Bibliographic References Vancouver style

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1 Bibliographic References Vancouver style Stuck with referencing? Try

2 Why reference? Referencing is important in all academic work because it shows where you have used others ideas in your work. Consistent referencing shows which ideas are your own and from where you found the supporting evidence for your ideas. It demonstrates your ideas are based on evidence you have found. Anything in your work for which you do not cite a source is assumed to be your own original thought. If you do not show when you have used other people s work you could therefore be accused of pretending their ideas and findings are your own. This is plagiarism and is a serious academic offence. In Vancouver style, each source is acknowledged (cited) whenever it is used, this will be represented as a number, either using parentheses, e.g. (1) or superscript e.g.¹ the source is then fully described in the reference list in numerical order. Don t get caught out! Arrangement of reference list at the end of essay Your reference list only includes items you have cited in your work. These must be numbered in the order that they occur for the first time in the text. If you cite the same item a second time, then refer back to the number first used (see the end of this booklet for more information on citing within the text). The reference list follows the same numerical order as the text your first reference being the first item you cite in the text. Your references should not be listed alphabetically by author or title or put in date order. Where to find the details needed in a reference list You will use a variety of sources however the majority will fall within the following three categories: books, journal articles and websites. Keep a careful note of all sources used as you work on your assignments. Record all the details you need about a library book (including page numbers) before you return it it might be on loan to someone else when you need it again. Make sure you write down the source details you need on any photocopies you use. Remember to print or save details of any website you want to refer to (your tutor may ask to see this) and record the date when you accessed the information. Make sure you are following the referencing system used in your department. Books (you must include) Author(s)/editor(s) Title (Edition) ebooks (you must include) Author(s)/editor(s) Title (Edition) Principles of referencing Your reference should help your reader to recover your source easily. If it cannot be found by someone else, don t reference it. Be consistent with layout and punctuation Make sure you write down the source details you need on any photocopies you use. Only list references for sources you have read yourself. Do not list sources that are mentioned in the works you have seen when compiling your reference list. There will not be guidance for every type or variation of a source. Use the nearest style you can find to fit the source. If in doubt, do what your lecturer says, not what the library says or what the referencing system says. Only lecturers give and take away marks. Place of publication Publisher Date published Place of publication Publisher Date published Date accessed URL/DOI The details needed for a book can be found on the front and back of the title page. Make sure you locate the name of the publisher rather than the printer or typesetter. The place of publication will be the city not the country. Publication details are also available from the Library Catalogue. Ignore any reprint dates: you need the date when the edition of the book you are using was published, always use the year, add the month if you wish. 3

3 Journal articles (you must include) Author(s) Article title Journal title Publication date (year month day) Volume number, issue number, start and end page numbers Electronic journal articles (you must include) Author(s) Article title Journal title Publication date (year month day) Volume number, issue number, start and end page numbers Date accessed URL/DOI The details needed for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list or front cover of the journal or on the article itself. Websites (you must include) Author(s)/editor(s) Title Place of publication Publisher Date published Date accessed URL Style and punctuation tips The details needed could be located anywhere on the website, look at the top and bottom of the pages for dates, always use the year, add the month if you wish. Use the most prominent title for the title, if there is no named author you can use the publisher as a corporate author. Please follow the examples given in green for each type of material wherever possible. Full stops, colons and semi-colons are used to divide up pieces of information and must be used in the right place. Certain pieces of information must be given in a particular style: Pagination is always shortened to the fewest numbers necessary so 23 5 rather than and rather than The name of a journal must be abbreviated. For a list of journal abbreviations go to Be as consistent as possible throughout your referencing Examples of references Book The basic pattern for a book is (see text in brackets for guidance notes): Author(s) of book and Initials (no punctuation between last name and initials or between initials of single author). Title: subtitle. Nth ed (unless 1st). Place: Publisher; Date. Neal MJ. Medical pharmacology at a glance. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang and Dale s pharmacology. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; Note: List up to six authors. The seventh and subsequent authors are abbreviated to et al. Edited book Formatted the same as above with the inclusion of the term editors after the editors names. Aulton ME, Taylor KMG, editors. Aulton s pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; Chapter in edited book The basic pattern for a reference to a chapter in an edited book (where the contents page shows that the chapters have been written by various people) is: Author(s) of chapter Initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor Initials, editors. Title of work. Nth Ed. Place: Publisher; Date. p.pages. Klimas J. Basic Principles of drug interactions. In: Adameova A, editor. General pharmacology for pharmacist: principles and applications. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers; p Ebook: Book available on the internet or ebook supplier (see text in brackets for guidance notes). For online documents include [Internet] in square brackets to indicate the medium. You also need to include the date you accessed the book, this is the cited date and is displayed in square brackets [ ]. Remember that dates in Vancouver are always written year, month, day, e.g. [cited 2016 May 16]. Author(s) Initials or Editor(s) Initials. Title [type of medium]. Nth ed. Editor(s) and other secondary author(s) (only include if available). Place: Publisher; Date [note of any update/ revisions date; cited date]. Available from: URL Gray H. Anatomy of the human body [Internet]. 20th ed. Lewis WH, editor. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1918 [revised 2000; cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: Melia KM. Health care ethics: lessons from Intensive Care [Internet]. London: Sage; 2004 [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: 4 5

4 Government publication/report Use named authors and editors if given, otherwise use identified corporate author. Repeat author as publisher if they are the same. Give any series information in brackets at the end of the reference followed by full stop. Department of Health. Saving lives: our healthier nation. London: Stationery Office; (Cm 4386). This follows the same format as for a book. Redmond T, Abraham A. Report of two investigations by the Local Government Ombudsman for England and the Health Service Ombudsman for England: first report session London: Stationery Office; (HC ). Government response to the Joint Committee on Human Rights: a life like any other?: human rights of adults with learning disabilities. London: Stationery Office; Online Government publication/report When referencing PDF documents that you have found online, use this format unless you have identified the item as either a book or a journal article. Integrated Care Policy. Better Care Fund: how it will work in 2016 to 2017 [Internet]. London. Department of Health; 2016 [Cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: publications/better-care-fund-how-it-will-work-in-2016-to-2017 Dictionary Follow the same format as a book but include the entry term and its page number. Concise colour medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Apraxia; p.50. Online dictionary Merriam-Webster medical dictionary [Internet]. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster Incorporated; c2015. Concussion; [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: medical/concussion Dissertation The same format as a book however add [dissertation] after the title to show this is not a standard book and may not be easily obtainable. Huddlestone O. Investigatory study into the effects of technology on the dissemination of football results [dissertation]. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth; Place of publication should always be given, if not stated use square brackets and infer place from institution. Online dissertation Henry M. A comparative analysis of colonoscopy, CT colonography and double contrast barium enema used in the detection of colorectal cancer [dissertation on the Internet]. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth; 2000 [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: eprint/650 Journal article The basic pattern for a reference to a journal article is: Author(s) of article and Initials. Title of article. Journal title. Year month day;volume(part or Issue number):start and finish page. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Angus EM, Hu Q, Guan Y, Potten C, et al. Identification of epithelial gaps in human small and large intestine by confocal endomicroscopy. Gastroenterology Dec;133(6): Note: List up to six authors. The seventh and subsequent authors are abbreviated to et al. Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med Jun 1;124(11): Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Friedl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up. Br J Cancer Apr;73(8): Note: Journal titles are abbreviated if they can be found as such in MEDLINE otherwise spell them out in full. To check this go to enter your title in full and use the abbreviated title. Journal titles that are just a single word are not abbreviated. Electronic journal article Author(s) of article and Initials. Title of article. Journal title [type of medium]. Year month [note of any update/revision date; cited date];volume(part or issue number):start page end page. Available from: URL or DOI Note: if no pagination is given, it is usual to give an estimation of length this can be an approximation of pages [about 2p] or paragraphs [about 8 paragraphs] If the URL is extremely long and not directly accessible quote the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if known, see example below: Edwards B. Walking in initial visualisation and assessment at triage. Accid Emerg Nurs [Internet] Apr [cited 2007 Jul 9];15(2):73 8. Available from: doi: /j.aaen OR provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL, see example below: Edwards B. Walking in initial visualisation and assessment at triage. Accid Emerg Nurs [Internet] Apr [cited 2007 Jul 9];15(2):73 8. Available from: journal/ by selecting required issue and pages 6 7

5 Newspaper article This follows the same format as for a journal article. Boseley S. Doctors running out of antibiotics to fight some infections, say experts. Guardian Sep 11:12 (col. 3). Online newspaper article Stoppard M. New vaccine could help to fight cancer. Daily Mirror [Internet] May 13 [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: Webpages This is very similar to an ebook, you need to include [medium], e.g. [Internet] in square brackets, publication details and a cited date. Title of homepage. Title of part [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication (if no date use updated/cited date) [cited date]. Available from: URL NHS Choices. Hydronephrosis [Internet]. London: Department of Health; c2015 [updated 2015 Jun 23; cited 2016 May 16]. Available from: Introduction.aspx Other common online sources Medicines complete (ebook) Baxter K, Preston CL, editors. Stockley s Drug Interactions [Internet]. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2016 [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from stockley/current/ British Pharmacopoeia online (ebook) PDF First establish what the PDF is, is it an ebook? Journal article? Or document that has been posted online in a PDF format. Once identified see the relevant section in this guide. Ebook page = Ebook: Book available on the internet page 5 Journal article = Electronic journal article page 7 Document (Use report) = Online Government publication/report page 6 Conference paper Author(s) of paper and Initials. Title of paper [Internet]. In: Title of proceedings; Year month day; conference location. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date [cited date]. Start and finish pages. Available from: URL Sakurai M, Munisi HI, Kakihara H, Sengoku S. The current status and value creation of unlisted Biotech Drug Discovery/Development Firms (Biotech DDFs) in Japan: A holistic approach [Internet]. In: Proceedings of PICMET 14 Conference: Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology; Infrastructure and Service Integration; 2014 July 27-31; Kanazawa. New York: IEEE Explore; 2014 [cited 2016 May 16]. p Available from: ieee.org/xpl/articledetails.jsp?arnumber= &contenttype=conference+publications Extra help If you have a reference that does not seem to fit with any of the above examples, take a look at the Referencing@Portsmouth website. Make sure you select Vancouver referencing. Help the site grow by using the contact us page to ask for help with specific examples. If you still cannot find what you are looking for explore the Citing Medicine pages at Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The British Pharmacopoeia, 2016: Monographs: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Substances: Chalk [Internet]. London: The Stationery Office; 2015 [cited 2016 May 16]. Available from bp-2016/monographs/chalk.html?published-date=

6 Citing references in the text Use numbers in the text of your work to direct readers to full details of the item in the reference list. This can be done using parentheses (1) or superscript¹. Check your course handbooks to see which system is preferred and then apply the chosen method consistently. Numbers should be given to the right of commas and full stops, but to the left of colons and semicolons. Work your sentences so that reference numbers do not come near other numerical information. Reference list List the citations in numerical order. Give the number but without any parentheses ( ). 1. Schen RJ, Singer-Edelstein M. Subcutaneous infusions in the elderly. J Am Geriat Soc. 1981;29: Dougherty L, Lamb J, editors. Intravenous therapy in nursing practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; Examples In clinical practice, up to 2.5L of fluid has been administered in one infusion. (1) A number of studies have... Or In clinical practice, up to 2.5L of fluid has been administered in one infusion. 1 A number of studies have... Scholtz (5) has argued that... Or Scholtz 5 has argued that... For further guidance and examples, click on the Referencing logo on the Library website or go to Referencing@Portsmouth (). Select a reference source from the dropdown menu or use the search to help you locate the source you want to reference. An A Z list of sources is available on the Referencing@Portsmouth site as well as frequently asked questions and guidance on citing in the text of your work. There are tools available to help you to store, manage and format your references. However, be aware that you may still need to check and edit formatted references, particularly for sources not covered by this Vancouver style guide. New items are numbered consecutively as they occur in the text. If a source is used again, use the same number You can list multiple sources at a single point use a hyphen between the start and end of consecutive numbers or separate numbers with a comma if not in sequence, e.g. (2 5, 8, 11) or 2-5, 8, 11. Citing specific pages To cite a specific page, indicate the page number(s) in brackets after the reference number: Examples Burns (5, p64) 14 (p36-7) It has been shown that evidence based nursing improves patient care 10 11

7 This guide is available in large print on request. University of Portsmouth The University Library Cambridge Road Portsmouth PO1 2ST United Kingdom T: Enquiries E: W: MD