Analog AGC Drive TP 27 Q A/D IN Q Channel Analog to Digital Input TP 28 AGC CTRL Digital AGC Control TP 29 GND Ground TP 30 I A/D IN I Channel Analog to Digital Input TP 31 IF SYNTH REF (R143 must be populated) IF Synthesizer Reference TP 34 DATCLK Data Rate Clock TP 36 RX CLOCK Buffer Output CLK TP 37 DP1 Constellation I Test Point TP 38 DP2 Constellation Q Test Point TP 41 SYMBCK Symbol Clock D9 OVFL Buffer Overflow LED D10 UNFL Buffer Underflow LED D11 DON/PG XILINX Done Programming LED Rev