MLA Style Student Guide

Transcription

1 Revised July 16, 2014 MLA Style Student Guide Master s College and Seminary 780 Argyle Street, Peterborough, Ontario K9H 5T

2 Table of Contents Introduction: What s the Purpose of MLA Style? Paper, Margins and Indentation Text Format: Spacing, Fonts, Italics, and Numbers First Page Headings and Title Page Numbering Outlines Quotations, Block Quotations, and Ellipses Bible Abbreviations Parenthetical Documentation (Using Parentheses) General Information about Parenthetical Documentation Where to Place the Parenthetical Citation Examples of Parenthetical Citations Author s name appears in the body of the text One author Two authors Four or more authors Entire work More than one page Multi-volume work Entire volume of a multi-volume work Work with no page numbers, but only sections or numbered paragraphs E-Books and similar digital resources Webpage with an author or corporate author Two works cited in same parentheses Two authors with identical surnames Two or more works by the same author No author, but only a title and social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.) 9. Works Consulted/Cited Lists: Documenting Works Used General Information about Works Consulted/Cited Lists Format of Works Consulted/Cited Lists Periodicals (Printed): Examples Journal Article Newspaper Article Magazine Article Anonymous Article ii

3 9.4. Non-Periodicals (Printed): Examples Book One Author Book Multiple Authors Book Corporate Author Book Edited Article in Reference Book (Encyclopedia or Dictionary) Book Introduction, Preface, Forward or Afterword Anonymous Book Translation Book Second or Subsequent Edition Multivolume Work Book in a series Republished Work Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis Published Dissertation or Thesis 9.5. Web and Electronic Publications: Examples Nonperiodical Online Publications (including Blogs) Periodical Online Publications Periodical Publications from Online Database E-Books (e.g., Kindle, Kobo, Logos, Google Books, epub, etc.) Social Media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.) Online Video (e.g., YouTube, etc.) CD/DVD-ROM Publications Digital Files (e.g., MP3, PDF, word processor documents, etc.) 9.6. Other Common Sources: Examples Interview Lecture, Speech, Address, or Reading Broadcast (Television or Radio) Sound Recording Film or Video Recording Performance Work of Visual Art Letter Appendix A: Sample First Page Appendix B: Sample Works Consulted List iii

4 MLA Style Student Guide 1 Introduction: What s the Purpose of MLA Style? Every document that is written or published usually conforms to some sort of style. For example, we might agree that it makes sense to write in English for English-speaking readers, and that we should write left to right on a page (or screen). When we do this we are actually conforming to a particular style that is intended to make sense and be clear for the reader, since we are attempting to communicate something. In other words, we are conforming our writing to a certain style for the sake of the reader. Writing also has more complicated aspects than simply the language used. What do we do if we want to communicate something that someone else said, and let the reader know when and where it was said? This becomes particularly important in academic writing (and journalism), when knowing the sources of information is important. While there are many ways of recording and conveying such information, it is helpful for the reader if there is some sort of consistency in the written message. Following a consistent standard simply makes things a lot easier for everyone. At MCS, in order to bring consistency to written assignments, The Modern Language Association s style (MLA) had been adopted as our agreed-upon standard. This style was chosen because it is relatively simple and easy to learn (there are many other not-so-easy styles to choose from!). Having an agreed-upon style helps students to know how to format their assignments, makes it easier for the reader to understand how sources are being used, and also provides instructors with a standard by which to evaluate stylistic aspects of assignments. The following is a condensed student guide into the world of MLA style (based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2009.). It is recommended that students purchase the MLA Handbook for personal reference, since the explanations and examples that follow are not exhaustive, but only intended to highlight key points of MLA. Numbers in square brackets in the sections below indicate the section of the MLA Handbook from which the particular information is derived (if applicable). All other citations are shown in parentheses. Note that while this document represents MLA style, certain particular elements have been adapted slightly to conform to MCS s standards. So, if there is a discrepancy between this guidebook and the MLA Handbook, MCS students and teachers are to follow this guide. For convenience, instructions and explanations in this document are in Arial font, and examples and illustrations are in New Times Roman font. Appendices have also been included at the end of this guidebook, which include sample templates of the first page of an assignment paper and a Works Consulted list.

5 MLA Style Student Guide 2 1. Paper, Margins and Indentation [4.1, 4.6] Paper Size: Use standard, letter-sized white paper, 8½ x 11 inches. Do not use irregular sized, lined, or coloured paper. Print single-sided unless requested otherwise by instructor. Page Margins: Leave a one-inch margin at the top, bottom, and both sides of the text (page numbers excepted). Do not use text justify at the right-hand margin. Pagination: Page numbers are to be one half inch from the top of the page, and flush with the right-hand margin (see section on page numbering for other details). Indentation: o Paragraph Indentation: Indent the first line of every paragraph by one half inch. Word processors can be set to do this automatically so that this indent does not need to be manually inserted each time. o Block quotations: Indent one inch from the left-hand margin [3.7]. o Works Cited and Works Consulted lists: Indent entries using a hanging indent. This means that the first line of the work being listed is flush with the left-hand margin, and all subsequent lines of that work are indented one half inch from the lefthand margin (see section on Works Cited/Consulted lists for more details). Word processors have the ability to automatically set hanging indents on such lists, so this does not need to be done manually each time. 2. Text Format: Spacing, Fonts, Italics, and Numbers [3.3,,3.5, 4.2] Spacing: All lines of the paper are to be double-spaced, including assignment information, title, block quotations, supplementary notes, and entries in the Works Cited or Works Consulted list. Set your word processor to automatically use double-spacing for all lines of text. Font: The font used for the body of the text should be easy to read. 12 point New Times Roman or Arial (or something similar) is recommended. Do not use any font smaller than 11 point for the body of the text. Footnotes (for supplementary comments only, not citations see section on footnotes) should be 10 point. Italics: Italics are used to identify publication titles and for purposes of emphasis in a paper (or if italics are used in an original quote being cited in the paper). Underlining can, but is not generally used for such purposes any longer. Also note the following: o Italicize the titles of published books, pamphlets, periodicals and poems that are published separately. Use italics for these sources in both the body of the paper and in the Works Consulted/Cited list. Exceptions to this rule are the titles of sacred writings and the names of societies, series, editions, conferences, seminars or courses in these cases do not use italics. o Italicize foreign words/phrases that are used in the English text (e.g. ecclesia). o Italics may also be used to emphasize particular points within a sentence or quotation. If italics are added to a quotation from a source, it must be clearly identified to the reader that the italics have been added and are not part of the original material. For example:

6 MLA Style Student Guide 3 Barth s ideas on the Trinity are important for an understanding of recent theological debates (McGrath 133; italics added). Numbers: The general rule is to spell out all numbers that can be written in one or two words, whereas numerals should be used for numbers that exceed this. E.g., one; three; eighteen; twenty-one; four hundred; eight thousand; 5½; 273; 1, First Page Headings and Title [4.3] Paper Information Headings: MLA papers do not require a separate title page. All necessary informational data (headings) are placed at the top of the first page, flush with the left margin, and double-spaced. The following pieces of information are required in this order, each on a separate line (double-spaced): student name, instructor name, course name/code, date submitted. See Appendix A for illustration. Title: The title of a paper is used to concisely describe the paper content. On smaller assignments this may simply identify the type of assignment (e.g., Book Report on Tom Sawyer), but this can also be an opportunity to creatively distinguish your paper from others. o The title is to be placed one double-spaced line below the informational headings, and centred above the first paragraph of the paper content. One double-spaced line is to be placed below the title. o The title should be in regular text. Do not bold, underline, or italicize the title, unless the title includes the title of a work requiring italics (see example in previous paragraph). o Do not place the title in quotation marks (unless part or the entirety of the title is a direct quotation from another source). o Capitalize all the nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in the title. o Do not capitalize the following types of words: articles (e.g., a, an, the), prepositions (e.g., as, of, through), conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or), or to in infinitives. E.g., How to Write a Paper [3.6.1]. 4. Page Numbering [4.4] Each page, including the Works Cited/Consulted page(s) is to be numbered consecutively beginning with the first page in the header area of the page. The page number should appear in the top right-hand corner, one half inch below the top of the page and flush with the right-hand margin. The student s surname is to appear on every page to the immediate left of the page number (see Appendix A for illustration). Word processors can insert page numbers with the student s surname automatically (check word processor Help to find out how to do this). Do not use the letter p before the page number, or insert any period, hyphen or other symbol with the page number and surname.

7 MLA Style Student Guide 4 5. Outlines [1.8.3.] Sometimes your instructor will require an outline for your paper, or you might want to clearly distinguish points and sub-points in your paper (although with shorter papers, this is usually unnecessary). In such cases, unless your instructor gives alternative guidelines, use the following outlining format: I. Main Headings (upper case Roman numerals) A. Sub-headings (upper case letters) 1. Sub-sub-heading (Arabic numbers) a. Sub-sub-sub-heading (lower case letters) (1) Sub-sub-sub-sub-heading (Arabic numbers in parenthesis) (a) Sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-heading (lower case letters in parenthesis) 6. Quotations, Block Quotations, and Ellipses [3.7] Why Use Quotations?: Quotations are helpful in papers to support arguments, or to help make a point due to the unique wording of a quotation. However, quotations should be used sparingly. Most of the time students should try to summarize and paraphrase sources used. Using too many, or overly lengthy quotations might give the reader the impression that the writer is not able to confidently explain the subject matter. So, keep all quotations as brief as possible (MLA Handbook 92). Accuracy When Quoting [3.7.1]: When quoting a source, keep everything in the quotation identical to the original source, including spelling, capitalization, or interior punctuation of the source (MLA Handbook 92). If alterations are needed in order to emphasize a part of the quotation, or to identify a spelling or grammatical anomaly in the original source, then this must be identified in parentheses (or in the parenthetical citation). As an example of adding and identifying emphasis to a quotation by using italics, the MLA Handbook states: A comment or an explanation that immediately follows the closing quotation mark appears in parentheses (101; italics added). Quotation Marks and Punctuation [3.7.7]: Sources being quoted should be identified as direct quotations by placing quotation marks at the beginning and end of the word, phrase, or sentence(s) being quoted ( ). o Quotations are preceded by a colon, comma, or even no punctuation at all if the quotation becomes part of the sentence. Note the use of punctuation in the following sentences: The MLA Handbook explains: quoted material is usually preceded by a colon if the quotation is formally introduced an integral part of the sentence structure. However, the quotation can be preceded by a comma or no punctuation if the quotation is an integral part of the sentence structure (102). o If a source being quoted also uses quotation marks within it, change the original quotation marks (of the source) to single quotation marks ( ) in order to make it clear to the reader that the entire quotation is from that particular source. Otherwise the reader might think that the quotation has ended and then started up again. So, for example:

8 MLA Style Student Guide 5 o o o Student council reports that MLA style is the best thing ever, according to many MCS students ( Imaginary MCS News 55). Block quotations do not use quotation marks at the beginning or end of the quotation. However, any quotation marks within the block quotation that are part of the original source being quoted should be preserved as originally written (see more on block quotations below) (MLA Handbook 102). Commas and periods that are directly a part of a quote remain inside the quotation marks, unless a parenthetical reference is required immediately after the quote. In that case place a period after a parenthetical reference. (See section on parenthetical citations for more detail.) For example: No church can be greater than the message it proclaims, writes John Bright (165). John Bright states: No church can be greater than the message it proclaims (165). Colons, semi-colons, question marks, and exclamation marks should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless they are part of the quotation itself. For example: Is John Bright accurate in suggesting that No church can be greater than the message it proclaims (165)? Block Quotations: If a quotation exceeds four lines of regular text, it should be placed in block quotation (BQ) format. Note the following: o BQs are to be double-spaced, just like all the other lines in the paper. o BQs are to be indented one inch from the left-hand margin. o BQs do not use opening and closing quotation marks (indenting them is enough to distinguish this as a direct quotation). If the quoted material contains quotation marks, then retain the quotation marks as written. o BQs usually do not require indentation of the first line of the paragraph. However, if more than one paragraph is being quoted, then indent the first line of each paragraph by an extra ¼ inch (on top of the already one inch indent). The exception to this rule is when the first sentence quoted is not the beginning of a paragraph. In this case do not indent this sentence further. o Word processors can indent entire paragraphs by the required one inch. There is no need to indent each line of the block quotation manually. Ellipsis Points [3.7.5] are useful when the passage being quoted is lengthy, because it allows one to omit parts of a sentence that are irrelevant to the discussion. Ellipsis points (...), consist of three dots with a space before and after each period. These dots can be placed before, between, or after the word(s) omitted. The cardinal rule here is to be fair to the author being quoted and not misrepresent what was said. The following three examples of the proper use of ellipsis points come from McGrath, Alister E. Theology: The Basics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, Print. o Original Quotation: Karl Barth is widely regarded as one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century, and is widely credited with the rediscovery of interest in the doctrine of the Trinity in recent decades. Barth s ideas on the Trinity are important for an understanding of recent theological debates (McGrath 133).

9 MLA Style Student Guide 6 o o o Quotation with an ellipsis in the middle: McGrath makes it clear: Karl Barth is widely regarded as one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century, and... Barth s ideas on the Trinity are important for an understanding of recent theological debates (133). Quotation with an ellipsis at the end of a sentence: In this case, the ellipsis has four (not three) periods, since one of the periods indicates the end of the sentence. Note also that there is no extra space before the first period or after the last. McGrath makes it clear: Karl Barth is widely regarded as one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century.... Quotation with an ellipsis, immediately followed by a parenthetical citation: Usually quotations are immediately followed by citations. In this case, the regular spacing for the ellipsis is used (three periods, with a space before each). The fourth period is placed after the parenthetical reference. McGrath makes it clear: Karl Barth is widely regarded as one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century... (133). 7. Bible Abbreviations [7.7] Bible book titles should usually be spelled out in full in the body of the paper (e.g., 1 Corinthians). However, within parenthetical references use the following abbreviations: Old Testament Gen. 1 Sam. Esth. Lam. Mic. Exod. 2 Sam. Job Ezek. Nah. Lev. 1 Kings Ps. (plural Pss.) Dan. Hab. Num. 2 Kings Prov. Hos. Zeph. Deut. 1 Chron. Eccles. Joel Hag. Josh. 2 Chron. Song of Sg. Amos Zech. Judg. Ezra Isa. Obad. Mal. Ruth Neh. Jer. Jon. New Testament Matt. 1 Cor. 1 Thess. Heb. 3 John Mark 2 Cor. 2 Thess. Jas. (James) Jude Luke Gal. 1 Tim. 1 Pet. Rev. John Eph. 2 Tim. 2 Pet. Acts Phil. Tit. 1 John Rom. Col. Philem. 2 John

10 MLA Style Student Guide 7 8. Parenthetical Documentation (Using Parentheses) [6.1-5] 8.1. General Information about Parenthetical Documentation It is important, when writing papers, to make it easy for your reader to identify what material is your own and what belongs to another source. Materials belonging to other sources include quotations, paraphrases, facts, and ideas. All of these (not just quotations) must be identified for your reader. When referring to sources in your paper, the goal is to be concise, clear, and accurate in referencing (identifying) the source for your reader. For this reason, MLA favours the use of parenthetical documentation (a.k.a. parenthetical references or citations) directly within the body of text whenever citing, directly or indirectly, someone else s words, facts, or ideas. This is opposed to the use of foot/endnotes, although the latter can be used to make supplemental comments (see sub-section below on supplemental content notes). The Works Cited/Consulted page(s) that appears at the end of your paper will provide the reader with complete publication information. A parenthetical reference/citation is simply a set parentheses containing concise information referring to a source being used in the paper. MCS uses the Author-Page system, in which (generally) the author s surname appears first, followed by a page number. No punctuation is needed between the author s surname and the page number (there are some exceptions, so see section on examples below) Where to Place the Parenthetical Citation The parenthetical reference usually follows the quotation, paraphrase, fact, or idea, but should precede the period or other punctuation ending the sentence. For example: Barth s ideas on the Trinity are important for an understanding of recent theological debates (McGrath 133). Block quotations, however, require that the parenthetical reference be placed after the period. For example, if the above quotation were to be placed in block quotation format, it would be indented one inch from the left-hand margin, and would not use quotation marks at the beginning or end of the quotation. Notice also that with block quotations the period precedes the parenthetical reference: Barth s ideas on the Trinity are important for an understanding of recent theological debates. (McGrath 133) All parenthetical references should be placed close to the material being documented usually immediately following a quotation, paraphrase, fact, or idea. Again, the goal is to make it easy for the reader to discern what material is from the student and what is from another source. Please note the following special situations: o If a paraphrase or an idea from one source requires several sentences, it is permissible to place the parenthetical reference at the end of the series of sentences. This is to help avoid placing an identical citation at the end of several consecutive sentences. When using one citation to refer to several sentences, it should always be clear to the reader that all of these sentences are derived from the one source being cited.

11 MLA Style Student Guide 8 o If a sentence contains an idea from the writer as well as that from another source, the parenthetical reference should immediately follow the source being used in order to distinguish it from the student s own ideas. In the following example, the first part of the sentence is derived from McGrath, and the latter from the hypothetical writer: Some believe that Barth was an important theologian (McGrath 133), but to what extent is a matter of debate Examples of Parenthetical Citations Author s name appears in the body of the text: Insert only the page numbers (if applicable) in parentheses. James Smith states that Pentecostals should embrace philosophy as a discipline (143) One author (Kaiser 167) Two authors (Fee, Stuart 149) Four or more authors: In this case do not insert all the authors names, but instead use the first author followed by et al (short-form Latin for and others ). (Cohen et al 72) Entire work (book, article, webpage, etc.) (Kaiser) More than one page: Insert a hyphen between page numbers. (Kaiser 78-92) Multi-volume work: Separate the volume and page number(s) by a colon and space. (Congar 3: 7-9) Entire volume of a multi-volume work: Place a comma after the author s surname and add the abbreviation vol. (specific pages do not need to be listed). (Congar, vol. 3) Work with no page numbers, but only sections or numbered paragraphs: This is frequently the case with webpages. Use one of the following: (Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada, sec ) (Bibby, par. 3) E-Books and similar digital resources (e.g., Kindle, Kobo, Google Play, ibooks, Logos software, etc.): Resources on designated e-readers, smart phones, tablets and PCs may have no page numbering, or even page numbers that change when font sizes are resized. For this reason MCS does not require that the page number be cited when referencing e-books. Instead, attempt to identify for the reader as close as possible the location of the citation being referenced. While it is ideal to identify the section of a chapter being cited, for

12 MLA Style Student Guide 9 simplicity, at MCS we are only expecting students to cite the chapter of the e- book being referenced. If there are no chapters, then attempt to identify the section or subsection. (Gibson, ch. 2) Webpage with an author or corporate author (Gibson) Two works cited in same parentheses: Use this when two or more sources have similar information. Separate the works by a semi-colon. (Kaiser 167; Jones 122) Two authors with identical surnames: Include first initial in the citation to distinguish the authors. (J. Smith 55) Two or more works by the same author: The citation must distinguish for the reader which of the author s works is being referenced. To do this, the title of the work (or short form of the title) must be included. A comma is placed after the author surname. If you choose to use a shortened version of the work s title, use it consistently throughout your paper. For example, if citing James K. A. Smith s, Desiring the Kingdom, you might choose to simply use Desiring. Just make sure that it is easy for the reader to find the resource in your Works Consulted/Cited list. If the author s name was used in the sentence, there is no need to repeat it in the citation, although the title would need to be referenced in this case. Here are some examples: (Smith, Desiring 55-63) (Althouse, Eschatology 66-68) Peter Althouse reports that Pentecostals do not always agree on the timing of Christ s return ( Eschatology 66) No author, but only a title: This is often the case with webpages. Use a shortened form of the title (using it consistently throughout the paper). For example, a webpage article, entitled Competing Theories of Eschatology, End Times, and Millennialism could be shortened to, Competing Theories. ( Competing Theories ) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.): Often such media is difficult to document, and so it is often not helpful to list such sources in a Works Consulted/Cited list. It is acceptable to simply include the details in the body of the text, in which case no parenthetical reference is needed. Otherwise just use the surname of the author as listed in the Works Consulted/Cited list. Here is an example that includes all the details of an in the body of the text: In a personal , sent to the author on September 4, 2011, Bronson noted that Christians are often zealous to share their faith. But if desired, the can be cited in parentheses, so long as the details are listed in the Works Consulted/Cited list. For example: Christians are often zealous to share their faith (Bronson).

13 MLA Style Student Guide Works Consulted/Cited Lists: Documenting Works Used [ ] 9.1 General Information about Works Consulted/Cited Lists Papers that have used sources of any sort (books, journals, internet, interviews, etc.) require that a full list of bibliographic information be included at the end of the paper. This list can include sources referenced directly in the body of the paper or simply consulted in research, in order to fully acknowledge the help received from these sources. There are two options for composing a list of sources used a Works Cited list or a Works Consulted list. Only one of these two lists should be included with a paper. The difference between these two lists are as follows: o A Works Cited list consists of all and only the works directly cited (referenced) in the paper. If a source appears in a parenthetical reference in the body of the paper, it must appear in this list. This list does not include other works that may have been consulted, but which are not explicitly referenced in the paper. o A Works Consulted list is used when sources that have merely been consulted are combined with the list of those directly cited (referenced). A Works Consulted list therefore includes both works directly cited and those only consulted. It is not to be included as a separate list of sources not directly cited in the paper. Again, there is to be only one list of sources at the end of the paper, not two. The nature of most college writing assignments will generally require a Works Consulted list. 9.2 Format of Works Consulted/Cited Lists Page and Title: The Works Consulted or Works Cited list is to be started on a separate page following the body of the paper (and any appendices, if applicable). The title Works Consulted or Works Cited is to be centered and placed one inch from the top of the page (using the same margins as all other pages). Page numbering continues from previous pages. All lines are double-spaced, including between the title and the entries. Alphabetization: All entries in bibliographic lists (Works Cited or Works Consulted) are to be arranged alphabetically. Where the author s name is unknown, alphabetize according to the first word of the title, except if the first word is A, An, or The (ignore the first occurrence of these words for alphabetizing purposes). Word processors generally have the ability to automatically organize lists alphabetically. Indentation (the hanging indent ): All entries in the Works Consulted/Cited list must be indented by using a hanging indent. The first line of the entry is flush with the lefthand margin, but all subsequent lines of the entry are indented by one half inch. Allow the information in the entry to go as far over to the right-hand margin as possible, until the word processor automatically moves the text to the next line (even if this splits the title or publication information). Word processors have the capability of formatting hanging indents automatically (there is no need to manually insert an indent for each line). The following is an example of the hanging indent (single-spacing is used here to save space, whereas in an actual paper double-spacing would be used): Schmitt, Harley H. Many Gifts One Lord: A Biblical Understanding of the Variety of Spiritual Gifts among Early Christians and in the Church Today. Minneapolis: Augsburg, Print.

14 MLA Style Student Guide 11 Three basic types of information are required for each entry (generally), each separated by a period. (Note, however, that each type of entry has a unique format, so pay close attention to the list of examples provided below.): 1) Author s name (surname first, followed by other given names and initials), followed by a period. 2) Title of the work (book, article, lecture, etc., including any subtitle), followed by a period. Note that book titles and some other works are italicized (see examples of entry listings for details below). 3) Publication information: (a) place of publication, followed by a colon and a space; (b) publisher (shortened form), followed by a comma and a space; (c) year of publication followed by a period; (d) type of media, followed by a period. Note: When using a particular article or essay from an edited book, dictionary or encyclopedia, make sure to list the particular author of the particular article being used, and not simply the editor or title of the entire book. For example: Macchia, Frank D. Theology, Pentecostal. The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Ed. Stanley M. Burgess. Revised and expand ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, a-1141b. Print. If certain publication information is missing (e.g., no date; no place of publishing) indicate this by n.d. = no date given ; n.p. = no publisher given ; n.p. = no place given ; n. pag. = no pagination (meaning the resource does not include page numbering). These abbreviations are placed where the usual information would be placed in the entry. For example: N.p.: Eerdmans, New York: n.p., New York: Eerdmans, n.d. New York: Eerdmans, N. pag. If the same author(s) is used more than once, do not keep repeating the name in the listing. Instead, only list the author s name the first time, and after that insert three hyphens in place of the author s name. The exception to this is when the author has also written or edited a work with others, in which case that listing would need to be distinguished from and entry written by the single author only by including the names of the other authors/editors. The following list includes examples of each: Smith, James K. A. Advice to Pentecostal Philosophers. Annual meeting for the Society for Pentecostal Studies. Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, OK Mar Reading The Closing of the Book: Pentecostals, Evangelicals, and the Sacred Writings. Journal of Pentecostal Theology 5.11 (1997): Print. Smith, James K. A., and Amos Yong, eds. Science and the Spirit: A Pentecostal Engagement with the Sciences. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Print.

15 MLA Style Student Guide Periodicals (Printed): Examples Note: In the following sections examples (as well as those above) are listed using singlespacing in order to save space. In actual MLA style papers, however, double-spacing is used throughout Journal Article: Note that in the example this journal uses both volume and issue numbers (Vol. 14, Number 2), which is written as However, some journals only use issue numbers, in which case simply use that one number. Albrecht, Daniel E. Pentecostal Spirituality: Looking through the Lens of Ritual. Pneuma 14.2 (1992): Print Newspaper Article: Here the section and page number are listed ( C1 ). Hemeon, Jade. TSE stocks Shatter Record. Toronto Star 27 Aug. 1993: C1. Print Magazine Article: Note in this case the volume and issue numbers are omitted. Olson, Roger E. A Wind That Swirls Everywhere: Pentecostal Scholar Amos Yong Thinks He Sees the Holy Spirit Working in Other Religions, Too. Christianity Today Mar. 2006: 52(3)-55. Print Anonymous Article: Sometimes articles will have no identifiable author. In this case simply begin with the article title (and use it to alphabetize the resource in the list, ignoring A, An, or The). TSE stocks Shatter Record. Toronto Star 27 Aug. 1993: C1. Print. 9.4 Non-Periodicals (Printed): Examples Book One Author Alcorn, Randy C. Heaven. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, Print Book Multiple Authors: If there are two or three authors, list the first one surname first, but the others in regular name order. If there are more than three authors, simply list the first author followed by a comma and et al. ( and others ). Armerding, Carl Edwin, and W. Ward Gasque. A Guide to Biblical Prophecy. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, Print. Dieter, Melvin E., et al. Five Views on Sanctification. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, Print Book Corporate Author: Sometimes corporations publish material without a specific author. In such cases use the name of the corporation in place of the author. Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada. Statement of Fundamental and Essential Truths. Mississauga, ON: Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada, Print.

16 MLA Style Student Guide Book Edited: This works the same as with book authors, except that ed. (if one editor), or eds. (if multiple editors) is added following the name of the last editor in the sequence. For more than three editors use et al. as noted above. If referring to the entire edited work, use the following format: Brand, Chad, and R. Stanton Norman, eds. Perspectives on Church Government: Five Views of Church Polity. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, Print. But if referring to one section of an edited work by a particular author, use this format, which includes the title of the section being used, as well as the book title, editor, and pages of the section (following the date): Robeck, Cecil M., Jr. William J. Seymour and the Bible Evidence. Initial Evidence: Historical and Biblical Perspectives on the Pentecostal Doctrine of Spirit Baptism. Ed. Gary B. McGee. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, Print Article in Reference Book (Encyclopedia or Dictionary): If the article is signed, include the author s name, but if the article is anonymous then begin the entry with the article title. Horwich, Paul. Truth. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Ed. Robert Audi. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Print. Lossky, Vladimir Nikolaevich. Dictionary of Christian Biography. Ed. Michael Walsh. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, Print Book Introduction, Preface, Forward or Afterword: In such cases, unlike a chapter title, the name of the section is not placed in quotation marks. Begin with the author of the section (Introduction, Preface, Forward or Afterword), and then list the name of the author or editor of the rest of the work following the work title. If it is the same author or editor, then only use the surname. An example with an author and editors is provided here. These examples happen to also be books in a series, so for explanation on this see Book in a Series below. Crouter, Richard. Introduction. On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers. By Friedrich Schleiermacher. Trans. Richard Crouter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Print. Texts in German Philosophy. Moltmann, Jürgen, and Karl-Josef Kuschel. Preface. Pentecostal Movements as an Ecumenical Challenge. Eds. Moltmann and Kuschel. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, vii-ix. Print. Concilium Anonymous Book: As with other anonymous works, when a book has no identifiable author, begin with the book title, and list alphabetically by the title, ignoring A, An and The at the beginning of the title. A good example of this is the Bible, which is often used in assignments at MCS. Holy Bible. Ultrathin Reference ed. Nashville: Holman, Print. Eng. New International Version Translation: If the work is translated from a language other than English, insert the translator s name(s) after the book title, preceded by Trans. Lossky, Vladimir. The Vision of God. Trans. Asheleigh Moorhouse. Wingroad: Faith Press, Print.

17 MLA Style Student Guide Book Second or Subsequent Edition: Identify the particular edition of a book (if applicable) following the title, and by adding the short form ed. after the type of edition. Sire, James W. The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalog. 5th ed. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, Print. Johnson, Elizabeth A. She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse. Tenth Anniversary ed. New York: Crossroad, Print Multivolume Work: If using two or more books in a multivolume work, the number of volumes in the series needs to be identified following the title. This also means that when citing a particular page that the volume and page number needs to be cited (see parenthetical reference section above). Congar, Yves. I Believe in the Holy Spirit. Trans. David Smith. Milestones in Catholic Theology. 3 vols. Three-volume work in one volume ed. New York: Crossroad, Print. However, if using only one volume of a multivolume work, you need only include the particular number of the volume, and therefore also only include the page number (not volume) in parenthetical references. Jenson, Robert W. Systematic Theology: The Triune God. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Print Book in a series: If a book identifies that it belongs to a series, then include this with your information. The series, along with the number in the series (if applicable) follows the medium of publication. Land, Steven J. Pentecostal Spirituality: A Passion for the Kingdom. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, Print. Journal of Pentecostal Theology Supplemental Series 1. Hart, Kevin. Introduction. The Experience of God: A Postmodern Response. Eds. Kevin Hart and Barbara Eileen Wall. New York: Fordham University Press, Print. Perspectives in Continental Philosophy Republished Work: Sometimes a book will have been previously published or printed. This needs to be indicated by inserting the original date of publication just before the publication information for the actual book being cited. Lossky, Vladimir. The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir s Seminary Press, Print Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis: The title of an unpublished dissertation or thesis is placed in quotation marks, rather than being italicized. Also, the dissertation or thesis type needs to be identified (e.g., PhD dissertation ; PhD thesis ; MA thesis, etc.) followed by the name of the degree-granting institution. Note that in Canada a PhD monograph is often called Thesis, whereas in the USA it is usually called Dissertation, but go with whatever is indicated in the work itself. Holm, Randall. A Paradigmatic Analysis of Authority within Pentecostalism. PhD diss. University of Laval, Print.

18 MLA Style Student Guide Published Dissertation or Thesis: If published, the title is italicized rather than being placed in quotation marks. Also, the publication information is included along with the degree and institution information. Gibson, Charles Lynn. Religiosity and Work in the Lives of Mortuary College Students. D.Phil diss. Oxford Graduate School, Boca Raton, FL: Dissertations.com, Print 9.5 Web and Electronic Publications: Examples Due to the dynamic nature of online resource (meaning that web addresses can change frequently), URLs are coming to be viewed as having limited value as part of a citation entry. It is far easier for a reader to do a web search on the author and/or title of a cited online source based on the information provided. Therefore, only include the URL if it is unlikely that the reader will be able to find the publication otherwise, or if specifically requested by your instructor. If including a URL, place it immediately following the date accessed in angle brackets < >. Examples are provided below Nonperiodical Online Publications (including Blogs): Most works on the web are not published on a regular schedule. In such cases the following information is needed: 1) the author, editor, compiler, director, performer, or translator (whichever is applicable); 2) the title of the work in quotation marks if part of a larger work, or italicized if referring to entire work; 3) title of website (if different than title of overall work; see #2); 4) version or edition; 5) publisher of website (if unavailable use n.p. ); 6) date of publication; 7) medium of publication ( Web ); 8) date of access (day, month and year). In this example (a Blog), the URL has been included here, but is unnecessary (omit the URL in most cases). Vondey, Wolfgang. Letter to a Pentecostal Scholar. Renewal Dynamics. Regent University School of Divinity and the Center for Renewal Studies, 8 July Web. 12 July < Periodical Online Publications: For periodicals (e.g., scholarly journals) published online, follow the basic format for citing journals (listed above). However, for publication medium use Web (rather than Print ), and follow this with the date accessed (day, month, year). Often such journals have no pagination; and if so this should be identified in the entry by inserting N. pag. in place of where the page numbers would usually be. Yong, Amos. Tongues, Theology, and the Social Sciences: A Pentecostal- Theological Reading of Geertz s Interpretive Theory of Religion. Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research 1 (1997): N. pag. 19 Mar Periodical Publications from Online Database: For periodicals scanned and/or otherwise gathered and published online, the format for citing journal articles applies. However, the host for the online version of the article also needs to be listed in italics, following the page numbers. This is followed by the publication medium ( Web ) and then the date accessed. Cross, Terry L. The Divine-Human Encounter: Towards a Pentecostal Theology of Experience. Pneuma 31 (2009): EBSCO Host. Web. 12 July 2012.

19 MLA Style Student Guide E-Books (e.g., Kindle, Kobo, Logos, Google Books, epub, etc.): Digital, or electronic books (e-books) accessed through designated e-readers, smart phones, tablets and PCs are becoming more common. Because page numbering is not consistent for e-books, simply indicate that there is no page numbering in the citation after the date of publication (N. pag.). The reference should also indicate the format used, as opposed to print. Smith, Gordon T. Transforming Conversion: Rethinking the Language and Contours of Christian Initiation. Grand Rapids: Baker, N. pag. Kobo file. Logos Software requires some extra information. Include the main book information, and then follow this with Logos Bible Software in italics. The publication copyright information for Logos then follows. The location of Logos is Bellingham, WA, and the date will include the initial date when Logos began publishing (2002) up to the present year. The last item indicates that the media is software. Torrey, R. A. The Fundamental Doctrines of the Christian Faith. New York: George H. Doran Company, Logos Bible Software. Bellingham, WA: Logos, Software Social Media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.): Here the author s name might also be a handle (as with Twitter). As with other online entries, the date of publication comes first, and the date accessed is last, following the medium of Web log post. Twitter.com. 19 Aug Web. 21 Aug Wilkinson, Michael. Old Testament Studies. Facebook.com. 3 Aug Web. 21 Aug The author of the serves as the author, and the subject line as the title, which is placed in quotation marks. Something unique here is that a description of the message, identifying the recipient, must be included following the title. The recipient may be the author writing the paper or someone else. This is then followed by the date, and medium. Jones, Michael. Question about Master s. Message to the author. 13 Jan E- mail. MacMillan, Sandra. Using D2L on a Mac Message to Flora Anthony. 30 Feb Online Video (e.g., YouTube, etc.): This applies to streamed online video only, and not to downloaded digital video files (see section on Digital Files for details on citing that format). Follow the basic structure of citing webpages as if they are nonperiodical publications (see section ). HISHEdotcom. How It Should Have Ended: How the Dark Knight Should Have Ended. YouTube. HISHEdotcom, 24 Feb Web. 20 July 2012.

20 MLA Style Student Guide CD/DVD-ROM Publications: The following are examples for 1) a nonperiodical publication on CD/DVD-ROM, and 2) a periodically published database. In some cases (see latter example) the date of publication of the particular reference being cited, as well as the publication date of the database needs to be included. These examples, derived directly from the MLA Handbook, do not have an author, although if an author is identified it should be included first. English Poetry Full-Text Database. Rel. 2. Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, CD- ROM. Guidelines for Family Television Viewing. Urbana: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Educ., CD-ROM. ERIC. Silver-Platter. June Digital Files (e.g., MP3, PDF, word processor documents, etc.): Digital files can come in many forms text, video, audio, etc. In such cases follow the general guidelines provided for published works, including as much information as possible, such as the author/artist, title of work, title of series or work in which the piece is included (if applicable), publisher, date of publication, and medium. Often, however, digital files do not contain publication information, as in the case of privately created text documents. The following examples include an MP3 lecture and a text document. Note that these particular files are not accessed by online streaming but through download (via internet, , itunes, etc.). So, all that is needed is the information for the file itself, not a website URL. Walton, John. Human Origins in Light of Genesis 2. Regent College Evening Public Lecture. Vancouver: Regent College, MP3. Delancy, Tim. How to Write Great Essays Microsoft Word file. 9.6 Other Common Sources: Examples Interview: Interviews may be published (e.g., in a book, newspaper, or radio program) or those done by the writer of the paper. For both types, begin the entry with the name of the person being interviewed. Published interviews also include the title of the interview in quotation marks (if available); otherwise use the label Interview (not in italics). If possible also include the name of the interviewer. For interviews conducted personally, identify these as interview and the type (e.g., personal or telephone, etc.). Ford, Rob. Interview by Jim Richards. The Showgram with Jim Richards. News Talk CFRB, Toronto. 29 Aug Radio. Wright, Eldon. Personal interview. 23 July Lecture, Speech, Address, or Reading: In these cases include the author and title (in quotation marks), and the site where the lecture or reading took place. James, Doug The Book of Numbers. Master s College and Seminary, Peterborough, ON. 20 Jan Lecture. Smith, James K. A. Advice to Pentecostal Philosophers. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society for Pentecostal Studies. Oral Robert s University, Tulsa Mar Reading.