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1 CONTENTS OF THIS FILE General Advice: APA Documentation Style 2 Sample APA Parenthetical and Works Cited Entries... 3 Sample REFERENCES Page and Discussion.. 11

2 APA DOCUMENTATION STYLE One popular alternative to MLA style appears in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. APA style is useful when writers wish to emphasize the publication dates of their references. A parenthetical reference in the text briefly identifies the source, date, and page number: Reference cited in the text Full citation at the end of the document In a recent study, mice continuously exposed to an electromagnetic field tended to die earlier than mice in the control group (de Jager & de Brun, 1994, p. 224). The full citation then appears in the alphabetic listing of References, at the end of the report: de Jager, L., & de Brun, L. (1994). Long term effects of a 50 Hz electric field on the life-expectancy of mice. Review of Environmental Health, 10(3 4), APA style (or some similar author-date style) is preferred in the sciences and social sciences, where information quickly becomes outdated. Author named in the text Two or more works in a single reference APA Parenthetical References APA s parenthetical references differ from MLA s as follows: the APA citation includes the publication date; a comma separates the items in the reference; and p. or pp. precedes the page number (this is optional in the APA system). When a subsequent reference to a work follows closely after the initial reference, the date need not be included. Here are specific guidelines: If your discussion names the author, do not repeat the name in your parenthetical reference; simply give the date and page number: Researchers de Jager and de Brun explain that experimental mice exposed to an electromagnetic field tended to die earlier than mice in the control group (1994, p. 224). When two authors of a work are named in your text, their names are connected by and, but in a parenthetical reference their names are connected by an ampersand (&). If you cite two or more works in a single reference, list the authors in alphabetical order and separate the citations with semicolons: (Jones, 2003; Gomez, 1999; Leduc, 2004)

3 A work with three to five authors Two or more works by the same author in the same year How to space and indent entries If you cite a work with three to five authors, try to name them in your text, to avoid an excessively long parenthetical reference: Franks, Oblesky, Ryan, Jablar, and Perkins (1993) studied the role of electromagnetic fields in tumour formation. In any subsequent references to this work, name only the first author, followed by et al. For six or more authors, do this in all parenthetical references. If you cite two or more works by the same author published in the same year, assign a different letter to each work: (Lamont, 2002a, p. 135) (Lamont, 2002b, pp ) Other examples of parenthetical references appear with their corresponding entries in the following discussion of the list of references. APA Reference List Entries The APA reference list includes each source that you cited in your document. In preparing the list, key the first line of each entry flush with the left margin. Indent the second and subsequent lines five spaces (1.25 cm [ 1 / 2 "]). Use one character space after any period, comma, or colon. Following are examples of complete citations as they would appear in the References section of your document. Shown immediately below each entry is its corresponding parenthetical reference as it would appear in the text. Note the capitalization, abbreviation, spacing, and punctuation in the sample entries.

4 APA Entries for Books. Any citation for a book should contain all applicable information in the following order: author, date, title, editor or translator, edition, volume number, and facts about publication (city and publisher). 1. Book, Single Author APA Broadhead, R. (2000). Canadian internet directory and research guide (3rd ed.). Toronto: Stoddart Publishing. Parenthetical reference: (Broadhead, 2000, p. 17) Use only initials for an author s first and middle names. Capitalize only the first words of a book s title and subtitle and any proper names. Identify a later edition in parentheses. 2. Book, Two to Six Authors APA Aronson, L., Katz, R., & Moustafa, C. (1996). Toxic waste disposal methods. New Haven: Yale University Press. Parenthetical reference: (Aronson, Katz, & Moustafa, 1996) Use an ampersand (&) before the name of the final author listed in an entry. As an alternative parenthetical reference, name the authors in your text and include date (and page numbers, if appropriate) in parentheses. 3. Book, More Than Six Authors APA Fogle, S. T., et al. (1995). Hyperspace technology. Boston: Little, Brown. Parenthetical reference: (Fogle et al., 1995, p. 34) For more than six authors, name only the first, followed by et al. 4. Multiple Books, Same Author, Same Year APA Chang, J. W. (1997a). Biophysics. Boston: Little, Brown. Chang, J. W. (1997b). MindQuest. Chicago: John Pressler. Parenthetical references: (Chang, 1997a) (Chang, 1997b) Two or more works by the same author not published in the same year are distinguished by their respective dates alone, without the added letter. 5. Book, One or More Editors APA Gunn, J. M. (Ed.). (1995). Restoration and recovery of an industrial region: Sudbury. New York: Springer- Verlag. Parenthetical reference: (Gunn, 1995, p. 34) For more than five editors, name only the first, followed by et al.

5 6. Anthology Selection or Book Chapter APA Terminello, V., & Reed, M. G. (2003). The good, the bad, & the ugly. In Communicate effectively (pp. 1 16), Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Parenthetical reference: (Terminello & Reed, 2003, p. 14) The page numbers in the complete reference are for the selection cited from the anthology. APA Entries for Periodicals. A citation for an article should give this information (as available) in this order: author, publication date, article title (without quotation marks), volume or number (or both), and page numbers for the entire article not just the page cited. 7. Article, Magazine APA Johnston, A. D. (2004, May 24). The best and the brightest. Maclean s, 117, Parenthetical reference: (Johnston, 2004, p. 35) If no author is given, provide all other information. Capitalize the first word in an article s title and subtitle, and any proper nouns. Capitalize all keywords in a periodical title. Italicize the periodical title. Then, list the volume number and page numbers, using commas to separate title, volume number, and page numbers (as above). 8. Article, Journal with New Pagination for Each Issue APA Ackerman, N. (1999). Landfill landscape. Canadian Geographic, 119(4), Parenthetical reference: (Ackerman, 1999, pp ) Because each issue for a given year has page numbers that begin at 1, readers need the issue number ( 4 ). The 119 denotes the volume number, which is underlined or italicized. 9. Article, Journal with Continuous Pagination APA Norcliffe, G. (1999). John Cabot s legacy in Newfoundland. Geography: An International Journal, 83, Parenthetical reference: (Norcliffe, 1999, p. 104) The 83 denotes the volume number. When page numbers continue from issue to issue for the full year, readers do not need the issue number because no other issue in that year repeats these same page numbers. (You can include the issue number if you think it will help readers retrieve the article more easily.) 10. Article, Newspaper APA Mingail, S. (2004, April 23). Mix and mingle over the Internet. The Globe and Mail, natl. ed., p. C1. Parenthetical reference: (Mingail, 2004, p. C1)

6 In addition to the year of publication, include the month and day. If the newspaper s name begins with The, include it in your citation. Include p. or pp. before page numbers. For an article on nonconsecutive pages, list each page, separated by a comma. APA Entries for Other Sources. Miscellaneous sources range from unsigned encyclopedia entries to conference presentations to government documents. A full citation should give this information (as available): author, publication date, work title (and report or series number), page numbers (if applicable), city, and publisher. 11. Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Alphabetic Reference APA Communication. (1993). In The business reference book. Boston: Business Resources Press. Parenthetical reference: ( Communication, 1993) For a signed entry, begin with the author s name and publication date. 12. Report APA MacHutchon, A. Himmer, S., & Bryden, C.A. (1993, October). Khatzeywateen Valley grizzly bear study: Final report. Victoria: B.C. Ministry of Forests. Parenthetical reference: (MacHutchon, Himmer, & Bryden, 1993, p. 29) If the authors are named, list them first, followed by the publication date. When citing a group author e.g., Canadian Professional Sales Association include the group s abbreviated name in your first parenthetical reference e.g., (Canadian Professional Sales Association [CPSA]) and use only that abbreviation in any subsequent reference e.g., (CPSA). When the agency (or organization) and publisher are the same, list Author in the publisher s slot. 13. Conference Presentation APA Smith, A. A. (1996). Radon concentrations in molded concrete. In A. Hodkins (Ed.), First British Symposium on Environmental Engineering (pp ). London: Harrison Press. Parenthetical reference: (Smith, 1996, pp ) The example shows a presentation included in the published proceedings of a conference. The name of the symposium is a proper name and so is capitalized. For an unpublished presentation, include the presenter s name, year and month, title of the presentation (underlined or italicized), and all available information about the conference or meeting: Symposium held at... Do not underline or italicize this information.

7 14. Interview, Personally Conducted APA Parenthetical reference: (D. Turner, personal communication, March 4, 2008) This material is considered a nonrecoverable source, and so is cited in the text only, as a parenthetical reference. If you name the interviewee in your text, do not repeat the name in your parenthetical reference. 15. Interview, Published APA Jable, C.K. (1997). The future of graphics [Interview with James Lescault]. In K. Prell (Ed.), Executive Views of Automation (pp ). Miami: Haber Press. Parenthetical reference: (Jable, 1997, pp ) Begin with the name of the interviewer, followed by the publication date, title, designation (in brackets), and publication information. 16. Personal Correspondence APA Parenthetical reference: (L. Nguyen, personal correspondence, May 15, 2006) This material is considered nonrecoverable data, and so is cited in the text only, as a parenthetical reference. If you name the correspondent in your text, do not repeat the name in your citation. 17. Brochure or Pamphlet APA This material follows the citation format for a book entry. After the title of the work, include the designation Brochure in brackets. 18. Lecture APA Jack, D. (2001, November 7). Energy levels and spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Lecture presented at Concordia University, Montreal, PQ. Parenthetical reference: (Jack, 2001) If you name the lecturer in your text, do not repeat the name in your citation. 19. Government Document APA British Columbia Ministry of Highways. (1999). Standard specifications for bridge maintenance. Victoria: Author. Parenthetical reference: (British Columbia Ministry of Highways, 1999, p. 49) If the author is unknown, present the information in this order: name of the issuing agency, publication date, document title, place, and publisher. When the issuing agency is both author and publisher, list Author in the publisher s slot.

8 20. Computer Software or Manual APA Rotellan, P. (2002). Forest inventory mapping control (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. Wakaw, Saskatchewan: Branch Services. Parenthetical reference: (Rotellan, 2002, p. 17) Do not reference standard software and programming languages such as Microsoft Word and Excel, Java, or AutoCAD. In the text, name the software and its version number ( this spring, AutoCAD 16 will be updated ). For specialized software, in limited distribution, use the above format. APA Entries for Electronic Sources. APA documentation standards for electronic sources continue to be refined and defined. A sampling of currently preferred formats follows. Any citation for electronic media should enable the reader to identify the original source (printed or electronic) and provide an electronic path for retrieving the material APA Jerome Konecsni (personal communication, Oct. 21, 2001) comments on the use of for messages sent locally, nationally, and internationally. Provide a parenthetical reference for this personal communication; do not list the entry in the References section. 22. Message Posted to Internet Group (Newsgroup, Online Forum, or Discussion) APA Lewis, S. (2001, December 30). Checking out the geology when buying a house [Msg1]. Message posted to Parenthetical reference: (Lewis, 2001, para. 1) The basic form is the same for all types: Author(s). (Date of posting). Message subject line [Message ID]. Message posted to [group address]. 23. Magazine or Journal Article from a Database APA Blackburn-Brockman, E., & Belanger, K. (2001, January). One page or two? A national study of CPA recruiters preferences for resume length. The Journal of Business Communication, 38(1), 29. Retrieved June 20, 2001, from InfoTracCollege Edition database, Article No. A Parenthetical reference: (Blackburn-Brockman, 2001, p. 29) Name the author. In parentheses, give the publication date. Then, name the title of the article, followed by the italicized journal name and volume number, in title case (with the issue number in parentheses), and the page number(s). Provide the retrieval date and the database (with an article number, if given).

9 24. CD-ROM Reference Work APA Time almanac. (2001). Washington: Compact, Parenthetical reference: (Time almanac, 2001) If the work on CD-ROM has a print equivalent, APA prefers that it be cited in its print form. 25. Internet Article Based on a Print Source APA Gatehouse, J. (2001, November 5). Terror by mail [Electronic version]. Maclean s, 114(45), Parenthetical reference: (Gatehouse, 2001, November 5, p. 22) Name the author or editor, if known. List the publication date (or write n.d. for no date if the date is unknown). Name the article s title and the publication medium. Name the magazine or journal, its volume and number, and the page numbers of the print version. (Add the date of retrieval and the URL only if you believe the electronic version differs from the print version.) 26. Article in Internet-only Magazine or Journal APA Kitts, K. (2001, March). Technical communication provides vital link. Employment Review.Com, March Retrieved November 7, 2001, from www. employmentreview.com/ /features/cnfeat04.asp Parenthetical reference: (Kitts, 2001, March, para. 6) Name the author and the publication date, then the title of the article. Place the journal s name in italics. Provide the volume and issue, if they re given. Provide the access date and the URL. 27. Newspaper Article, Searchable Electronic Version APA Garwood-Jones, A. (2001, June 23). Cattle battle. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 28, 2001, from Parenthetical reference: (Garwood-Jones, 2001, para. 3) Name the author and the publication date, then the article title. Italicize the newspaper s name. Give the access date and the URL. 28. Internet Report APA Thompson, J., Baird, P., & Downie, J. (2001, October). Report of the committee of inquiry on the case involving Dr. Nancy Olivieri, the Hospital for Sick Children, the University of Toronto, and Apotex Inc. Retrieved June 28, 2001, from Parenthetical reference: (Thompson, Baird, & Downie, 2001, p. 45) Name the author(s) and the publication date, then the report title. (If no author is named, name the sponsoring organization.) Give the access date and the URL.

10 29. Website Document, Author Named APA Coneybeare, S. (2001, October 24). Papers 2001: Application of chlorine capping kits. Retrieved October 28, 2001, from Alberta Water and Wastewater Association: Parenthetical reference: (Coneybeare, 2001, para. 6) Name the author or editor, if known. Then give the revision or copyright date, if available. Next, give the page s title. List the access date, name the page publisher or site sponsor, provide the URL. APA recommends using a paragraph indicator (e.g., for parenthetical references when page numbers are not available for electronic sources). 30. Website Document, Author Not Named APA National Sciences and Engineering Research Council. (Updated 2001, December 17). Truck research hit the road. Retrieved November 15, 2001, through the NSERC website, from Parenthetical reference: (NSERC, 2001, para 6) Name the website sponsor. Provide the latest revision date or copyright date, if either is available. Give the title of the hyperlinked document. Provide the access date and the URL. 31. Website Document (Non-periodical), Multi-page, Not Dated, Author Not Named APA Tire Rack. (n.d.). Tire test results: Building max performance that lasts. Retrieved January 2, 2002, from within Tire Rack s website, com/tires/tests/bs_s03_rd.jsp Parenthetical reference: (Tire Rack tests, n.d., para. 4) Name the sponsoring organization. Indicate that the article is not dated. Name the document or page title. Provide the access date and the URL. 32. Online Encyclopedia Article APA Bartleby.com. (2001). Phospholipid. Found in The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition [Online]. Retrieved January 11, 2002, from phophol.html Parenthetical reference: (Bartleby.com, 2001, para. 1) Name the author, if known. If not, name the sponsoring organization in the above example, Bartleby.com is the internet arm of Columbia University Press, which publishes the printed version. (Give the date or indicate that the article is not dated.) Name the hyperlinked document, the encyclopedia, and the edition, if known. Provide the access date and the URL.

11 APA SAMPLE LIST OF REFERENCES APA s References section is an alphabetic listing (by author) equivalent to MLA s Works Cited section. Like Works Cited, the reference list includes only those works actually cited. (A bibliography usually would include background works or works consulted as well.) One notable difference from MLA style is that the APA style calls for only recoverable sources to appear in the reference list. Therefore, personal interviews, messages, and other unpublished materials are cited in the text only. The list of references on page 12 accompanies the report on technical marketing, found in Chapter 19, Technical Communication, 4th Canadian edition. Discussion of Sample References 1. Centre the References title at the top of the page, 2.5 cm to 5.1 cm (1'' to 2'') from the top paper edge. Number pages consecutively with text pages. Include only recoverable data (material that readers could retrieve themselves); cite unpublished interviews and correspondence parenthetically in the text only. Double-space within and between the entries for student assignments and APA journals. But single-space within entries for workplace reports and proposals. Order the entries alphabetically. 2. The organization s title may be abbreviated if, later in the entry, it is included in full. 3. Do not add punctuation at the end of an electronic address. 4. For more than one author or editor, use ampersands (&) instead of spelling out and. Use initials only for authors first and middle names. 5. Do not enclose article titles in quotation marks. Italicize periodical, book, or website titles. Capitalize proper nouns and the first letter of the first word in article or book or website titles and subtitles. Capitalize all key words in newspaper, magazine, or journal titles and subtitles. For government reports, name the sponsoring agency and include all available information for retrieving the document. For electronic sources, name the article and the website titles. 6. For sources listed by the same author or sponsoring agency, list the entries alphabetically by the title of the article, book, website, or periodical. Write out names of all months. 7. Use a period and one space to separate a citation s three major items (author or sponsor, title, publication data). Leave one space after a comma or colon. Use commas to separate magazine title, volume/issue, and page numbers. 8. Use italics for a journal or magazine title, volume number, and the interceding comma. Include the volume number and issue number for a journal with new pagination in each issue. 9. Treat an unpublished conference presentation as a recoverable source; include it in your list of references instead of only citing it parenthetically in the text.

12 REFERENCES AllStarJobs.ca. (Copyright ). Sales and marketing jobs. AllStarJobs. Retrieved May 26, 2004, from CCHREI. (n.d.). Environmental sales and marketing. EnviroCareers. Calgary: Canadian Council for Human Resources in the Environment Industry. Retrieved May 26, 2004, from Cornelius, H., & Lewis, W. (1983). Career guide for sales and marketing (2nd ed.). New York: Monarch Press. HRDC. (2003, 12 June) technical sales specialists wholesale trade. National occupational classification. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada. Retrieved March 12, 2004, from www23.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/2001/e/groups/6221.shtml. (2002, 2 October) technical sales specialists wholesale trade. Ontario Job Futures. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada. Retrieved May 27, 2004, from Job Futures. (2003, 30 January). Explore the world of work. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Retrieved May 21, 2004, from (2003, 24 April). Sales, marketing, and advertising managers. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Retrieved May 27, 2004, from (2003, 24 April). Technical sales specialists. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Retrieved May 27, 2004, from Meaux, A. (2004, January). The new tech sales gang. Report on Business, 16, Monster.ca. (2004, May 26). Technical sales and marketing. Search Jobs. Retrieved May 26, 2004, from Nelson, J. (2001, Fall). Sales engineers. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 44(3), Retrieved March 15, 2004, from Tostenson, A. (2004, March). Alternate careers in marketing. Presentation at Electro 04 Conference in Halifax, NS. Young, J. (1995, August). Can computers really boost sales? Forbes ASAP,