American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide

Transcription

1 American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide Overview Referencing Intellectual honesty and plagiarism About the APA style : Referencing sources within the text Electronic items Referencing secondary sources Different wks of the same auth and same year Books and book chapters Single auth Two auths Three to six auths Me than six auths No auth Edited book Chapter article in book Chapter article in an edited book E-book Reference materials Other materials Acts of Parliament (includes bills) Audio recding Australian Bureau of Statistics (AusStats) Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census infmation) Brochure Government rept (print) Government rept (online) Image on the Internet Lecture (unpublished)/ personal communication Legal cases Microfiche/microfilm document Patent/ Trademark (electronic database) Podcast (from the Internet) Study guide Thesis Tutial/ lecture handout Video recding, television broadcast episode in a series Video (from the Internet) Web page Journal articles, newspaper articles and conference papers Journal article (print version) Journal article (full-text from electronic database) Non-English journal article translated into English Newspaper article (available in print) Newspaper article (from electronic database) Article (from the Internet, not available in print version) Proceedings of meetings and symposiums, conference papers Systematic reviews

2 Referencing (H) Referencing acknowledges the sources that you use to write your essay assignment paper. Please see the section of this guide regarding intellectual honesty and plagiarism. s are used throughout your writing to acknowledge the sources of your infmation. The full references f the citations are then listed at the end of your assignment paper in the. It is imptant to first consult your unit outline, lecturer tut f the preferred citation style f each unit you undertake. Intellectual honesty and plagiarism (H) Students are referred to the University of Western Sydney Calendar "Misconduct - Student Academic Misconduct Policy" section f basic definitions and University policies relating to intellectual honesty, cheating and plagiarism. About the APA style (H) The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely used auth-date system of referencing bibliographic citation. This guide covers basic explanations and examples f the most common types of citations used by students. This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition) and the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources which are available at all UWS libraries. If you are unable to find the referencing example you require in this guide, me detailed infmation and examples can be found in the above publications. Current infmation can also be obtained via the Internet from the official APA style topics page. F further suppt, please contact UWS library: o Phone o o Online Librarian : Referencing sources within the text (H) Throughout the text of your paper you need to acknowledge the sources used in your writing. Whenever you present a statement of evidence such as a quote, when you use someone else's ideas, opinions theies in your own wds (paraphrasing), you must acknowledge your sources. Some examples of how cite sources within your paper are given below.

3 If you use the name of the auth(s) in your writing, place the year of publication of the wk in parentheses after the auth s name. Mullane (2006) conducted research into the effect of If you refer to a wk in the text of your paper, place the auth's last name and the year of publication of the wk in parentheses at the end of the sentence. The research conclusively proved a crelation between the results (Mullane, 2006). Note: When you summarise the general idea of a source in your own wds, you must cite the auth and year of publication of the wk as shown below. APA does not require you to provide the page number unless you use a direct quote, however if you paraphrase summarise a specific paragraph section you should consider including the page number. If you directly quote fewer then 40 wds, enclose the quotation by double quotation marks within the text. The year of publication of the wk along with the page number(s)* of the quote should be provided in parentheses. Mullane (2006, p.118) referred to this crelation as a statistical anomaly. * When there are no page numbers, use a section name paragraph number if it is given in the text e.g. Jones (2008, Introduction section) Roberts (2008, 5). If the quotation is greater than 40 wds it should be displayed in a double-spaced, indented block (1.3 cm) without quotation marks. Mullane (2006, p.66) stated that: If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur through lack of methodological rig, particularly through cruption of data inadequately sted and processed. If you use me than one source to write a statement in your paper, the citation can be presented using semi-colons between wks as follows: and a number of studies have shown identical results (Sanders, 2008; Smith, 2009). Sources that you cite in your writing are listed in detail at the end of your document in a reference list.

4 (H) A reference list includes details of the sources cited in your paper. It starts on a separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled References. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper. All sources appearing in the reference list must be dered alphabetically by surname. You may sometimes need to include a bibliography in addition to a references list. In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography includes details of sources not cited in your paper which were only used to suppt your research. These items should also be listed in alphabetical der. The reference list should be double spaced (no line spaces between references) with hanging indents used f the second and subsequent lines of each entry. A hanging indent is where the left line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented (approx. 1.3 cm five spaces). Italics is the preferred fmat f titles of books, journals and videos. Article and chapter titles are not italicised put in quotation marks. Volume numbers are italicised but issue numbers are not. Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. F references, the following general rules apply: Book titles - capitalise the first letter of the first wd of the title, and the first letter of the first wd after a colon. e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia and Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Journal and newspaper titles - capitalise first letter of each wd except and, of etc. e.g. Journal of Educational Psychology Article, chapter section titles - capitalise the first letter of the first wd of the title, and the first letter of the first wd after a colon. e.g. Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Pronouns, acronyms and abbreviations that are nmally capitalised should be capitalised in the reference list and citations. See examples on the following pages f each reference type. F further infmation see pages and page 222 the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition); and the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources.

5 Example of a reference list: References Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxfd: Oxfd University Press. Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Davis, M., Charles, L., Curry, M. J., Shanti, P., Prasad, S., Hewings, A., et al. (2003). Challenging spatial nms. London: Routledge. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenbough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. Electronic items (H) When referencing electronic resources it is necessary to give details of whether the item can be retrieved directly whether it is available via another access point. Retrieved from Available from Use retrieved from when you are giving a direct URL f the item e.g. American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide f electronic resources. Washington DC: APA. Retrieved from Use available from when the URL does not link directly to the item but links to a URL that gives infmation on accessing the item e.g. Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Retrieval dates are required f both of the above when an electronic item is subject to future changes is not in its final fm e.g. web pages pre-published journal articles. See p. 10 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources f me infmation.

6 Referencing secondary sources (H) Sometimes you may want to quote paraphrase a source (A) that is referred to within another source (B). You should not cite source A as though you read it from the iginal wk. You must cite source A through the secondary source (B) from which you actually read it. F example, the book you are using is written by Smith who quotes another auth called Jones. In your essay you wish to use Jones idea. In-text you should acknowledge both the primary source (Jones) and secondary source (Smith) as follows: Jones (as cited in Smith, 2009) agreed that the experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis. The experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis (Jones, as cited in Smith, 2009). Provide the details of the secondary source in your reference list: Smith, J. (2009). Hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Different wks of the same auth and same year (H) If you have references f multiple wks by the same auth, each of the wks with the same auth is listed alphabetically in the reference list by the initials of the first auth, irrespective of the names of the other auths the years. In the text, citations are differentiated by including the first auth s initials even if the year of publication is different e.g. Goldberg, J. M., & Neff, W. D. (1961). Goldberg, M. E., & Wurtz, R. H. (1972) J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied F different wks by exactly the same auth(s), published in the same year, you should differentiate the wks by including a, b c etc after the year when citing in-text and in the references list e.g. Jones, C. (2008). Developing hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999a). Assessing hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999b). Fming hypotheses. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Note: References of same auth and same year are dered alphabetically by title of the book, article chapter. Jones (2008) stated Jones (1999a) stated Jones (1999b) stated

7 Books and book chapters Single auth (H) Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxfd: Oxfd University Press. Andreasen (2001) stated that It is suggested that (Andreasen, 2001). Two auths (H) Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Copstead and Banasik (2005) stated that. It is suggested that (Copstead & Banasik, 2005). Three to six auths (H) Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D., & Elliott, D. (2007). Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal f evidence-based practice (3rd ed.). Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia. Note: Within each entry, auth names should be listed in the der in which they appear on the source as displayed on the title page. Schneider et al. (2007) showed that. is demonstrated (Schneider et al., 2007). Me than six auths (H) Davis, M., Charles, L., Curry, M. J., Shanti, P., Prasad, S., Hewings, A., et al. (2003). Challenging spatial nms. London: Routledge. Note: If a book has me than six auths, in the reference list entry you abbreviate the remaining auths as et al. (meaning: "and others"). Davis et al. (2003) found.. This has indicated (Davis et al., 2003). Note: When citing me than three auths in text use the name of the first auth and abbreviate the others to et al. ( and others ).

8 No auth (H) Merriam-Webster s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster. The Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary (1993, p. 11) defines can be defined as (Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993, p.11). Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all maj wds. Edited book (H) Craven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. London: Frank Cass. Craven (2001) discussed the successful The film starred acts (Craven, 2001). Chapter article in book (H) Knowles, M. S. (1986). Independent study. In Using learning contracts (pp ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Knowles (1986) demonstrated that This independent study showed (Knowles, 1986). Chapter article in an edited book (H) Ferres, K. (2001). Idiot box: Television, urban myths and ethical scenarios. In I. Craven (Ed.)., Australian cinema in the 1990s (pp ). London: Frank Cass. Ferres (2001) discussed the television l The television episode (Ferres, 2001). E-book (H) F further details and examples see p.1-2 and p.10 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources Stey, K. B. (2004). Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from NetLibrary database. Note: Publisher details (name and location) are not required but can be included, particularly if publisher identity is not clear from other reference elements. Stey (2004) stated that Functional metabolism is (Stey, 2004).

9 Reference materials (H) F referencing examples of online dictionaries, encyclopaedias, handbooks and wikis see pp of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources. Journal articles, newspaper articles and conference papers Journal article (print version) (H) Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nursing Standard, 19(6), Younger (2004, p. 46) stated that the The Internet can be used to conduct a literature search (Younger, 2004). Journal article (full-text from electronic database) (H) F further details and examples see pp.7-9 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources. When a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number is available f the journal article include this in the reference as follows. When no DOI number is available give the URL of the database homepage if restricted access, to the exact URL if open access. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenbough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy f surviving and thriving in the face of wkplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi: /j x Jackson et al. (2007) found that Personal resilience has been found to (Jackson et al., 2007) Non-English journal article translated into English (H) Von Der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingebg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures on poetics (M. T. Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), Von Der Luhe (1982) concludes that both states are essential that both states are essential (Von Der Luhe, 1982).

10 Newspaper article (available in print) (H) Berkovic, N. (2009, March 31). Handouts may not be sent: Tax office seeks quick resolution of High Court challenge. The Australian, p. 5. Berkovic (2009) explained that handouts. It was suggested that handouts may not be sent (Berkovic, 2009). Newspaper article (from electronic database) (H) Wentwth, W. C. (1984, January 24). Why we need a permanent base on the moon. The Sydney Mning Herald, p. 11. Retrieved from Anderson (2008) stated that.the engineered apple (Anderson, 2008). Article (from the Internet, not available in print version) (H) Cooper, D. (2009, March 31). Native ant may stop toad in its tracks. ABC Science. Retrieved from /03/31/ htm?site=science&topic=latest Cooper (2009) stated that a ferocious ant that meat ants may be able to help control toad numbers (Cooper, 2009). Proceedings of meetings and symposiums, conference papers (H) Chang, S. S., Liaw, L. and Ruppenhofer, J. (Eds). (2000). Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General session and parasession on loan wd phenomena. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc. Chang et al. (2000) stated that It has been found that (Chang et al., 2000). Systematic reviews (H) Osbn, D. A., & Sinn, J.K.H. (2006, July 26). Soy fmula f prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(4). Art. No.: CD doi: / CD pub4. Osbne and Sinn (2006) stated that It has been found that (Osbne & Sinn, 2006)

11 Other materials Acts of Parliament (includes bills) (H) Cpations Act 2001, Commonwealth of Australia (2001). s. 3. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from ActCompilation1.nsf/framelodgmentattachments/32EF A2C A25756D007AA287 Note: Acts of Parliament do no need to be added to the reference list unless there are details in the reference which are imptant to the wk. The Cpations Act 2001 Note: Any further references to this Act do not require the year to be included. Audio recding (H) Use descripts such as [CD], [recd], [cassette]. F online audio use Podcast. Handel, A., & Seiler, G. L. (2006). Adation. On Ghosts and angels [CD]. Sydney: Feral Media. Note: If there is a producer recder who is not one of the auths list their name in square parentheses after the song title e.g. Adation [Recded by Intitial. Surname]. A recding date can be placed in parentheses after the reference if different from the copyright date e.g. Sydney: Feral Media. (1920) Handel and Seiler s (2006) track entitled Adation combines Classical and electronic styles have been combined (Handel & Seiler, 2006). Australian Bureau of Statistics (AusStats) (H) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000, November). Use of the Internet by householders, Australia (no ). Available from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000) found that was shown in the census infmation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000). Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census infmation) (H) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006, June 27). Voluntary wk f an ganisation group by age by sex, postal area Available from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) found that was shown in the census infmation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006).

12 Brochure (H) F similar material see p. 19 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources University of Western Sydney. (2009). Transpt access guide: Penrith Campus. [Brochure]. Penrith, NSW: Auth. Note: Auth is used in place of a publisher name where the auth is also the publisher. Buses run on a schedule (University of Western Sydney, 2009) The University of Western Sydney transpt brochure (2009) shows that Government rept (print) (H) National Commission of Audit. (1996). Rept to the Commonwealth Government. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. The National Commission of Audit (1996) repted that was shown in the rept (National Commission of Audit, 1996). Government rept (online) (H) Department of Health and Ageing. (2008). Ageing and aged care in Australia. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from main/publishing.nsf/content/ageing The National Department of Health and Ageing (2008) repted that was shown in the rept (National Department of Health and Ageing, 2008). Image on the Internet (H) An offering to the ocean in La Punta, Peru [Image] (2009, May 19). Retrieved May 19, 2009, from In the above image (An offering to the ocean in La Punta, Peru, 2009) it can be seen Lecture (unpublished)/ personal communication (H) Note: When you cite infmation spoken about in a lecture that has gone unpublished it is treated as a personal communication and you do not need to provide a reference list entry because the there is no recoverable data. All details are provided in the text. It is advisable to consider using published primary sources befe using class/ lecture notes as references in your paper. found that neutrons are dangerous (H. Dwyer, H0379 Lecture, University of Western Sydney, January 10, 2009).

13 Legal cases (H) Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246. Retrieved May 19, 2009 from In the case (Jones v. Sherlock, 2009) The Jones v. Sherlock (2009) case showed that Microfiche/microfilm document (H) Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Rept no. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center f Research on Teacher Learning [Microfiche]. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082) Mead (1992) showed that found by investigating teacher tales (Mead, 1992). Patent/ Trademark (electronic database) (H) Smith, P. S. (2002, October 17). A pump f use in windmill assembly (app no ). Retrieved May 15, 2009, from applicationno= Smith (2002) holds a patent f a windmill pump The patent f a windmill pump which (Smith, 2002). Podcast (from the Internet) (H) Atkin, M. (Repter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui fest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Available from Atkin (2008) found that It was found (Atkin, 2008).

14 Study guide (H) Hickson, J. (2009, Spring). HCR56 images and the mind: Study guide. Penrith: University of Western Sydney. Note: When you do not know the details of the auth use the details of the university and the wd auth as the publisher e.g. University of Western Sydney (2009, Spring). HCR56 images and the mind: Study guide. Penrith: Auth. Hickson (2009, p.60) found that images. F unknown auth: as was found in the study (University of Western Sydney, 2009, p.6). Thesis (H) Gale, L. (2000). The relationship between leadership and employee empowerment f successful total quality management. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney, Penrith. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from Gale (2000) showed that that this can empower employees (Gale, 2000). Tutial/ lecture handout (H) Bibliographic entry University of Western Sydney (2007, January 18). Madonna and child. Unpublished tutial handout. H0379K Media 101. Penrith: Auth. Note: It is advisable to consider using published primary sources befe using class handouts as references in your paper. In-text example The University of Western Sydney Madonna and Child handout (2007) explained that It can be seen that (University of Western Sydney, 2007). Video recding, television broadcast episode in a series (H) Use descripts such as [Motion picture], [Television broadcast], [Television series episode]. Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Direct). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I ll fly away. New Yk: New Yk Broadcasting Company. Hall and Bender (1991) examined the rules The rules..(hall & Bender, 1991).

15 Video (from the Internet) (H) Nton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Video posted to Vja83KLQXZs Nton (2003) showed that a cat can be trained Training a cat requires (Nton, 2006). Web page (H) F further referencing examples of web pages online documents see p. 23 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources. Developing an argument. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Resources.htm Note: (n.d.) = no date. Always include details of authship publication date when available. F websites with no auth and/ date, carefully consider the reliability and authity of the source befe including it as a reference. Developing an Argument (n.d.) suggests that it is necessary to develop an argument (Developing an Argument, n.d.). Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all maj wds. F further assistance with referencing, please contact the library on