Scientific Publishing and Scholarship for the 21st Century

Transcription

1 Scientific Publishing and Scholarship for the 21st Century Panel Discussion: Rick Carlson, Shaun Hardy, Steve Shirey, Alycia Weinberger October 26, The Changing Landscape of Scientific Publishing a. Society vs. Commercial Publishing b. Peer Review c. Open Access and New Business Models The Open Access Spectrum : Gold and Green Costs and Who Pays? Mandates from Funding Agencies E-Prints (arxiv) and Overlay Journals Predatory Publishers

2 2. Intellectual Property Rights a. Copyright vs. Creative Commons b. Self-archiving 3. Attribution, Plagiarism, and Authorship Ethics 4. Deciding What, Where, and How to Publish a. Astronomy b. Earth and Planetary Sciences 5. Research Metrics a. Journal, Article, and Author Metrics b. What Metrics Can Teach About Who Is Reading Your Work - and Why c. Use and Abuse of Metrics 6. Tools for Improved Scholarship a. Author identifiers: ORCID and ResearcherID b. Reference Management Tools: EndNote, Papers, Zotero, Mendeley, BibDesk

3 Geoscience Information Society (GSIS) -- Open Access in the Geosciences 1 of 2 10/27/2015 9:33 AM Contact Us Site Index Home About Us Leadership Publications Communications Meetings Awards Geoscience Resources Historical Information OPEN ACCESS IN THE GEOSCIENCES Open access is the practice of providing free, unrestricted access to research results and literature. It means that research results can be read by anyone at any time without having to go to a library that subscribes to a journal or request it through interlibrary loan. Many Federal funding agencies are requiring grant recipients to provide open access to their research results by publishing in open journals or paying to provide open access to their articles. Many publishers offer an open access option for a fee. GSIS members have developed tables providing information on Options for Open Access Publishing in the Geosciences and Open Access Journals in the Geosciences. Why is open access important? The cost of journals and serials has increased much faster than the rate of inflation. As a result, Libraries can no longer afford to buy all of the journals needed to support teaching and research by faculty. Government agencies provide research grants to promote scientific discovery and innovation and improve the economy. More people benefit if the results of that research is available to the widest possible audience. More often than not, people are turning to the Internet for information. While the Internet can be searched to provide almost immediate information on a topic, that information may not be scientifically sound. For example, an openly accessible Heritage Foundation report on climate change states: The persistence of coral reefs through geologic time... provides substantive evidence that these marine entities can successfully adapt to a dramatically changing global environment. (1) This statement ignores the fact that some corals in the fossil record no longer exist. The scietific articles that might refute this statement are not openly accessible. The scientific articles that might refute this statement are not openly accessible. Shouldn t the evidence be available for everyone to read? Researchers can promote open access by publishing in open access journals, paying open access publishing fees, posting or depositing preprints (copies of articles submitted to journals) or postprints (copies of the article after peer review) on their web sites or in institutional repositories, managing their copyright to ensure that they retain some rights to their work, and complying with (and encouraging) open access policies. For more information about Open Access, Author Rights, and Copyright, please consult the following resources: Open Access Association of American Universities, Association of Research Libraries, The Coalition for Networked Information and National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, The University s Role in the Dissemination of Research and Scholarship A Call to Action. EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 44, no. 2 (March/April 2009): 6 7. Accessed September 10, Burton, Gideon, Scholarly Communication Must Transform. Accessed September 10, Columbia University Libraries. Open Access Primer. Accessed October 11, Jeffery, Keith G., Open Access: An Introduction. ERCIM (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics) News 64. Accessed September 10, Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), Declaring Independence: A guide to creating community-controlled science journals. Accessed September 10, Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), How Open Is It? Defining Open Access for Journals. Accessed October 11, Special Libraries Association Science & Technology Division. Should I publish in, or be an editor for, an Open Access (OA) journal? A Brief Guide. Accessed October 11, Suber, Peter, Open Access Overview. Accessed October 11, What is Open Access? A guide from SHERPA (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research). Copyright & Publication Agreements Columbia University Libraries. Copyright Quickguide. A guide on copyright developed by the Columbia University Libraries. Accessed October 11, Columbia University Libraries. Creative Commons and Open Access. Accessed October 11, Columbia University Libraries. Your Publication Agreements. A guide on copyright developed by the Columbia University Libraries. Accessed October 11, Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC). An Introduction to Copyright Resources for Authors. Accessed September 10, Predatory Publishers The growth of open access had spawned the development of a new kind of publisher, known as Predatory Publishers, that exist to generate revenue from author fees paid by unsuspecting authors. They and their practices have been described in several recent articles: Beall, Jeffrey, Predatory Publishers are Corrupting Open Access. Nature, Volume 489, Issue Accessed September 10, Beall, Jeffrey, Predatory Journals and Publishers. Internet Sites. Accessed October 11, Butler, D., Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing. Nature, Volume 495, no. 7442, Accessed September 10, Before considering whether to publish in one of these publisher's journals, consider doing the Scholar's CRAAP (SCRAAP) Test on the call for papers and publisher's web site. Developed by Linda Zellmer, Shaun Hardy and Amanda Bielskas. 1). Idso, Craig D., and Singer, S. Fred, Climate Change Reconsidered: 2009 Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), p. 7. [Chicago, Ill.]: Heartland Institute. Citation of this publication does not indicate an endorsement of the publication or its contents.

4 Open Access Journals: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Geobiology including some related disciplines and multi disciplinary journals (June 2015) Journal Impact Factor Year established Publisher Subject Coverage OA fee per article Acta Geophysica NA 1953 De Gruyter pure and applied geophysics Advances in Geosciences Copernicus/EGU geology, geochemistry, geophysics, biogeosciences, geodesy, hydrology, ocean sciences, atmospheric 31 51/page sciences AIP Advances AIP physical sciences $1,350 Algorithms for Molecular Biology BioMed Central molecular biology, genomics $1,940 Annales Geophysicae Copernicus/EGU Sun Earth system; science of Space weather; Solar Terrestrial plasma physics; Earth's atmosphere and 45 60/page oceans Annals of Geophysics INGV, Italy earth sciences, seismology, geodesy, volcanology, oceanography, climatology, geomagnetism, paleomagnetism Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Copernicus/EGU gases, aerosols, clouds and precipitation, isotopes, radiation, dynamics, biosphere interactions, hydrosphere interactions Biogeosciences Copernicus/EGU astrobiology, exobiology, biodiversity and ecosystem function, biogeochemistry, biogeophysics, paleobiogeoscience Biology Direct BioMed Central biology $2,145 BMC Biochemistry BioMed Central biochemistry $2,145 BMC Biology BioMed Central biology, biochemistry, biomedical science, cell biology, chemical biology, ecology, genetics, neurobiology $2,605 BMC Ecology NA 2001 BioMed Central environmental ecology, behavioral ecology, population ecology, plants, animals, microbes $2,145 BMC Genomics BioMed Central genomics, genetics $2,145 BMC Microbiology BioMed Central microbiology $2,145 Carbon Balance and Management NA 2006 Springer global carbon cycle, climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide, terrestrial biospheres, oceanic biospheres $1,085 Climate of the Past Copernicus/EGU dynamics in ocean, atmosphere, ice, vegetation, carbon cycle, greenhouse gases, climate modelling Collabra NA 2015? U. California Press ecology and environmental sciences, life sciences $875

5 The Cryosphere Copernicus/EGU DNA Research Oxford U. Press Earth and Space Science NA 2014 AGU/Wiley Earth Perspectives NA 2013 Springer Earth Surface Dynamics NA 2013 Copernicus/EGU Earth's Future NA 2013 AGU/Wiley Earthquake Science NA 1979/1988 Wiley Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene NA 2013 BioOne elife NA 2012 HHMI/MPG/Wellcome Trust Frontiers in Earth Science NA 2013 Frontier Media ice sheets and glaciers; planetary ice bodies; permafrost; river, lake and sea ice; seasonal snowcover; remote sensing, numerical modelling, insitu and laboratory studies of the cryosphere structure and function of genomes, gene analysis, methods and tools for DNA research, bioinformatic analysis of genomic data earth, planetary, space, and environmental sciences; geoengineering, space engineering, biogeochemistry earth system science, earth human interactions, global change, sustainability physical, chemical, and biological processes shaping earth's surface global change, sustainability, earth human interactions seismology, geophysics, tectonics, earthquake engineering earth system science, earth human interactions, sustainability life sciences and biomedicine solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere $500 $900 $1,800 $1,290 $1,800 $1,830 $650 $1,450 $0 $1,900 Genome Biology and Evolution Oxford U. Press evolutionary biology, genomics, molecular biology $1,250 $1,800 Geochemical Perspectives EAG geochemistry Geochemical Perspectives Letters NA 2015 EAG geochemistry Geochemical Transactions ACS/Chemistry Central geochemistry, marine and aquatic chemistry, chemical oceanography, biogeochemistry, astrobiology $1,085 GeoResJ NA 2014 Elsevier earth and planetary sciences $1,100 $2,200 Geoscience Letters NA 2013 Springer earth sciences, environment, planetary and space sciences $980 Geosciences NA 2011 MDPI earth history, natural hazards, environment, geoethics 300 CHF Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and instrumentation and data systems in earth, ocean, NA 2012 Copernicus/EGU Data Systems atmospheric, and space sciences Geoscientific Model Development Copernicus/EGU development and evaluation of mathematical models of the Earth System and its components Geothermal Energy NA 2013 Springer energy exploration, development, and delivery; geology, geophysics, geochemistry

6 Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Copernicus/EGU International Journal of Coal Science & Technology NA 2014 Springer hillslope, catchment, global, vadose zone, groundwater, urban and engineering hydrology; rivers and lakes; coasts and estuaries; hydrometeorology; ecohydrology; biogeochemical processes and water resources management coal research, coal mining/processing, health/safety, environmental issues International Journal of Geo Engineering NA 2015 Springer geotechnical engineering, geo energy IUCrJ NA 2014 IUCr crystallography, structural science $1,000 Journal of Applied Volcanology NA 2012 Springer applied volcanology, societal impact and response $1,230 Journal of Physics: Conference Series NA 2004 IOP physics (all areas); publishes conference proceedings only Journal of Tethys NA 2013 self published earth sciences mbio ASM microbiology $1,000 $3,000 Microbiology Open NA 2012 Wiley microbiology $1,879 $2,349 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Copernicus/EGU all natural hazards; databases, GIS, remote sensing, early warning systems and monitoring technologies; risk assessment, mitigation and adaptation strategies; socioeconomic and management aspects; dissemination, education, outreach and teaching Nature Communications Nature Publishing Group natural sciences, biology, chemistry, earth sciences, physics $5,200 New Journal of Physics IOP/DPG physics (all areas) $2,080 Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Copernicus/EGU nonlinear processes in all branches of Earth, planetary and solar system sciences 17 40/page Ocean Science Copernicus/EGU ocean physics and chemistry; biological oceanography; air sea interactions; physical, chemical and biological and biochemical ocean models; coastal processes; paleooceanography Open Biology Royal Society cell biology, developmental biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology Palaeontological Assoc./Paleontological all aspects of paleontology and related disciplines Palaeontologia Electronica Soc./SVP PeerJ NA 2013 PeerJ life sciences and biomedicine $99 $299 Periodico di Mineralogia /1999 Edizioni Nuova Cultura mineralogy, petrology, volcanology, crystallography, geochemistry Petroleum Science NA 2004 Springer petroleum geology, geophysics, chemistry, and engineering $1,830 $2,160

7 Physical Review X APS physics (all areas) $1,700+ PLoS Biology Public Library of Science biology, molecular biology, ecology $2,900 PLoS Genetics Public Library of Science biological sciences, gene discovery, population genetics, genome projects, comparative genomics, functional genomics,, evolution, gene expression, $2,250 chromosome biology, epigenetics PLoS ONE Public Library of Science science, medicine $1,350 PoS Proceedings of Science NA 2005 SISSA astronomy, biophysics, physics, science communication; publishes conference proceedings only Progress in Earth and Planetary Science NA 2013 Springer/Japan Geoscience solid earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere, space and Union planetary science, biogeoscience Royal Society Open Science NA 2014 Royal Society of London science, engineering, mathematics $1,600 Science Advances NA 2015 AAAS science, technology, engineering $2,200 $2,700 Scientific Reports Nature Publishing Group Solid Earth Copernicus/EGU natural sciences, biology, chemistry, earth sciences, physics geochemistry; geodesy; geodynamics; geomorphology; geophysics; magma and rock physics; magnetism; mineral physics; palaeontology; petrology; planetary science; sedimentology; seismology; soil system science; stratigraphy; structural geology; tectonophysics; volcanology $1, /page SpringerPlus NA 2012 Springer all disciplines of science $1,085 Impact Factors are from 2013 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports. Article processing fees are as of March 2015.

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9 Tips for Sources and their Citation (All the material below was excerpted from the document Sources and Citation at Dartmouth College published by the Committee on Sources, May, 2008 and in use at Both Dartmouth and Yale. Some parts were modified by omission where material was not relevant to the Carnegie community. The full document is available on the web at the following link: Academic integrity Proper citation lies at the heart of intellectual exchange. By citing sources correctly, you acknowledge your debts to other scholars, signal your desire to belong to a community of ideas, and highlight precisely your contribution to the ongoing academic conversation. When you demonstrate that you have done the research required to qualify you to join the conversation, you not only show respect for others work, you also confer authority upon yourself and highlight the novelty of your particular contribution to the set of ideas under discussion. In these ways, citing sources represents a fundamental step in developing a scholarly voice. Furthermore, by citing sources you extend a courtesy to other scholars. Citations provide a trail by which others who are interested in your topic can track an idea. What Is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is intellectual theft. It occurs when you use the words or ideas of others without acknowledging that you have done so. If you are aware of a source, use an idea or quotation from this source, and fail to cite it, then you have plagiarized regardless of your intent. If you quote from a source, you must specifically mark the quoted material and immediately cite the source. Place the quoted text in quotation marks or format it as a block quotation. Your citation should appear at the point of quotation, either in parentheses or in a footnote or endnote. Listing the source in a bibliography does not, by itself, constitute proper citation; you must cite at the point of use. If you quote a distinctive phrase, or even a single distinctive word, place it in quotation marks and cite the source. If you paraphrase an idea or special information from a source that is, if you restate the idea, but alter the exact wording you must cite that source. If you use images, maps, charts, tables, data sets, musical compositions, movies, newmedia compositions, computer source code, song lyrics, and the like, you must cite the source. Citation styles and formats matter, but style and formatting errors do not constitute plagiarism. As long as you properly cite your source at the place where you use another s words or ideas, you are not plagiarizing. Once style and formatting errors are brought to your attention, you should correct them for the benefit of readers who might wish to trace your sources. What Is Common Knowledge? The rule seems simple: Whenever you quote from or use another person s work, that author must be cited. But what should you do when you are writing about an idea that did not originate with you, that seems to be part of common knowledge, and that you may or may not have taken from a specific source? While you do not need to cite common knowledge, it may prove difficult for you to recognize what knowledge is common.

10 Sources and Citation, page 2 Try to determine how scholars treat similar information. Do they cite it? If not, it is probably common knowledge, at least within this particular discipline. Do some cite while others do not? Play it safe, and cite. Is the information in question brand new information for you? Are you unable to find that information in multiple sources? Again, play it safe, and cite. If you need further confirmation, ask your professor. Citing While You Write Many scholars [sic] envision citing sources as the final step in the writing process. They collect their materials, make notes, and draft their arguments. If they find themselves on a roll, they may not want to stop to check or to cite their sources, figuring that they can add the citations later on as finishing touches. But this practice is neither efficient nor safe. It is far better practice to cite your sources as you find them and use them. When you decide to use a source, fully record all the information required to craft a citation. When you make note of a particular passage, be careful to include the page number. If you make careful notes, you will not need to search the source to identify missing details later. Also, be careful when you cut and paste your sources from your notes to your paper. It is all too easy, while composing, to cut and paste a quotation from your notes without also pulling along the citation. Sloppy note-taking does not excuse plagiarism. In sum, do not wait until the final draft to insert citations. The take-home message: cite while you write. Collaborating with Your Peers Being part of a scholarly community often requires that you collaborate with others on your work. Collaborating can pose special problems. Collaboration on Group Papers When you are asked to write collaboratively, be sure that you understand the terms of the collaboration and that you follow them carefully. Consider recording who does what, in terms of writing and research, and make the record available to all collaborators, so that no one will dispute what it contains, should some aspect of the collaboration come into question. If particular students have completed specific tasks (one has done the research, another the drafting, another the editing and citation checking), you might want to make a note of this distribution of labor at the paper s end. Because you are responsible for the content of any work that bears your name, you should read over any such work before it is submitted. Your Great Idea Is Already Published? Suppose you come up with an idea and then discover that someone else has already published it. You might feel discouraged, but you could also regard this experience as proof that you, too, are capable of coming up with publishable ideas. Scholarship is a conversation, much of it in print, and becoming a scholar involves joining in. You can enter the conversation in any number of ways, always citing the sources of these ideas. You can agree with other scholars but push their ideas a step or two further, or in another direction entirely. You can agree with their analyses and then put those same observations and analyses to work on another text, event, or problem. You can recast the problem in entirely new terms and point out other scholars unacknowledged assumptions. You may, after further reading and thought, decide that you disagree with the prevailing critical opinions and proceed from there. One thing you certainly should not do is proceed as if you had never discovered that someone else already published your idea.

11 Sources and Citation, page 3 Using and Citing Images, Video, and Audio As you write essays and develop presentations, you may want to include images, audio, or video clips to make your argument. You may legally use these images, without permission, for academic purposes. When using an illustration in your essay, be sure to cite its source according to guidelines. When creating a film, be sure to cite sources and give credit at the film s end. If you use images, video, or audio in a presentation, determine a strategy for citation, providing the source on the slide where the borrowed material appears. If this citation practice is not appropriate for the discipline, provide citations at the presentation s end. Acknowledging Sources in Presentations The style of attribution in oral or multimedia presentations varies considerably, but the guiding principle is acknowledgment. Always let your audience know when you are using someone else s idea or material in your presentation. Say quote and end quote if you use a passage verbatim. You might also mention when and where a source first appeared because the time and appearance of the idea may provide useful context for the presentation. Saying where the source was published can also add an element of authority. But these details are not necessary as long as you indicate to whom the idea or work belongs. Your audience can see you afterward if they want more details on your sources. Evaluating Credibility of Sources In any conversation, the speakers may have different levels of credibility. Some seem widely read, knowledgeable and able to defend their views confidently and persuasively. Others may exaggerate, oversimplify, or make leaps of logic that render their claims less believable. As you join such conversations, you invariably listen to assess the credibility of the various participants. In a scholarly conversation, the analog of listening is research. Like speakers, individual sources may vary in their degree of credibility. The better you understand the perspectives and contexts reflected in a source, the richer your analysis of that material will be. Primary sources, produced by the scholars whom you want to study, usually reflect a range of interests and credibilities. Indeed, it is precisely their unique and time-dependent content that makes primary sources novels, memoirs, advertisements, political speeches, census data, even earlier texts of history or science so rich for analysis. Secondary sources, produced by scholars seeking to analyze, arrange, and understand the worlds of primary sources, also exhibit varying degrees of credibility and interests. You might read a literary critic differently if you know he is reviewing a colleague s book, or a sociologist differently if she is employed by the tobacco industry, or an economist differently if her work is published by a Washington think tank rather than a university press. The question, therefore, is not simply whether or not your sources are credible. Rather, you should ask to what extent they are credible and to whom. Being critically aware of the perspectives and interests behind your sources will help enhance the sophistication and credibility of your own analyses and conclusions. Here is a list of tips that will help you gauge a source s credibility: Who wrote it? What are the author s background and credentials? Does the author have the expertise to write on this topic? Look for information on the author s academic affiliation or a brief biography in the front or back of a book, or with the abstract of a journal. You might also look up the author in the Library Catalog or through Search360 to see what else he or she has written. You can also Google the author to find his or her homepage or affiliation. The Web of Science Citation Databases, a scholarly database available through the

12 Sources and Citation, page 4 Library, will allow you to see how many times an article has been cited in other articles a measure of its influence. Where was it published? Is it in a scholarly journal? Look for a statement indicating that the journal is peer reviewed (that is, that the articles are independently evaluated by experts in the field). Many scholarly journals are published by university presses (such as Harvard University Press), professional societies (such as the American Medical Association), or scientific publishers (such as Elsevier). Who is the intended audience? Is it written for other scholars and researchers? Look at the language of the article to determine whom the author is writing for. Note whether the writer uses professional jargon or specialized terminology. Consider whether the writer assumes that readers have some background in the field in order to understand the article s basic terms and premises. Also consider the organization of the article. In some disciplines, professional articles will have a predictable structure, perhaps including an abstract, methodology, results, analysis, and conclusion. Is it timely? Is its currency appropriate for its field? The accuracy of a source may depend on the field. In the sciences, an article from just a year or two ago may be outdated, whereas in the humanities, there may be a wider window of timeliness. For some very recent topics, newspapers, magazines, and other popular periodicals may be your best resources. What are the article s sources? Does the author draw upon a context of research? Look at the footnotes and bibliography to see if the author cites other published research in the same field. Skim the article to see if it offers a literature review or summary of the research on the topic. Determine whether or not the author uses a range of sources articles, books, reports, etc. Steve Shirey Scientific Publishing and Scholarship for the 21st Century Postdoc Workshop Carnegie Institution of Washington BBR Campus, October 26, 2015

13 Toolkit for Scientific Authors 1. Understand research metrics and calculate your h-index Measuring Your Impact, Yale University Library, 2. Get a free ResearcherID and ORCID Learn about open access publishing opportunities Open Access in the Geosciences, Geoscience Information Society, 4. Understand Copyright and Creative Commons Copyright Information and Resources, University of Minnesota Libraries, 5. Find out if/how you can post (self-archive) your own journal papers SHERPA/RoMEO, 6. Fulfill your funding agency s public access requirements ROARMAP, 7. Investigate an unknown or suspicious journal Beall s List of Predatory OA Publishers, 8. Choose the right reference management software for your needs Overview of citation software, MIT Libraries, 9. Explore the Ethics of Authorship On Being A Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research, 3 rd edn., National Academies, Join in the dialog on the future of science publishing The Scholarly Kitchen [blog], Society for Scholarly Publishing, Shaun Hardy, 26 Oct 2015