PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 1 WEEK 3 COMPULSORY LIBRARY RESEARCH /ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/PROJECT OVERVIEW EXERCISE 15% DUE WEEK 6* This e

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32 PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 1 WEEK 3 COMPULSORY LIBRARY RESEARCH /ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/PROJECT OVERVIEW EXERCISE 15% DUE WEEK 6* This exercise is the first part of Assignment 2 and is designed to be started in class in week 3. If you are unable to attend that week if you wish to revise what you were taught about searching the library databases and catalogues, see the online library tutial at You can also access this via the Finding references in the Library link on the left hand side of the vuws site. The aim of this exercise is to use the library research skills you will be taught to find, describe and evaluate a range of different reference types as a starting point to researching your business rept. You must also crectly set out these references as if you were including them in a bibliography and briefly describe what they say, what the auth s point of view is and how useful they might be to your project. See page 380 (Exhibit 13.4) of your textbook f an example. Instructions: a) Your tut will explain the requirements f Assignment 2, the Business Rept (see also the POPC Learning Guide p.12, part of which is copied below). b) Choose one of the suggested topics (see below) discuss an alternative with your tut. Overall you must locate a minimum of six references on your topic. You must find at least one of each of the following book, journal article, newspaper article and web reference. Please do NOT use your textbook any of the wkbook articles as a reference. You may do me than six in total if you wish. c) Write a brief project overview of your proposed rept. You may use the following headings and should write a brief paragraph per heading. 1. Which of the scenarios will you be using? Give your project a draft title. 2. Name of the company you will be repting f (note this should be a REAL ganisation but we strongly suggest that you choose a small business/ganisation as opposed to a large company such as McDonald s, Telstra, Commonwealth Bank etc). 3. What is the background to the problem? What technology problems/ website problems need to be investigated? How do you know? 4. Where will you get the infmation f your project? d) Follow steps 1-6 below and select your references. Your tut will guide you through this and help you if you have problems. We suggest that you open a blank Wd document and copy and paste the citation and abstract f later reference. Remember to note which database you have been using. e) Using the references you have found, prepare an annotated bibliography describing and critiquing each reference (eg how useful, reliable, current, appropriate etc). You must include: 1

33 Steps: 1. A crectly set out reference f each citation using APA style (see the Library website under Citing Resources, APA fmat A copy is also on the website and in your weekly readings. 2. An annotation (that is, description commentary) f EACH reference that you include of at least half a page. We suggest that you set out one reference per page. Your annotation must be written in your own wds. See pages of your textbook (in particular Exhibit 13.4) f how to write and set out an Annotated Bibliography. A copy is also in Week 3 of the readings plus on the website. 1. Go to the UWS homepage and log onto the UWS Library either from the link at 2. Finding a book reference: From the Resources section at the bottom of the page, choose the Library Catalogue link Do a keywd search to find a book on your topic the general area of your topic. 3. Finding a journal reference: Choose the e-resources from the Library homepage and do a keywd search f some academic journal articles using one of the databases. We suggest trying the databases ABI-Infm, Academic Onefile, Academic Search Complete (these are all general, humanities communications databases: there are many others useful f other areas but you would need to check with the library). When searching, check the box that says peer reviewed similar to limit your results to academic publications rather than general, magazines. Most search engines allow you to locate a full text version of the article at least the citation and abstract. 4. Go back to the e-resources ptal and under F choose the Factiva database. This will allow you to search newspapers and magazine publications from around the wld f the latest news on your topic. Find at least one newspaper article that generally might relate to your topic. 5. Using Google do a keywd search f sites related to your topic. Try to use education government sites (.edu;.g;.gov), not just commercial ones. 6. Using Google Scholar do an advanced search f some keywds related to your topic. Google Scholar is excellent f academic articles and conference papers which may be useful. It also has direct links into the UWS Library databases. 7. To revise the steps above, see the Successful Searching Library Assessment which can be found in the Finding references in the Library link on vuws. Your exercise will be marked on the: quality and relevance of the references chosen depth and appropriateness of your annotations commentary crect use of APA bibliographic conventions 2

34 clear use of written language, crect grammar and punctuation edit your wk befe it is submitted # NOTE 1: Students may be asked to revise and resubmit their annotated bibliography if the referencing, written expression quality appropriateness of the annotations are not acceptable. * NOTE 2: Students may either submit their assignment in hard copy upload it to the assignment drop box on vuws. All assignments must be received in either hard soft copy by Thursday 4 th April 6.00 pm. Late penalties will be applied to assignments submitted after this time. Extract from the POPC Learning Guide pp : Assessment 2 Description Background: You are the employee of a company who has been asked to evaluate the impact of a technology issue on aspects of communication within the ganization. You need to do this research and present your findings in a business rept (please note, this is NOT an essay), justifying your proposal/outlining your research and decisions. In weeks 1-2, your tut will discuss this assignment with you and ask you to consider selecting from list of possible topics which are set out below, all of which relate in some way to the themes of this course. The aim is to research how this issue impacts on a real ganization, using some real research plus background reading on the subject. Choose from one of the two scenarios below and apply this to a real ganisation. In each case, you will need to have read about the broader, background issues which relate to this problem. SCENARIO 1: You are considering introducing a new technology implementing a maj software upgrade f your company. Research the pros/cons, costs/benefits and compare a range of different product/system options. Also consider issues such as training, technical implementation etc and any other facts that you feel are appropriate. Write a rept to your manager outlining your findings and make a recommendation justifying your decision. SCENARIO 2: Your company website has been in place f several years now and the boss feels it needs a facelift. You have been asked to prepare a rept examining its effectiveness. Do some background research on general principles of web design, aesthetics, usability etc. How effective is your company website? What is it mainly used f and f what audience. Look at its design, layout, functionality, cultural appropriateness, usability etc. What is good, what is po, how might it be improved? Prepare a rept to your manager, outlining your findings and making recommendations. You must refer to the background research you have done to suppt your analysis and findings. Part 1: As an initial step, you will be instructed on how to use the UWS library to gather a range of suitable background resources. You will complete an overview of your proposed rept and an annotated bibliography of 6 references that you could use (see separate details of this in a handout in week 3). If your summary, selection of references, writing bibliographic layout is not done well, you may be asked to revise and resubmit. Please see the list of suggested headings on the assignment handout (a copy can be found on the unit website) and also in the Week 3 readings). 3

35 378 Part 3 Writing skills in professional life valid argument. Is their research valid and reliable? Is their viewpoint objective? Is their writing professional? Is the paper in a reputable publication? Have their arguments conclusions been suppted by other writers? The review is written in a discursive style and you may choose different ways to approach the task. You may want to present the evidence and draw conclusions. You may want to pose a problem and draw from your literature to suggest a solution. You may want to use the literature to argue your thesis statement. (We discuss the thesis statement in the next section.) The literature review can be ganised in a number of ways: histically chronologically, topically thematically, inverted pyramid style from broad general perspectives to me specific studies. It should be ganised into paragraphs which represent these themes and through which you have chosen to develop your argument. A well-written literature review uses a seamless style, integrating brief discussion of the various papers perspectives with your evaluation of them. It is not considered good fm to begin each paragraph with the name of an auth and their assertions. Instead you should make a topic statement and show how the auth s wk suppts contests it. F example, here is a paragraph of a published paper on the impact of culture on the design of e-learning websites. In the field of intercultural communication, it is generally agreed that culture shapes, influences and determines how individuals perceive and experience the wld (Hall 1990; Hofstede 1997; Tromenaars 1998), but many web designers assume that both the medium and content of the web is culturally neutral, making communication transparent and universally understandable (Zhao et al. 2003). This ethnocentric assumption has been especially problematic f multinational companies using their websites to encourage and enhance global markets (McCool 2005; Luna et al. 2002; Cook & Finlayson 2005; Wurtz 2005; Rose et al. 2003) as well as f educational institutions developing online courses f offshe programs comprising culturally diverse students (Tylee, 2002; Liang & McQueen, 1999). Note that the paragraph opens with a general statement of the topic to be covered, in this case the theetical basis of both culture and Web use. The paragraph goes on to overview the different perspectives, with reference to specific papers and studies included indirectly in auth date fmat within the parentheses. In some cases there are a number of studies being referred to and the convention is to separate the citation with a semicolon. Some writers will also use a direct style of citation, announcing the auth s name as part of the sentence. F example, you could also write: Accding to Hall (1990), culture determines how individuals perceive and experience the wld. While this is acceptable, as you become me practised, the indirect style is preferable and me sophisticated. Finally, as the literature review may be used by readers to further their own background reading, all citations used must be fully referenced in the bibliography of your paper. Annotated bibliographies As part of the initial secondary research process f a project, you may be asked to submit an annotated bibliography. This is different from a literature review in that it me generally lists, describes and evaluates a set of references that you might use f an assignment. As the use of the wd bibliography suggests, an annotated bibliography provides full bibliographic infmation as well as a concise summary of each source and some assessment of its value relevance. Depending on your assignment, an annotated bibliography may be one stage in a larger research project, it may be an independent project standing on its own. While each annotation may be as sht as a one-sentence description, most comprise at least a paragraph at least 100 to 200 wds per citation. This of course may vary, so you should check your assignment outline with your lecturer to tut. CLA-ARCHEE indd /04/12 6:32 PM

36 Chapter 13 Academic writing 379 When writing about each reference, the following style is recommended: Each annotation should be concise. Do not write too much remember, you are writing a summary, not an essay. Annotations should not extend beyond one paragraph unless otherwise stipulated in your assignment guidelines. As this is not an extended piece of writing, only mention significant and relevant details. As you are addressing one text at a time, there is no need to cross reference use in-text citations to suppt your annotation. Unless otherwise stipulated, you should write in full sentences using academic vocabulary. Dot points are not recommended. An annotation may contain all part of the following elements depending on the wd limit, the level of study (e.g. undergraduate postgraduate) and the content of the sources you are examining. At the basic level, you must: provide the full bibliographic citation indicate the content scope of the text outline the main argument identify any conclusions made by the auth(s) discuss the relevance usefulness of the text f your research. At a me sophisticated level, you could: indicate the background of the auth(s) identify the research methods (if applicable) discuss the reliability of the text highlight any special features of the text that were unique helpful (charts, graphs, etc.) indicate the intended audience point out in what way the text relates to themes concepts in your course state the strengths and limitations of the text present your view reaction to the text. In Exhibit 13.4, many of these elements are numbered. Note that you would not include these numbers in your assignment. Theses A thesis is a maj wk usually undertaken at postgraduate level but also at the conclusion of undergraduate wk honours programs. It is a document that gives evidence of substantial research and scholarship in a specific discipline. There are usually quite stringent guidelines f the completion of theses, so in this section we will give only an overview, so that you will understand what is expected when you begin thesis wk. A thesis expands on a thesis statement hypothesis. These are statements assertions that the writer investigates and defends through systematic research and clear and logical argument. A thesis statement generally consists of two parts: the identification of your topic and what you are saying about your topic. The OWL website at Purdue University in the USA ( edu) is one of the many good online writing sites. It suggests that in an analytical thesis statement you need to show what you are analysing, the component parts and your approach to the analysis. If you are explaining a process, be sure to outline the categies you are examining. If you are arguing, clearly state your claim assertion. Defining a clear thesis statement is an ongoing process. The one you write at the beginning of your research may be refined and revised periodically throughout your writing. CLA-ARCHEE indd /04/12 6:32 PM

37 380 Part 3 Writing skills in professional life Exhibit 13.4 Sample annotated bibliography entry 1. Archee, R. & Gurney, M, Cultural accessibility in e-learning management systems: cultural artefacts of WebCT course design. Paper presented to the IADIS International Conference e-learning, Lisbon, Ptugal, July 2007 pp In this article, Archee and Gurney overview a research project designed to assess whether university students from a range of cultural backgrounds had similar preferences f the design and layout of a range of possible e-learning web pages. 3. The auths used data gathered from a survey of students plus a logfile analysis to evaluate students usage and preferences f three different web designs of an online university unit. Their research focused on the crelation between preference f a sparse, menu-driven interface, a colourful, congested interface and a basic interface commonly available as part of popular university learning management systems such as WebCT Blackboard. 4. Their analysis examined whether a student s stated culture was an indicat of their preference f a particular web design and layout and questioned if the assumption that the Web is culturally neutral is potentially disadvantaging students from a diverse variety of cultural backgrounds who now comprise the student cohts of most Australian universities. 5. While this paper focuses on the use of template-driven learning management systems such as Blackboard and WebCT, this research is useful to my broader project of the imptance of considering cultural idiosyncrasies when designing web sites f international brands and f local audiences, many of whom represent a widely diverse range of cultural backgrounds. 6. Its limitations are the sample size studied and the nature of the experiment. 7. thus the auths conclude that further research is needed into the me nuanced culturally influenced perceptions suggested by theists such as Hofstede (1997). 8. This is a useful introduction on how cultural accessibility in web design is imptant to ensure equity of access f all consumers and students who increasingly rely on the Web. 1. Citation, set out using appropriate bibliographic convention. Should enable the reader to source the reference if they wish. 2. Introduction overviewing the paper broadly. 3. Aims and research methods described. 4. Scope of the paper reference; that is, what aspects of the topic were covered? 5. Usefulness of this reference to your topic and why. 6. Any possible limitations as a result of focus method. 7. Conclusions 8. Reflection on how this reference illuminated your research and its broader usefulness. The processes of researching the topic and arguing the positions are both critical in assessing the quality of a thesis. A student needs to show that they have critically analysed the relevant literature in their topic area and synthesised the viewpoints into a theme that is pertinent to their thesis. They should develop and execute a research plan to suppt the existing knowledge they discovered in the literature with some new knowledge gleaned through experimentation, interviews, case studies observations. They then analyse the results of this research and draw conclusions that provide us with a new insight into the topic. They may suggest areas that could be expled by the next generation of researchers. Chapter 6 gives a detailed discussion of research techniques. CLA-ARCHEE indd /04/12 6:32 PM

38 American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide Overview Referencing Intellectual honesty and plagiarism About the APA style : Referencing sources within the text Electronic items Referencing secondary sources Different wks of the same auth and same year Books and book chapters Single auth Two auths Three to six auths Me than six auths No auth Edited book Chapter, article section in a book Chapter article in an edited book E-book Reference materials Other materials Acts of Parliament (includes bills) Audio recding Australian Bureau of Statistics (AusStats) Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census infmation) Brochure Government rept (print) Government rept (online) Image on the Internet Lecture (unpublished)/ personal communication Legal cases Microfiche/microfilm document Patent/ Trademark (electronic database) Podcast (from the Internet) Study guide Thesis Tutial/ lecture handout Video recding, television broadcast episode in a series Video (from the Internet) Web page / document on the Internet Journal articles, newspaper articles and conference papers Journal article (print version) Journal article (full-text from electronic database) Non-English journal article translated into English Newspaper article (available in print) Newspaper article (from electronic database) Article (from the Internet, not available in print version) Proceedings of meetings and symposiums, conference papers Systematic reviews

39 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Referencing Referencing acknowledges the sources that you use to write your essay assignment paper. s are used throughout your writing to acknowledge the sources of your infmation. The full references f the citations are then listed at the end of your assignment paper in the References list. It is imptant to first consult your unit outline, lecturer tut f the preferred citation style f each unit you undertake. Please see the section of this guide regarding intellectual honesty and plagiarism. Intellectual honesty and plagiarism Students are referred to the University of Western Sydney Calendar "Misconduct - Student Academic Misconduct Policy" section f basic definitions and University policies relating to intellectual honesty, cheating and plagiarism. About the APA style The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely used auth-date system of referencing bibliographic citation. This guide covers basic explanations and examples f the most common types of citations used by students. This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) which is available at all UWS libraries. If you are unable to find the referencing example you require in this guide, me detailed infmation and examples can be found in the above publication. Current infmation can also be obtained via the Internet from the official APA frequently asked questions page. Crected Sample Papers from the Publication Manual can also be found on the APA website. F further suppt, please contact UWS library: o Phone o o Online Librarian : Referencing sources within the text Throughout the text of your paper you need to acknowledge the sources used in your writing. Whenever you present a statement of evidence such as a quote, when you use someone else's ideas, opinions theies in your own wds (paraphrasing), you must acknowledge your sources. Some examples of how to cite sources within your paper are given below. Revised 16/12/2009

40 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide If you use the name of the auth(s) in your writing, place the year of publication of the wk in parentheses after the auth s name. Mullane (2006) conducted research into the effect of If you refer to a wk in the text of your paper, place the auth's last name and the year of publication of the wk in parentheses at the end of the sentence. The research conclusively proved a crelation between the results (Mullane, 2006). Note: When you summarise the general idea of a source in your own wds, you must cite the auth and year of publication of the wk as shown below. APA does not require you to provide the page number unless you use a direct quote, however if you paraphrase summarise a specific paragraph section you should consider including the page number. If you directly quote fewer then 40 wds, enclose the quotation by double quotation marks within the text. The year of publication of the wk along with the page number(s)* of the quote should be provided in parentheses. Mullane (2006) referred to this crelation as a statistical anomaly (p. 118), contributing... It was found that the crelation was a statistical anomaly (Mullane, 2006, p. 118). * When there are no page numbers, but the sources contains headings numbered paragraphs, use a section name paragraph number, e.g. Jones (2008, Introduction section) Roberts (2008, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading, e.g. Anderson (2005, Discussion section, para. 2) If the quotation is greater than 40 wds it should be displayed in a double-spaced, indented block (1.3 cm) without quotation marks. Mullane (2006) stated that: If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur through lack of methodological rig, particularly through cruption of data inadequately sted and processed (p. 66). If you use me than one source to write a statement in your paper, the citation can be presented using semi-colons between wks as follows: Separate sources, different auths: and a number of studies have shown identical results (Sanders, 2008; Smith, 2009). Two me publications by the same auth: It was found that...(smith, 2000, 2004) Sources that you cite in your writing are listed in detail at the end of your document in a reference list. Revised 16/12/2009

41 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide A reference list includes details of the sources cited in your paper. It starts on a separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled References. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper. All sources appearing in the reference list must be dered alphabetically by surname. You may sometimes need to include a bibliography in addition to a references list. In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography includes details of sources not cited in your paper which were only used to suppt your research. These items should also be listed in alphabetical der. The reference list should be double spaced (no line spaces between references) with hanging indents used f the second and subsequent lines of each entry. A hanging indent is where the left line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented (approx. 1.3 cm five spaces). Italics is the preferred fmat f titles of books, journals and videos. Article and chapter titles are not italicised put in quotation marks. Volume numbers are italicised but issue numbers are not. Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. F references, the following general rules apply: Book titles - capitalise the first letter of the first wd of the title, and the first letter of the first wd after a colon. e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia and Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Article, chapter section titles - capitalise the first letter of the first wd of the title, and the first letter of the first wd after a colon. e.g. Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Pronouns, acronyms and abbreviations that are nmally capitalised should be capitalised in the reference list and citations. See examples on the following pages f each reference type. F further infmation see section 4.22 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition). Revised 16/12/2009

42 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Example of a reference list: References Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxfd: Oxfd University Press. Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G.,...Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last f me than 31 days and are me severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, doi: / Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Direct). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I ll fly away. New Yk: New Yk Broadcasting Company. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenbough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nursing Standard, 19(6), Electronic items When referencing electronic resources it is necessary to provide details about the location of the item. The 6th edition of the Publication Manual advises that wherever possible the DOI (digital object identifier) should be provided in the reference. Electronic sources should be referenced in the same fmat as that f a fixed-media source, such as a book, with the DOI included at the end. If a DOI is available no further publication location elements are required. If no DOI is available, provide the direct URL if the item if it is freely accessible, the home page URL if access is restricted. When a direct URL cannot be given but the item can be accessed from a me general URL, use the phrase, Available from... Revised 16/12/2009

43 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Retrieved from Available from Use retrieved from when you are giving a direct URL f the item e.g. Nton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from Vja83KLQXZs Use available from when the URL does not link directly to the item but links to a URL that provides access to the item e.g. Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Retrieval dates are required f both of the above when an electronic item is subject to future changes is not in its final fm e.g. web pages pre-published journal articles. s There are two different ways to cite sources in-text using the APA style (see section 6.11 and 6.12 of the Publication Manual). Auth names can be cited in the narrative with year given in parentheses, the auth name and year can be given in parentheses without mention in the narrative. The choice depends on the writer and the flow of the narrative. Examples of the two fmats are given throughout this guide. Please note that when a source has been cited (with auth and year) earlier in the paragraph, subsequent narrative mentions of the source in the same paragraph do not need to include the year. The rule only applies where the citation could not be confused with another in the paragraph and should only be used in instances when the name is given in the narrative. e.g. First citation in the paragraph: Smith (2009) explained that... Subsequent citations within the paragraph: Smith also suggested... Pay particular attention to the citation fmat required f references with multiple auths. The use of et al. varies depending on the number of auths that need to be cited. Examples are shown on pages 8 and 9 of this guide. Referencing secondary sources The Publication Manual advises that secondary sources should be used sparingly, such as when an iginal wk is out of print. In these instances you may want to quote paraphrase a source (A) that is referred to within another source (B). You should not cite source A as though you read the iginal wk. You must cite source A through the secondary source (B) which you actually read. Revised 16/12/2009

44 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide F example, the book you are using is written by Smith who quotes another auth called Jones. In your essay you wish to use Jones idea. In-text you should acknowledge both the primary source (Jones) and secondary source (Smith) as follows: Jones (as cited in Smith, 2009) agreed that the experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis. The experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis (Jones, as cited in Smith, 2009). Provide the details of the secondary source in your reference list: Smith, J. (2009). Hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Different wks of the same auth name If you have references f multiple wks by the same auth, each of the wks with the same auth is listed alphabetically in the reference list by the initials of the first auth, irrespective of the names of the other auths the years. In the text, citations are differentiated by including the first auth s initials even if the year of publication is different e.g. Goldberg, J. M., & Neff, W. D. (1961). Goldberg, M. E., & Wurtz, R. H. (1972) J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied F different wks by exactly the same auth(s), published in the same year, you should differentiate the wks by including a, b c etc after the year when citing in-text and in the references list e.g. Jones, C. (2008). Developing hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999a). Assessing hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999b). Fming hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Note: References of same auth and same year are dered alphabetically by title of the book, article chapter. Jones (2008) stated Jones (1999a) stated Jones (1999b) stated Jones (1999a, 1999b) stated... Revised 16/12/2009

45 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Books and book chapters Single auth Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxfd: Oxfd University Press. Andreasen (2001) stated that It is suggested that (Andreasen, 2001). Two auths Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Copstead and Banasik (2005) stated that It is suggested that (Copstead & Banasik, 2005). Three to five auths Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D., & Elliott, D. (2007). Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal f evidence-based practice (3rd ed.). Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia. Note: Within each entry, auth names should be listed in the der in which they appear on the source as displayed on the title page. Note: In the first citation give all auths and in subsequent citations give first auth et al.: First citation: Schneider, Whitehead, and Elliot (2007) showed that... is demonstrated (Schneider, Whitehead & Elliott, 2007). Subsequent citations: Schneider et al. (2007) showed that. is demonstrated (Schneider et al., 2007). Revised 16/12/2009

46 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Six me auths All auths should be given when there are 6 7 auths. If a book has 8 me auths, place an ellipses between the sixth and final auth names to indicate the some names have been omitted e.g. Jones, P.,...Adams, N (2009). Example f me 8 me auths: Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G.,...Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last f me than 31 days and are me severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, doi: / Note: When citing six me auths in text give the name of the first auth and abbreviate the others to et al. ( and others ) in the first and subsequent citations. Gilbert et al. (2003) found... This has indicated (Gilbert et al., 2003). No auth Merriam-Webster s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster. The Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary (1993, p. 11) defines can be defined as (Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993, p.11). Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all maj wds. Edited book Craven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. London: Frank Cass. Craven (2001) discussed the successful The film starred acts (Craven, 2001). Chapter, article section in a book F a section in a book that is entirely by one auth(s): Knowles, M. S. (1986). Using learning contracts (pp ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Knowles (1986) demonstrated that This independent study showed (Knowles, 1986). Revised 16/12/2009

47 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Chapter article in an edited book Ferres, K. (2001). Idiot box: Television, urban myths and ethical scenarios. In I. Craven (Ed.)., Australian cinema in the 1990s (pp ). London: Frank Cass. Ferres (2001) discussed the television episode The television episode (Ferres, 2001). E-book Stey, K. B. (2004). Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from y&v=1&bookid= Note: When available, add a DOI to the end of the reference instead of URL as per fmat shown in Journal Article (full text from electronic database) example below. Stey (2004) stated that Functional metabolism is (Stey, 2004). Journal articles, newspaper articles and conference papers Journal article (print version) Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nursing Standard, 19(6), Younger (2004, p. 46) stated that the The Internet can be used to conduct a literature search (Younger, 2004). Journal article (full-text from electronic database) When a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number is available f the journal article include this in the reference as follows. When no DOI number is available give the URL of the database homepage if restricted access, to the exact URL if open access. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenbough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi: /j x Jackson et al. (2007) found that Personal resilience has been found to (Jackson et al., 2007) Revised 16/12/2009

48 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Non-English journal article translated into English Von Der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingebg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures on poetics (M. T. Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), Von Der Luhe (1982) concludes that both states are essential that both states are essential (Von Der Luhe, 1982). Newspaper article (available in print) Berkovic, N. (2009, March 31). Handouts may not be sent: Tax office seeks quick resolution of High Court challenge. The Australian, p. 5. Berkovic (2009) explained that handouts. It was suggested that handouts may not be sent (Berkovic, 2009). Newspaper article (from electronic database) Wentwth, W. C. (1984, January 24). Why we need a permanent base on the moon. The Sydney Mning Herald, p. 11. Available from Wentwth (1984) stated that.the engineered apple (Wentwth, 1984). Article (from the Internet, not available in print version) Cooper, D. (2009, March 31). Native ant may stop toad in its tracks. ABC Science. Retrieved from /03/31/ htm?site=science&topic=latest Cooper (2009) stated that a ferocious ant that meat ants may be able to help control toad numbers (Cooper, 2009). Proceedings of meetings and symposiums, conference papers Symposium contribution: Muelbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behaviour. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY. See pages 206 and 207 of the Publication Manual f further examples. Revised 16/12/2009

49 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Muelbauer (2007) stated that It has been found that (Muelbauer, 2007). Systematic reviews Osbn, D. A., & Sinn, J.K.H. (2006, July 26). Soy fmula f prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(4). Article No.: CD doi: / CD pub4. Osbn and Sinn (2006) stated that It has been found that (Osbn & Sinn, 2006) Other materials Acts of Parliament (includes bills) Cpations Act 2001, Commonwealth of Australia (2001). s. 3. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from ActCompilation1.nsf/framelodgmentattachments/32EF A2C A25756D007AA287 Note: Acts of Parliament do no need to be added to the reference list unless there are details in the reference which are imptant to the wk. The Cpations Act 2001 Note: Any further references to this Act do not require the year to be included. Audio recding Use descripts such as [CD], [recd], [cassette]. F online audio see Podcast example. Handel, A., & Seiler, G. L. (2006). Adation. On Ghosts and angels [CD]. Sydney: Feral Media. Note: If there is a producer recder who is not one of the auths list their name in square parentheses after the song title e.g. Adation [Recded by Initial. Surname]. A recding date can be placed in parentheses after the reference if different from the copyright date e.g. Sydney: Feral Media. (1920) Handel and Seiler s (2006) track entitled Adation combines Classical and electronic styles have been combined (Handel & Seiler, 2006). Revised 16/12/2009

50 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Australian Bureau of Statistics (AusStats) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000, November). Use of the Internet by householders, Australia (no ). Available from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000) found that was shown in the census infmation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000). Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census infmation) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006, June 27). Voluntary wk f an ganisation group by age by sex, postal area Available from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) found that was shown in the census infmation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Brochure University of Western Sydney. (2009). Transpt access guide: Penrith Campus. [Brochure]. Penrith, NSW: Auth. Note: Auth is used in place of a publisher name where the auth is also the publisher. Buses run on a schedule (University of Western Sydney, 2009) The University of Western Sydney transpt brochure (2009) shows that Government rept (print) National Commission of Audit. (1996). Rept to the Commonwealth Government. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. The National Commission of Audit (1996) repted that was shown in the rept (National Commission of Audit, 1996). Government rept (online) Department of Health and Ageing. (2008). Ageing and aged care in Australia. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from main/publishing.nsf/content/ageing The Department of Health and Ageing (2008) repted that was shown in the rept (Department of Health and Ageing, 2008). Revised 16/12/2009

51 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Image on the Internet An offering to the ocean in La Punta, Peru [Image] (2009, May 19). Retrieved May 19, 2009, from In the above image (An offering to the ocean in La Punta, Peru, 2009) it can be seen Lecture (unpublished)/ personal communication Note: When you cite infmation spoken about in a lecture that has gone unpublished it is treated as a personal communication and you do not need to provide a reference list entry because there is no recoverable data. All details are provided in the text. It is advisable to consider using published primary sources befe using class/ lecture notes as references in your paper. H. Dwyer discussed the... (personal communication, January 10, 2009). found that in these cases neutrons are dangerous (H. Dwyer, personal communication, January 10, 2009). Legal cases Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246. Retrieved May 19, 2009 from In the case (Jones v. Sherlock, 2009) The Jones v. Sherlock (2009) case showed that Microfiche/microfilm document Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Rept no. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center f Research on Teacher Learning [Microfiche]. (ERIC Document No. ED ) Mead (1992) showed that found by investigating teacher tales (Mead, 1992). Revised 16/12/2009

52 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Patent / Trademark (electronic database) Smith, P. S. (2002, October 17). A pump f use in windmill assembly (app no ). Retrieved May 15, 2009, from applicationno= Smith (2002) holds a patent f a windmill pump The patent f a windmill pump which (Smith, 2002). Podcast (from the Internet) Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf [Audio podcast]. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Atkin (2008) found that It was found (Atkin, 2008). Study guide Hickson, J. (2009, Spring). HCR56 images and the mind: Study guide. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Note: When you do not know the details of the auth use the details of the university and the wd auth as the publisher e.g. University of Western Sydney (2009, Spring). HCR56 images and the mind: Study guide. Penrith: Auth. Hickson (2009, p.60) found that images. F unknown auth: as was found in the study (University of Western Sydney, 2009, p.6). Thesis Gale, L. (2000). The relationship between leadership and employee empowerment f successful total quality management. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney. Retrieved from Gale (2000) showed that that this can empower employees (Gale, 2000). Revised 16/12/2009

53 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Tutial/ lecture handout Bibliographic entry University of Western Sydney (2007, January 18). Madonna and child. Unpublished tutial handout. H0379K Media 101. Penrith: Auth. Note: It is advisable to consider using published primary sources befe using class handouts as references in your paper. In-text example The University of Western Sydney Madonna and Child handout (2007) explained that It can be seen that (University of Western Sydney, 2007). Video recding, television broadcast episode in a series Use descripts such as [Motion picture], [Television broadcast], [Television series episode]. Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Direct). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I ll fly away. New Yk: New Yk Broadcasting Company. Hall and Bender (1991) examined the rules The rules..(hall & Bender, 1991). Video (from the Internet) Nton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from Vja83KLQXZs Nton (2003) showed that a cat can be trained Training a cat requires (Nton, 2006). Web page / document on the Internet Note: Web pages and documents on the web include the following elements: - Auth/edit/compiler - Date of page/date of document - Title of document (incl. version no.)/title of page - Name of spons of the source - Date retrieved - URL Document on the Internet: Este, J., Warren, C., Conn, L., Brown, M., Pollard, R., & O Conn, T. (2008). Life in the clickstream: The future of journalism. Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance. Retrieved May 27, 2009, from /documents/foj_rept_final.pdf Revised 16/12/2009

54 University of Western Sydney Library APA Referencing Style Guide Document on the Internet, no auth, no date: Developing an argument. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Resources.htm Note: (n.d.) = no date. Always include details of authship publication date when available. Carefully consider the reliability and authity of websites with no auth and/ no date befe including it as a reference. Este et al. (2008) suggest that it is necessary to develop the argument... (Developing an Argument, n.d.). Note: Capitalise all maj wds when giving a title in-text. F further assistance with referencing, please contact the library on Revised 16/12/2009