Books and press Foreword:

Transcription

1 Draft_v1 Books and press Foreword:... 1 Definition... 2 Content... 3 Introduction... 3 Classification of culture: cultural activities for Books and press... 3 Measuring culture: statistical classifications for Books and press... 5 Sources... 8 European sources... 8 Other sources...11 Data...13 Documentary references...18 Annexes...19 UNESCO definition for book...19 French legal definition for book...19 Foreword: As already stated in our attempt to delineate culture, the definition of cultural domains is a delicate operation. Culture is neither a strict concept nor a homogeneous sectorial industry. Indeed, culture encompasses experiences and various social practices, it is rooted in the values of individuals, their own aesthetic and philosophical representations and, to a more collective level, all the ways to display identities. Finally, changes related to behavioural practices and technological developments make the boundaries even more fluctuating, at the same time at cultural activities level than at the players one. Cultural activities are not necessarily sequential nor clearly identifiable and the amateurs may also invest the fields of creation and dissemination. The cultural domain, which consists in a set of practices, activities or cultural products centred around the expressions recognized as artistic ones, is therefore complex to define, and especially since it sometimes mixes in one together several types of artistic expression. It would seem impractical to ask general questions like what is a book? for our statistical methodological work. Whether a codex book better corresponds to the defintion than a digital pad or the Internet screen is very interesting for sociological or philosophical issues but quite irrelevant for our statistical objective. Text is only attached to the format (paper, pdf or e-publication) for its layout and for the skills required to create it: the format is not essential for measuring the product as long as that product is well included within our framework. This question is certainly more relevant to TF4 for the cultural practices (if it is decided to detail and separate practices by format...). Moreover, are there legal definitions of the book that would enable to establish a definition on accepted concepts? And should we list the genres considered as being part of the Books and press domain (see fiction, educational books, guides, etc..)? Given these considerations and questions, a pragmatic approach is proposed to define cultural domains: this method suggests to rely on the structure of the framework, crossing domain with layer 1 and domain with function, so that to structure cultural sectoral activities. Interdisciplinary activities -education, administration and financing- are necessary for any domain, they would therefore only be quoted but they should not be considered as the core of a domain. 1 (economic/employment/practices/financing dimensions) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 1

2 Definition The cultural domain of Books and Press includes the activities consisting in creating, editing, publishing and distributing books, periodicals, magazines and newspapers, whether printed or digital. These activities are made of: a. on the one hand, activities related to artistic and literary books and periodicals creation. Creation activities in a broad sense include the activities of translation. N.B.: only the creation of the written part is included in that domain, even if the composition of a book also implies visual creations: these will be integrated at the crossing of Creation with Visual arts domain (physical book) or Creation with Audiovisual domain (ebook with multimedia parts). b. on the other hand, the industrial activities of production and publishing of books and periodicals, as well as their distribution (trade, whether physical or online); the activities of news agencies (gathering of information and writing of articles to provide the press with content) are also part of the industrial activities of the book and the press. a and b activities are the primary sectoral activities for measuring the Books and Press domain. c. other activities are connected to Books and press: activities of preservation (included digitization) to protect, restore and conserve documents; activities of lending (carried out by libraries or specific groups) and disseminating (thematic exhibitions). d. the interdisciplinary activities of education (that enables the creation) and administration as well as the financing activities are the support activities linked to all sectoral domains. Such is the practising side which represents the final aim for any cultural content. Other references: UNESCO This category represents publishing in all its various formats: Books, Newspapers, and Periodicals. This category remains the same as in FCS 1986 (UNESCO, 1986) but it also includes the electronic or virtual forms of publishing such as online newspapers, ebooks and the digital distribution of books and press materials. Libraries, both physical and virtual, are included in this domain as are Book fairs. DCMS, UK It is important here to note the strong cross-domain linkages between Books and Press and Cultural Heritage, principally through the operation of libraries and archives, which obviously depend on artefacts that are created and made within the Books and Press cycle. ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 2

3 Content Introduction The method used to define the content of a cultural domain is based on the structure of the framework, crossing domain with layer 2 and domain with function. Firstly, several layers are at stake: these are the dimensions related to economy, to employment, to cultural practices, to social participation and to cultural financing. Secondly, the crossings with domain generate a list of cultural activities. And these cultural activities are of two kinds: the cultural theoretical activities defining a general and conceptual classification of culture and the cultural statistical activities which are based on existing official classifications. Classification of culture: cultural activities for Books and press The statistical classifications are the official system for measuring and comparing sectors in Europe and all over the world : they are obviously practical for measuring culture, however they are often not sufficient for constructing the explicit cultural activities. To build a list of cultural theoretical activities enables to propose a classification of culture, classification that does not currently exist. Such a classification would be relevant to set a panorama of cultural activities and distinguish, for instance, books from the press, bearing in mind that these detailed activities are not always available in the existing statistical classifications. Nota Bene: the Québec Institute for National Statistics has built in 2004 a similar system, see Should such a EU system for classifying culture be set up? The table below is a proposal to be discussed, it uses the functions of the economic layer: if it is maintained, should it be completed with the different layers (see codes for cultural practices, for employment, etc.?)? Its advantage would be to attach each detailed activity to its specific domain but also allowing it to be linked with other domains in which it might be relevant: e.g., the creation of graphical works is attached to the Visual Arts domain but it is also important for the creation of books (a book jacket refers to graphical and design work and comics are considered as books in the Books and press domain). Functions & layers 1. Creation 2. Production/ Publishing 3. Dissemination/ Trade 4. Preservation 5. Training 6. Management/ Regulation Domains 01. Heritage , , 01.1nn 02. Archives 03. Libraries 04. Books & Press 05. Visual arts 06. Performing arts 07. Audiovisual 08. Architecture 09. Advertising 10. Art Crafts , , 10.1nn , , 01.2nn , , 01.3nn Classification for Cultural activities , , 01.6nn 2 (economic/employment/practices/financing dimensions) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 3

4 Création d'oeuvres littéraires Creation of literary works Rédaction et illustration d'articles culturels pour journaux et périodiques Création graphique Graphical creation Services des agents littéraires Services of literary agents Traduction d'œuvres littéraires Translation of literary works Édition de livres Publishing of books Writing of cultural articles for newspapers and periodicals Édition de journaux, périodiques Publishing of newspapers and magazines Activités des agences de presse News agency activities Expositions de livres et presse Exhibitions of books and press Prêt en bibliothèques Libraries lending activities Diffusion de livres Organisation of book conventions and event-organising activities Commercialisation de livres Book trading activities Commercialisation de journaux et périodiques Newspapers and periodicals trading activities Conservation de livres Protection activities for books Conservation de journaux, périodiques Protection activities for newspapers and periodicals Restauration de livres Restoring of books Numérisation d'œuvres littéraires Digitization of literary works Numérisation de journaux et périodiques Digitization of newspapers and periodicals Enseignement artistique littéraire Artistical education in literary Enseignement artistique journalistique Artistical education for journalism Sensibilisation artistique et culturelle à Awareness-raising actions for culture and written works l'écrit (œuvres littéraires, articles, rédaction, etc.) Services administratifs liés au livre Administrative services for books Services administratifs liés à la presse Administrative services for the press Pratique culturelle liée au livre (dont par Cultural practices related to books (incl. by the internet): internet) : écriture en tant qu amateur ; lecture ; writing in leisure time ; publishing of all kinds publications amateur Pratique culturelle liée aux journaux et Cultural practices related to newspapers and periodicals: périodiques (dont par internet) : écriture en tant (incl. by the internet): writing in leisure time ; publishing of qu amateur ; lecture ; publications amateur all kinds (pamphlets, etc.) Financement public du livre Financement public de la presse Financement privé du livre Financement privé de la presse Public financing for book Public financing for the press Private financing for book Private financing for the press ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 4

5 Measuring culture: statistical classifications for Books and press In the absence of an ad hoc nomenclature for culture, it is necessary to use the available classifications: economic classifications, the European NACE to start with, represent the standard tools for both organising and standardising information, they are a common language which is moreover used in non-statistical domains such as social and fiscal regulation, tariff systems, trade agreements, etc. In addition, NACE is the official nomenclature of the harmonized surveys, it serves to both survey methodology and allows comparability of economic and sectoral results at European level. Despite the fact that some functions are not covered by NACE (cf. social functions) and that certain NACE classes correspond to a too aggregated level for cultural sectors, NACE and other classifications connected to it (product classification CPA) are proposed as tools for measuring cultural activities. The CPA is interesting for the knowledge of the NACE s content but it is not integrated in the harmonized European surveys as a mandatory level for transmission of data. Other European classifications are also to be used: foreign trade (CN), occupations (ISCO), consumption (COICOP), etc.: they are interesting for studying culture with other approaches such as trade and employment. Some NACE classes fully cover the activities of Books and press, they are the NACE activities related to the editing industry (4-digits classes 5811, 5813, 5814) and sales (4761, 4762). They are the NACE classes to fit the strict sectoral approach fo Books and press: they are to be privileged for a relevant measurement of the Books and press domain. NACE Group Group label NACE Class Class label CPA 2008 CPA 2008 label 581p Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities 5811 Book publishing Printed educational textbooks (workbooks, teachers manuals, ressource materials, interactive materials) Printed professional, technical and scholarly books Printed children books Printed dictionaries and encyclopaedias Printed atlases and other books with maps Printed maps and hydrographic or similar charts, other than in books form Other printed books, brochures, leaflets and the like (literary fiction and non-fiction; poetry and drama; religious books, bibles and hymnals; nonfiction such as history, political, biographies, home and garden, how-to books, cook books, travel guides,et 5813 Publishing of newspapers 5814 Publishing of journals and periodicals Books on disk, tape or other physical media On-line books Advertising space in books, printed Advertising space in books, electronic Publishing of books on a fee or contract basis Licensing services for the right to reproduce, distribute or incorporate literary originals such as books, brochures, leaflets, maps and the like Printed newspapers On-line newspapers Printed general interest journals and periodicals Printed business, professional and academic journals and periodicals Other printed journals and periodicals On-line journals and periodicals Advertising space in journals and periodicals, printed Advertising space in journals and periodicals, electronic Licensing services for journals and periodicals. 476p Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialised stores 4761 Retail sale of books in specialised stores Retail trade services of books 4762 Retail sale of Retail trade services of newspapers nad magazines newspapers and stationery in specialised stores p : part = the code does not contain only cultural activities. On the contrary, bold and underlined class means cultural sectors with only cultural content. ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 5

6 Other NACE codes are partly related to Books and press: they cover several cultural domains at the same time (for example, not only Books and press but also Libraries (9101 code), or Visual Arts (9003), etc. Cultural Education is also measurable from an aggregated NACE class (8552) that is interdisciplinary. NACE Group Group label NACE Class Class label CPA 2008 CPA 2008 label 639p Other information 6391 News agency activities News agency services to newspapers and periodicals: 900 Creative, arts and entertainment activities 9003 Artistic creation Services provided by individual artists (such as composers, sculptors, painters, cartoonists, engravers, etchers, etc), individual writers (for all subjects, including fictional and technical writing), independent journalists and other artists except performing artists. 743 Translation and interpretation activities 7430 Translation and interpretation activities Translation services. 910p Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities 9101 Library and archives activities Libraries services: Collection, cataloguing, conservation and retrieval services of books and the like; Lending services of books and records; Stock photo and movie library services Archive services: Operation (collection, cataloguing, conservation and retrieval) services of public archives, including digital archives; Operation services of historical archives, including digital archives. 855p Other education 8552 Cultural education Other cultural education services. services p : part = the code does not contain only cultural activities. On the contrary, bold and underlined class means only cultural content. At last, some NACE codes have a very small proportion of cultural content, identifiable only at a detailed level, the products of the CPA. To quote the CPA level enables to link the cultural activities with official nomenclatures, however, these detailed levels are most of the times absent from the available sources and therefore are not measurable. For instance, it seems too irrelevant to include such an activity as Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet because it concerns various products and not only cultural ones; now we quote the CPA (along with and ) that has to do with the books and press domain and which is also linked with the 4791 digital trade. The NACE classes linked with the below CPA are not considered as cultural. Level of integration in cultural domains: products from the CPA Binding and related services (incl. rebinding) Retail trade services of second-hand books Other professional, technical and business services (incl. Engagements in motion pictures, theatre or other entertainment; placement of books, artworks, etc.) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 6

7 European external trade classification (CN Combined Nomenclature, updated annually) is the classification of goods used within the EU for the purposes of foreign trade and customs. The products of the CN 2010 included in cultural Books and Press are identified as follow: ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 7

8 Sources European sources 1- For the production of economic statistics on Books and Press, the SBS Regulation is to be favoured because of the 4-digit NACE availability. SBS Regulation describes the sectoral economy of the business units (the entreprise) editing books and press. 2- The Comext database, by the Combined Nomenclature, allows the measure of foreign trade for the refined products of books and press. 1. Business Statistics 1.1 Structural Business Statistics (SBS) Regulation The objective of the Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 58/97 of 20 December 1996 (and amendments No 295/2008) concerning structural business statistics shall be to establish a common framework for the collection, compilation, transmission and evaluation of Community statistics on the structure, activity, competitiveness and performance of businesses in the Community. Indicators include business demographic variables, financial variables (turnover, value added, capital input), labour variables, sectoral concentration, regional and size class breakdown. Structural business statistics (SBS) cover industry, trade and services. They describe the behaviour (structure, conduct and performance) of businesses across the European Union (EU) data are available for the EU-27 and for the Member States. ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 8

9 The statistics can be broken down to a vey detailed sectoral level (several hundred economic activities). A subset of the SBS information is also available for European regions, as well as according to the size of enterprises. The information contained within SBS is therefore more detailed than national accounts (which contain information by branch with a quarterly and an annual frequency). The main indicators within SBS are generally collected and presented as monetary values, or as counts (for example, numbers of enterprises or persons employed); this is in contrast to short-term business statistics, where the data are presented as indices (generally in relation to a base year of 2005=100). SBS regulations shall cover all market activities in Sections B to N and P to S of the common statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community as established by Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 (hereinafter referred to as NACE Rev. 2). Data from the Books and Press sectors will be available at 4-digit classes level (in 2008, some 20 Member Sates and total from the EU-27). 1.2 Short-Term Statistics (STS) Short-term business statistics (STS) are defined in the Council regulation (EC) No 1165/98 of 19 May 1998 and its amendment in NACE Rev.2 by the Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 : the series cover the European countries together with totals for the euro area and the EU-27. STS indicators allow the rapid assessment of the economic climate within an economy. STS are a key resource for those who follow developments in the business cycle, or for those who wish to trace recent developments within a particular industry, construction or service. STS do not provide information on levels (in other words, the monetary value of output, the number of persons employed, etc.), STS indicators provide monthly, quaterly or annual indices for turnover, labour input and producer prices.. For STS, the cultural sectors are covered at Divisions levels for retail trade: Division 47; services activities relate to Divisions 45 and 46; Section J: information and communication; Division 71: architectural and engineering activities, technical testing and analysis; Division 73: advertising and market research; Division 74: other professional, scientific and technical activities; and Division 82: office administrative, office support and other business support activities. For the Books and Press sectors, the STS covers an aggregated level (2-digit Division 58, including non cultural sectors-publishing of directories and other activities). 1.3 Prodcom list Prodcom provides statistics on the production of manufactured goods: it is described in the Council of the European Communities Regulation (EEC) No 3924/91 of 19 December The term comes from the French "PRODuction COMmunautaire" (Community Production) for 4500 manufactured products of mining, quarrying and manufacturing: sections B and C of the Statistical Classification of Economy Activity in the European Union (NACE 2). Manufacturing activities are not included in the cultural framework, thus the only industrial products that are linked with the Books and press activities are the , , products for measuring the production of binding and finishing of books and brochures (value and volume indicators). However, we might ask ourselves about the measure of the production of books and press carried out by the printing activities (in volume, number of items)? In the same way that we take into account the flows of books and press for foreign trade, what about considering the volume of books and press produced by the printing activities in national territory and European zone? (see Table 7) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 9

10 Printed newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing at least 4 times a week Printed newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing less than four times a week Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter, in single sheets Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter (excluding in single sheets) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 10

11 2. European External Trade External trade statistics measure the value and quantity of goods traded between the Member States of the European Union (known as intra-eu trade or Intrastat) and goods traded by Member States of the EU with third countries (known as extra-eu trade or Extrastat). They are the official harmonised source of information about imports, exports and trade balance of the EU and its Member States, as well as of the euro area. One important use of international trade statistics in the majority of countries is to provide a data source for the estimation of those components of the balance of payments and the national accounts which relate to trade in goods. Statistics on trade between the Member States of the European Union are based on a European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No 638/2004 of 31 March 2004 and statistics on the European Union s trade with non-member countries are based on Council Regulation (EC) No. 1172/95 (consolidated version) of 22 May 1995 The database Comext offers a large selection of breakdown (e.g. size of entreprise) and the products are available according to several classifications, not only by CN 8-digit (even if most detailed) but also by CPA 2008 for instance (allowing the connection with services which is relevant for domains where products are not measurable, for instance activities of performing arts or heritage). However, CPA being only available at, for the best, 4-digit Nace Class level, the results are once again often broader than just cultural ones ; For the books and press trade, data are available by detailed CN products from Section X chapter 49 ( , , , , , , ). Data from CPA exist but they are more aggregated: the 4-digit codes 5811, 5813, 5814 include for instacne maps and atlases, or advertising space that are not taken into consideration when measuring the trade of books and press by CN. The differences are displayed in Tables 4 and 5: CPA results in value are inflated (from 3 % to 6 % for EU-27 Intra and Extra trade, and around 15 % with a specific partner, China). However, in volume, the Books and press results from CN or CPA are similar: 1 % of EU-27 Export with China and 25 % ( CN) to 27 % (CPA) of EU-27 Import with China. 3. Labour statistics (see with TF3 or just delete the chapter?) 3.1 Labour force survey (LFS) 4. Social Statistics (see with TF2 and TF4 or just delete the chapter that would be included in the TF2/TF4 documents?) 2.1 EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) 2.2 Eurobarometer 2.3 Harmonized European Time Use Study 2.4 Household Budget Surveys (HBS) 2.5 Harmonized Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP) (see products from COICOP Classification of individual consumption by purpose CP0951, CP0952, Table 8) Other sources International sources are quite difficult to be used: they contain information on Books and press whose scope is always limited, either in terms of the units included (selected sample ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 11

12 made of members), in terms of geography (only a few Member States of EU-27), or in terms of data frequency (irregular surveys or reports). Therefore, they should not be preferred to European sources. 1. UNESCO / UIS, International newspaper survey 2. UNESCO / UIS, Statistics on Books production 3. Federation of European Publishers (FEP), annual report 4. European Federation of Magazine Publishers (FAEP) 5. European Council of literary Translators associations (CEATL), irregular thematic surveys 6. LibEcon, data on libraries ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 12

13 Data Table 1- Entreprises statistics for Books and press Main indicators (Euros unit=eur million) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 13

14 Table 2- Publishing activities: Index of turnover (2005=100) ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 14

15 Table 3- Detailed entreprises statistics for Retail sale of books and press Main indicators Table 4 EU-27 External trade by CPA, 2009 ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 15

16 Table 5 EU-27 External trade by CN, 2009 Table 6 EU-27 Proportion of External trade with China by CN and by CPA, 2009 ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 16

17 Table 7 Production of manufactured books and press, 2009 Table 8 Consumer prices of books and press, 2009 ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 17

18 Documentary references Recent documents on discussed issues (e.g. digital issues, networks, new industrial ways like selfproduction, etc.) should be particularly pointed up. «A Methodology to Collect International Book Statistics», UNESCO 2009 ( ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 18

19 Annexes UNESCO definition for book A book is a non-periodic printed publication of at least 49 pages exclusive of the cover pages, published in the country and made available to the public. (see French legal definition for book (see Definition of a book as given in the 3C bill from the French Tax Collection directorate of 30 December A book is a printed set, illustrated or not, published under a title whose objective is to reproduce an intellectual work of one or more authors for education and dissemination of thoughts and culture. This set can be presented in the form of printed elements, assembled or grouped by any process, given that these elements have the same purpose and that their grouping is necessary for the unity of the work. They can not be sold separately except if they represent a united set or if they are an updated version. A set is still considered as a book if the whole space devoted to advertising and blank blocks does not exceed one third of the total work, apart from binding or any other equivalent process. List of works considered as books: - works on literature, science or art; - dictionaries and encyclopedias; - educational works; - almanacs containing mainly literary, scientific or artistic articles, and more generally when texts of general interest or educational content are predominant; - picture books, with or without text; - cultural and tourist guides; - legal, documentary or cultural directories; - art exhibition catalogs that are not mere directories but with a sufficient textual component allowing a status of intellectual work; - scientific, legal or cultural forms; - music manuals, musical sheet for piano or singing, educational and music theory books. List of works that are not considered as books: - almanacs other than those mentioned above; - directories; - travel guides only containing lists of hotels or restaurants, city guides and comercial guides with promoting objectives; - catalogs; - catalogs and stamp albums; - timetables of railways, boats, trams and similar works; - coloring books, alphabets and carvings; - picture books for children designed to be cut or for making up a collection; - directories with only enumerations; alphabetical indexes of individuals; - technical booklets to give instructions for operating devices; - cases for presenting books when sold separately; - ordinary music score to give lyrics and music of a song, music books for homework and music paper. ESSnet Framework and Definitions, Books and Press 19