Ethical Reporting in Research Papers!

Transcription

1 ! Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University & Department of Physics, IIT Kanpur Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur December 30, 2009

2 ! Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University & Department of Physics, IIT Kanpur Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur December 30, 2009

3 PLAGIARISM

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5 Copycat Science!

6 Technoscientific Research Practices

7 Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear: Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

8 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (ca ) Thomas Gray ( )

9 The paths of glory lead but to the grave

10 The paths of glory lead but to the grave

11 Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife

12 Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife

13 Memorable Phrases Memorable Phrases

14 A thesis from 2004 Abstract of conference paper from 2009

15 A thesis from 2004 Abstract of conference paper from 2009

16 Standard Textual Matter: 1. Description of a standard experimental technique 2. Description of a standard analysis or numerical method 3. Description of a well-known phenomenon

17 Standard Textual Matter: Paraphrase, but do not copy 1. Description of a standard experimental technique 2. Description of a standard analysis or numerical method 3. Description of a well-known phenomenon

18 Standard Textual Matter: Paraphrase, but do not copy 1. Description of a standard experimental technique 2. Description of a standard analysis or numerical method 3. Description of a well-known phenomenon Cosmetic changes = Plagiarism

19 Standard Textual Matter: Paraphrase, but do not copy Cosmetic changes = Plagiarism Citation of source: antiquity, context, readership

20 New Textual Matter: Paraphrase, but do not copy 1. Description of a new experimental technique 2. Description of a new analysis or numerical method 3. Description of a new phenomenon Cosmetic changes = Plagiarism Source must be cited

21 Equations: 1. Wholesale change of notation unnecessary 2. Do not distort the form without good reason 3. Same rules of citation as for textual matter

22 Nature of Presented Data 1. Original

23 Nature of Presented Data 1. Original 2. Ethically acquired

24 Nature of Presented Data 1. Original 2. Ethically acquired (i) Not stolen (ii) Informed consent (iii) Uncoerced (iv) Legal techniques

25 Nature of Presented Data 1. Original 2. Ethically acquired 3. Not misleading

26 Published Data: 1. The source (other than you and your coauthors) must be cited.

27 Unpublished Data: 1. The source (other than you and your coauthors) must be cited. 2. Permission of datacollector(s)must be taken.

28 Published Figure/Table: 1. The source (other than you and your co-authors) must be cited. 2. Written permission of author(s) and publisher must be taken.

29 Unpublished Figure/Table: 1. The source (other than you and your co-authors) must be cited. 2. Permission of author(s) must be taken.

30 Egregious Examples

31 Carbon Copy

32 Carbon Copy

33 Falsification of Data

34 Falsification of Data In the spring of 2002, the world s most productive young scientist was a 31-year-old physicist at Bell Labs in New Jersey in the US. With eight papers published in Nature and Science in 2001 alone, Jan Hendrik Schön was emerging with breathtaking speed as a star researcher in physics, materials science and nanotechnology.

35 Falsification of Data. much of Schön s data were fake. His discoveries were lies. Many of his devices had probably never existed.

36 Falsification of Data. in 2002, Schön revealed to his investigators how he had actually done it. He was doing science backwards. He started from the conclusion he wanted and then assembled data to show it.

37 Falsification of Data Unethical Coauthors

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40 Research Misconduct

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