Technicians of Human Dignity

Transcription

1 Technicians of Human Dignity Gaymon Bennett Published by Fordham University Press Bennett, Gaymon. Technicians of Human Dignity: Bodies, Souls, and the Making of Intrinsic Worth. New York: Fordham University Press, Project MUSE., For additional information about this book No institutional affiliation (15 Jun :36 GMT)

2 Notes preface: the motion of inquiry 1. For an early version of that diagnosis, see Ruth Macklin, Dignity Is a Useless Concept, BMJ 327 (2003): Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012). 3. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 4. See, for example, the range of cases detailed in Ilana Feldman and Miriam Ticktin, eds., In the Name of Humanity: The Government of Threat and Care (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010). 5. Paul Rabinow, French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999). 6. Didier Fassin, Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011). 7. Richard Ashby Wilson, Writing History in International Criminal Trials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 8. Peter Redfield, Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). 9. João Biehl, Vita: Life in a Zone of Social Abandonment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). 10. Anthony Stavrianakis, Voluntary Death After Social Modernity: Toward Contemporary Form and Ethos for Counter-Norms, unpublished paper. 11. Ted Peters, Karen Lebacqz, and Gaymon Bennett, Sacred Cell? Why Chris- 287

3 288 Notes to pages xiv 2 tians Should Support Stem Cell Research (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010). 12. Friedrich Nietzsche, Aphorism 58, in The Gay Science, trans. Thomas Common (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2006). 13. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998); Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). 14. See Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, Biopower Today, BioSocieties 1 (2006): See especially Foucault, Security, Territory, Population. 16. See Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Designing Human Practices: An Experiment with Synthetic Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012). 17. Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas, Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate, ed. Michael Kelly (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994), Michel Foucault, The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Frédéric Gros, François Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 19. Ibid., Ibid., Michel Foucault, Questions of Method, in Power, Essential Works of Foucault, , vol. 3, ed. James D. Faubion and Paul Rabinow (New York: The New Press, 2001), John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy, enlarged ed. (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2004). introduction: figuring human dignity 1. On the historically distinctive formulations of human dignity in twentiethcentury politics see, among others, Herbert Spiegelberg, Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Politics, in Human Dignity: This Century and the Next, ed. Rubin Gotesky and Ervin Laszlo (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1970); Yehoshua Arieli, On the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Emergence of the Doctrine of the Dignity of Man and His Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Echart Kline (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002); Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N.: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008); Ilana Feldman and Miriam Ticktin, eds., In the Name of Humanity: The Government of Threat and Care (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010); Oliver Sensen, Human Dignity in Historical Perspec-

4 Notes to pages tive: The Contemporary and Traditional Paradigms, European Journal of Political Theory 10, no. 1 (January 2011): 71 91; and Michael Rosen, Dignity: Its History and Meaning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012). 2. See, for example, the body of works represented by contributing authors in Feldman and Ticktin s In the Name of Humanity or in Erica Bornstein and Peter Redfield, eds., Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (New York: SAR, 2011); see also Peter Redfield, Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). 3. Important exceptions include Jonathan Rosen s Dignity: A History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) and Samuel Moyn s The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012). See also Michael Barilan, Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility: The New Language of Global Ethics and Biolaw (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2013). 4. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N. 5. See Jonathan Rosen s Dignity: Its History and Meaning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012). 6. Paul Rabinow, Anthropos Today: Refl ections on Modern Equipment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 7. John Milbank, The Suspended Middle: Henri de Lubac and the Debate Concerning the Supernatural (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005). 8. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, Francois Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), Cf. Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Rabinow_Bennett_2012.pdf. 10. Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). 11. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003). 12. Michel Foucault, The Government of the Self and Others, Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 2ff. 13. Ibid., Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Hermeneutics and Structuralism, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). 15. Foucault, Government of the Self, Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1994).

5 290 Notes to pages See especially Ted Peters, God The World s Future, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2002). 18. Ibid. 19. Charles Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003). 20. Saba Mahmood, The Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). 21. Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological, in Knowledge of Life, trans. Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008). 22. Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction, and Statistical Inference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 23. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Mario Bertani, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003). 24. D. Shultziner, Human Dignity Functions and Meanings, Global Jurist Topics 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2004); Klaus Dicke, The Founding Function of Human Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Echart Kline (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). 25. See, e.g., Richard Ashby Wilson and Richard D. Brown, eds., Humanitarianism and Suffering: The Mobilization of Empathy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 26. Michel Foucault, Omnes et singulatim, in Power, Essential Works of Foucault, , vol. 3, ed. James D. Faubion and Paul Rabinow (New York: The New Press, 2001). 27. Ibid.; cf. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 28. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population. See also Foucault, Omnes et singulatim. 29. Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). 30. Pope Paul VI, Discours du Pape Paul VI a l organisation des Nations Unie a l occasion du 20eme anniversaire de l organisation, holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_ _united -nations_fr.html.

6 Notes to pages On parallel dynamics in the conception and development of the modern state, see Foucault, Security, Territory, Population. 32. Foucault, Omnes et singulatim. 33. See Didier Fassin on the operational asymmetry between the worth of European and local employees of Doctors Without Borders. 34. Ruth Macklin, Dignity Is a Useless Concept, BMJ 327 (2003): See, among key texts, Michel Foucault, The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom, in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, Essential Works of Foucault, , vol. 1, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: The New Press, 1998). For a concise summary and appraisal of Foucault s analytics of ethics, see also Rabinow s introduction to that same volume. 36. Among key early work see Paul Rabinow s and Talal Asad s contributions to James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); see also James D. Faubion, The Shadows and Lights of Waco: Millennialism Today (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001); and Mahmood, The Politics of Piety. 37. James D. Faubion, Toward an Anthropology of Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 38. Mahmood, The Politics of Piety. 39. On the homeostatic dimensions of moral thought and practice, see Faubion, Toward an Anthropology of Ethics, esp. chap. 3. See also his The Themitical in the Ethical, paper presented on March 27, 2009, as part of the seminar series What Is Ethics? And Who Cares? hosted by the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. 40. On the notion of an apparatus, see Dreyfus and Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Ibid. 1. the church, the secular, and pastoral power 1. All of my quotes from the address are taken from the version catalogued in the Vatican s online archive: Pope Paul VI, Discours du Pape Paul VI a l organisation des Nations Unie a l occasion du 20eme anniversaire de l organisation, hf_p-vi_spe_ _united-nations_fr.html. 2. John W. O Malley, What Happened at Vatican II (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2012). 3. Ibid. 4. Paul Rabinow, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 1 2. Cf. Paul Rabinow et al.,

7 292 Notes to pages Designs for an Anthropology of the Contemporary (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008). 5. Ibid. 6. John Milbank, The Suspended Middle: Henri de Lubac and the Debate Concerning the Supernatural (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005). 7. Henri de Lubac, Catholicism: A Study of Dogma in Relation to the Corporate Destiny of Mankind (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1950), Cf. Alain Badiou, Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003); and Daniel Boyarin, Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo- Christianity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). 8. For a thorough account of the buildup to the council, as well as the ways in which Pope John XXIII structured the event as a matter of reconstituting the church s pastoral relation to the contemporary world, see Andrea Riccardi, I. Tumultuous Opening Days of the Council, in History of Vatican II, vol. 2: The Formation of the Council s Identity, First Period, and Intersession, October 1962 September 1963, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1997). 9. Michel Foucault, The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Frédéric Gros, François Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), , Ibid., The exhaustive five-volume History of Vatican II, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, ), provides most of the elements of such an account. 12. Riccardi, I. Tumultuous Opening Days of the Council, It is important to note that the opening address and this passage in particular was cited and rehearsed throughout the council and became a kind of point of orientation, focus, and, eventually, contestation. All of my quotes from John s address come from the online archives of the Catholic Forum: Pope John XXIII, Gaudet Mater Ecclesia (October 11, 1962), Catholic Forum archives, Rabinow, Marking Time, See Gaudium et spes on this point, _councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_ _gaudium-et-spes _en.html; the Latin can be found at v2gaulat.htm. 16. Norman Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), in History of Vatican II, vol. 2: Church as Communion, Third Period and Intersession,

8 Notes to pages September , ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2003), See Henri de Lubac, The Mystery of the Supernatural, in Theology in History (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1996); and Henri de Lubac, Surnaturel. Etudes historiques (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1991 [1946]). See also John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), Riccardi, I. Tumultuous Opening Days of the Council, For more on the difficulties John XXIII faced in calling for a council focused (1) on pastoral matters and (2) on pastoral matters relative to the contemporary world as an auspicious moment in human history, see J. A. Komonchak, III. The Struggle for the Council During the Preparation of Vatican II ( ), in History of Vatican II, vol. 1: Announcing and Preparing Vatican Council II, Toward a New Era in Catholicism, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1995). 21. Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., ; Gilles Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun: The Trying Experience of the Fourth Council, in History of Vatican II, vol. 5: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period and the End of the Council, September 1965 December 1965, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006), Peter Hünderman, The Final Weeks of the Council, in History of Vatican II, vol. 5: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period and the End of the Council, September 1965 December 1965, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006), Gaudet Mater Ecclesia. 27. Pope Paul VI, Ecclesiam suam, paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_ _ecclesiam_en.html. 28. Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), Lumen gentium, _vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_ _lumen-gentium_en.html. 30. Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), Ibid., Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun, Ibid. 34. Hünderman, The Final Weeks of the Council,

9 294 Notes to pages See The Church, in Henri de Lubac s Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1984); see also de Lubac, Catholicism. 36. Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun, Ibid., Tanner, V. The Church in the World (Ecclesia Ad Extra), Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun, Ibid., Ibid., ; Hünderman, The Final Weeks of the Council, Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun, Giovanni Turbanti, I. Toward the Fourth Period, History of Vatican II, vol. 5: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period and the End of the Council, September 1965 December 1965, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006), Michel Foucault, Questions of Method, in Power, Essential Works of Foucault, , vol. 3, ed. James D. Faubion and Paul Rabinow (New York: The New Press, 2001), the ontology of vocation: gaudium et spes 1. All of the quotes from the Pastoral Constitution in this chapter are taken from the edition found in the Vatican s online archive. I have worked with both the Latin and English translations. The English translation can be found at vat-ii_cons_ _gaudium-et-spes_en.html. 2. For an account of the final negotiations over the Pastoral Constitution, see Peter Hünderman, The Final Weeks of the Council, in History of Vatican II, vol. 5: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period, and the End of the Council, September 1965 December 1965, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006), For a review of the ramifications of Gaudium et spes and the attempt to remake the magisterium such that it is not only an organ of doctrine but also an instrument of the pastorate, see Felix- Alejandro Pastor, Human Beings and Their Search for God: The Doctrine of the Magisterium of the Church Between Vatican I and Vatican II, in Vatican II Assessment and Perspectives: Twenty-Five Years After ( ), vol. 2, ed. Rene Latourelle (New York: Paulist Press, 1989). 3. Gaudium et spes, para Cf. Paul Rabinow, Anthropos Today: Refl ections on Modern Equipment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 5. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (London: Routledge, 1992); see also Jacob Taubes, The Political Theology

10 Notes to pages of Paul, trans. Dana Hollander (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993); and Giorgio Agamben, The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans, trans. Patricia Dailey (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2005). 6. See the definition of object in Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, Orientation_to_Diagnostics_Rabinow_Bennett_2012.pdf. 7. Gaudium et spes, para Weber, Protestant Ethic, Ibid. 10. Ibid., Agamben, The Time That Remains, Ibid., Ibid, Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Ted Peters, God The World s Future: Systematic Theology for a New Era, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000), Ibid. 18. Gaudium et spes, para Gilles Routhier, Finishing the Work Begun: The Trying Experience of the Fourth Council, in History of Vatican II, vol. 5: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period, and the End of the Council, September 1965 December 1965, ed. Giuseppe Albergio and Joseph A. Komonchak (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2006), Many council fathers called for a full Christological treatise in traditional liturgical form as the basic response to the question of the human. Ibid. 21. John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), Gaudium et spes, para Ibid., para Ibid. 25. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid. 28. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para. 42.

11 296 Notes to pages Ibid., para Ibid. 35. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid. 42. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., paras Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., paras Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Ibid., para Henri de Lubac, Athéisme et sens de l homme, une double requête de Gaudium et spes (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1968). 63. Henri de Lubac, Appendix A. The Supernatural at Vatican II, in A Brief Catechism on Nature and Grace (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1984). 64. Ibid., Ibid., John Milbank, The Suspended Middle: Henri de Lubac and the Debate Concerning the Supernatural (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005). 67. Humani Generis, documents/hf_p-xii_enc_ _humani-generis_en.html.

12 Notes to pages Milbank, The Suspended Middle, ix. 69. Ibid., Milbank, Theology and Social Theory, Milbank, The Suspended Middle, Henri de Lubac, Catholicism: A Study of Dogma in Relation to the Corporate Destiny of Mankind (New York: Longmans, Green, 1950). 73. Ibid., Henri de Lubac, Surnatural: Etudes Historique (Paris: Edition Montaigne, 1946). 75. Milbank, The Suspended Middle, Ibid., Henri de Lubac, Mystery of the Supernatural, in Theology in History (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1996). 78. Humani Generis, para John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory, Ibid., Ibid., It bears noting that my reading of the integralist/integrist controversy relies in good part on Milbank s account of things. Although this account holds up under scrutiny, there are those who think the political advantages of an integrist anthropology and ecclesiology outweigh the purported costs. See Rosemary Radford Ruether and Marion Grau, Interpreting the Postmodern: Responses to Radical Orthodoxy (London: T&T Clark, 2006). 83. Gaudium et spes, para Ibid., para incapacity by design: politics, sovereignty, and human rights 1. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Overview/rights.html. 3. For an overview of the antecedent demands and pressures to work on the declaration, see Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N.: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), Ibid., 6 10.

13 298 Notes to pages Ibid., For an overview of the basic legal standing of the declaration in relation to the UN Charter, as well as the centrality of the Security Council, see Lawrence Ziring, Robert E. Riggs, and Jack C. Plano, The United Nations: International Organization and World Politics, 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2000), Eileen Chamberlain, Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Ethical Imperative Versus the Rule of Law, Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate Theological Union, Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Cf. Ibid. 10. Samantha Powers, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002). 11. See Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Mario Bertani, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003); see also Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998). 12. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Samuel Moyn s The Last Utopia goes some way toward putting these matters in clearer historical perspective. 14. The United Nations Charter, Among others, see Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2012); Paul Rabinow, Anthropos Today: Refl ections on Modern Equipment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003); Herbert Spiegelberg Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Politics, in Human Dignity: This Century and the Next, ed. Rubin Gotesky and Ervin Laszlo (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1970); and Yehoshua Arieli, On the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Emergence of the Doctrine of the Dignity of Man and His Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Echart Kline (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). 16. On the mandate, see Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Ibid., Arieli, The Emergence of the Doctrine of the Dignity of Man, 4. Standing on the threshold of the twenty-first century, one is permitted to say that the conception of humanity as expressed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has become the only valid framework of values, norms and principles

14 Notes to pages capable of structuring a meaningful and yet feasible scheme of national and international civilized life. Such a development demands explanation. See also William Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1998). 19. See Didier Fassin, Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); and Peter Redfield, Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). 20. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Ibid., 143ff. 22. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Cf. Moyn, The Last Utopia; Redfield, Life in Crisis. 33. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Ibid., Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, Francois Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), Foucault, Security, Territory, Population; Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics. 37. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid., Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.,

15 300 Notes to pages Ibid., Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Stephen Collier, Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2011). 53. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Ibid., Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Bennett_2012.pdf. 57. Ibid. 58. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid., Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Ibid., Ibid., D. Shultziner, Human Dignity Functions and Meanings, Global Jurist Topics 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2004). 4. dignity and governance: the universal declaration of human rights 1. Quoted in Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N.: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), Richard McKeon, The Philosophic Bases and Material Circumstances of the Rights of Man, Ethics 58, no. 3 (April 1948): Yehoshua Arieli, The Emergence of the Doctrine of the Dignity of Man, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Eckart Klein (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). 4. D. Shultziner, Human Dignity Functions and Meanings, Global Jurist Topics 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2004). 5. Klaus Dicke, The Founding Function of Human Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Eckart Klein (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). 6. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Ibid., Ibid.,

16 Notes to pages Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., 186. See also Dicke, The Founding Function of Human Dignity. 16. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., The quotes taken from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in this section are from the online version at the UN website: Overview/rights.html. 18. Dicke, The Founding Function of Human Dignity. 19. Ted Peters, God The World s Future: Systematic Theology for a New Era, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2000), Peter Redfield, Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). 21. Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Bennett_2012.pdf. Cf. Ilana Feldman and Miriam Ticktin, eds., In the Name of Humanity: The Government of Threat and Care (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010). 22. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., 198, my emphasis. 23. Ibid., UNESCO, Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations (London: Allan Wingate, 1948). 25. Ibid., McKeon, The Philosophic Bases, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 33. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, Francois Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 19.

17 302 Notes to pages Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, See the Preamble, in particular. 41. Cf. Rabinow and Bennett, Contemporary Equipment. 42. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, Cf. Didier Fassin, Another Politics of Life is Possible, Theory, Culture & Society Theory 26, no. 5): Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the U.N., See, e.g., Ticktin and Feldman, In the Name of Humanity. 46. See, e.g., Erica Bornstein and Peter Redfield, eds., Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (New York: SAR, 2011). diagnostic excursus: economies of life and power 1. John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), Slavoj Žižek, The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2003). 3. Alain Badiou, Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism, trans. Ray Brassier (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003). 4. James D. Faubion, Cosmopolitics, unpublished paper. 5. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). 6. Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, trans. Kevin Attell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 7. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), Albert Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). 9. Paul Rabinow, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007); Paul Rabinow et al., Designs for an Anthropology of the Contemporary (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008). 10. Rabinow, Marking Time. 11. Ibid.

18 Notes to pages Ibid., John Milbank, Paul Against Biopolitics, centre.co.uk/papers.php. 14. Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Bennett_2012.pdf. 15. Agamben, Homo Sacer; Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). 16. Milbank, Paul Against Biopolitics, Ibid., Ibid., See Agamben, Homo Sacer. 20. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, Biopower Today, BioSocieties 1 (2006): Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 22. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, Francois Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). 23. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990), Agamben, Homo Sacer, Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, 21: So, there is not a series of successive elements, the appearance of the new causing the earlier ones to disappear. See also Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Designing Human Practices: An Experiment with Synthetic Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012). 26. Milbank, Paul Against Biopolitics, Rabinow, Marking Time. 28. Rabinow and Rose, Biopower Today. 29. Namely, Agamben s Homo Sacer and Hardt and Negri s Empire. 30. Rabinow and Rose, Biopower Today. 31. Ibid. 32. Cf. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Mario Bertani, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003). 33. Rabinow and Rose, Biopower Today. 34. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 241.

19 304 Notes to pages Rabinow and Rose, Biopower Today. 36. Nikolas Rose, The Politics of Life Itself (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006), See Rabinow and Bennett, Designing Human Practices. 38. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid. 40. Ibid., Ibid., See ibid., Some careful attention has been paid by scholars of philosophy and religion and, in a different mode, by the anthropologist James D. Faubion; the sociologist Nikolas Rose gives brief attention to the question of pastoral power as a general designation for individualizing power in his The Politics of Life Itself. 44. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., John Chrysostom s De sacerdotio, the Epistles of Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose s De officiis ministrorum and the Liber pastoralis, John Cassian s Conferences and the Cenobite Institutes, the Letters of Saint Jerome, and the Rule or Rules of Saint Benedict. 52. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 59. Ibid Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Michel Foucault, The Subject and Power, in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). 64. Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, Ibid.,

20 Notes to pages Michel Foucault, What Is Critique? in The Politics of Truth, ed. Sylvere Lotringer, trans. Lysa Hochroth (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007), Ibid., Rabinow, Marking Time. 69. On the double valence of remediation, see Rabinow, Marking Time. 5. bioethics and the reconfiguration of biopolitics 1. On the problematization of equipment as a topic of anthropological and philosophical inquiry see Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Diagnostics_Rabinow_Bennett_2012.pdf. 2. All of the texts from the President s Council, as well as transcripts of their meetings, can be found at 3. Leon Kass, opening address from the January 17, 2002, inaugural meeting of the President s Council See, as examples of this, President s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008); Adam Schulman, Staff Working Paper: Bioethics and Human Dignity, prepared for the President s Council on Bioethics (2007), Ruth Macklin, Dignity Is a Useless Concept, BMJ 327 (2003): ; Dieter Birnbacher, Human Cloning and Human Dignity, Reproductive BioMedicine Online 10, suppl. 1 (2005): See Timothy Caulfield and Audrey Chapman, Human Dignity as a Criterion for Science Policy, PLos Medicine 2, no. 8 (August 2005): ; D. Shultziner, Human Dignity Functions and Meanings, Global Jurist Topics 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2004). 6. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Michel Senellart, Francois Ewald, Allessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), Paul Rabinow, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007). 8. On abundance as an ethical standard, see Ted Peters, Karen Lebacqz, and Gaymon Bennett, Sacred Cells? Why Christians Should Support Stem Cell Research (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), Paul Rabinow, Representations Are Social Facts, in The Accompaniment: Assembling the Contemporary (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).

21 306 Notes to pages On the history of the development of bioethics, see Albert Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). 11. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, Biopower Today, BioSocieties 1 (2006): ; Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1989); Vatican Council II, Gaudium et spes, hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_ _gaudium-et -spes_en.html. 12. Herbert Spiegelberg, Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Politics, in Human Dignity: This Century and the Next, ed. Rubin Gotesky and Ervin Laszlo (New York: Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, 1970); Yehoshua Arieli, On the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Emergence of the Doctrine of the Dignity of Man and His Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Echart Kline (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). 13. Klaus Dicke, The Founding Function of Human Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Echart Kline (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002); Ted Peters, God The World s Future: Systematic Theology for a Postmodern Era, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2000). 14. See especially, Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, 90 98; and Daniel Callahan, In Search of the Good: A Life in Bioethics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012). 15. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., The Belmont Report can be found online in the President s Council s archives, Ibid.; see also Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Belmont Report, part B Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Belmont Report, part B.3.

22 Notes to pages Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Ibid., Belmont Report, part A. 34. Hans Jonas, Philosophical Reflections on Human Experimentation, Daedalus 98, no. 2 (1969): Ibid., Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, See Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the Collège de France, , ed. Mario Bertani, François Ewald, Alessandro Fontana, and Arnold Davidson, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), Nikolas Rose, The Politics of Life Itself (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003). 39. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, Ibid., Paul Rabinow, Anthropos Today: Refl ections on Modern Equipment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), James Shreeve, The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World (New York: Random House, 2005). 43. Ted Peters, Playing God? Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), Ibid., From the National Human Genome Research Institute website, Albert-László Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life (New York: Plume, 2003), For the HGP s description of ELSI, see techresources/human_genome/research/elsi.shtml; see also Peters Playing God?, President s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Splicing Life: A Report on the Social and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering with Human Beings (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982). 49. See Rabinow, Anthropos Today, Ibid., J. A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S. S. Shapiro, M. A. Waknitz, J. J. Swiegiel, V. S. Marshall, and J. M. Jones, Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts, Science 282 (1998): Okarma was, at the time of the quote, and still remains, the president and

23 308 Notes to pages CEO of the Geron Corporation, the corporation that funded the first successful derivation and that holds substantial commercial rights to the therapeutic use of hes cells. The quote is from Thomas B. Okarma, Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Primer on the Technology and Its Medical Applications, in The Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debate, ed. Suzanne Holland, Karen Lebacqz, and Laurie Zoloth (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001), U.S. Council of Catholic Bishops, archives/1998/ htm. 54. Donum Vitae, section 3, Leon Kass, Life, Liberty, and the Defense of Dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics (San Francisco: Encounter, 2002), Ibid., The council was created by Executive Order 13237, All the quotes from Kass in this section are taken from his opening address from the January 17, 2002, inaugural meeting of the President s Council unless otherwise specified. 59. Leon Kass, Life, Liberty, and the Defense of Dignity, the biopolitical pastoral: beyond therapy 1. Meeting agendas and transcripts can be found at meetings/index.html. 2. President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2003). 3. Adam Schulman, Bioethics and the Question of Human Dignity, in Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), Leon Kass, in a footnote to Defending Human Dignity, in President s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), 330, provides a list of places in which the phrase human dignity plays a strategically important role for the council in defending human dignity: Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry (2002), esp. chap. 5, The Ethics of Cloning-to-Produce-Children, and chap. 6, The Ethics of Cloning-for- Biomedical-Research ; Monitoring Stem Cell Research (2004), esp. chap. 3, Recent Developments in the Ethical and Policy Debates ; Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (2004), all chapters, and esp. the discussion of The

24 Notes to pages Dignity of Human Activity in chap. 3, Superior Performance ; Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies (2005), esp. the section on The Character and Significance of Human Procreation in (the introductory) chap. 1, chap. 6 on Commerce, and the section on Targeted Legislative Measures in chap. 10, Recommendations ; Being Human: Readings from the President s Council on Bioethics (2004), esp. chap. 10, Human Dignity ; and Taking Care: Ethical Caregiving in Our Aging Society (2005), esp. chaps. 3 and 4, The Ethics of Caregiving: General Principles, and The Ethics of Caregiving: Principle and Prudence in Hard Cases. 5. President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 11. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 19. Ibid., xvi. 20. Ibid., Ibid. 22. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., On the distinction between natural and unnatural means, see ibid., ; as well as Gilbert Meilander, Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council s Vision, in President s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008). 26. President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, Ibid., President s Council on Bioethics, Introduction to chap. 10, Human Dignity, Being Human: Readings from the President s Council on Bioethics,

25 310 Notes to pages President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, xv xvi. 30. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 33. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (Norwalk: Easton, 1978). 40. President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, Ibid., Paul Rabinow, French Modern: The Norms and Forms of Social Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). 43. Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott, and Michael T. Gibbons, Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2013). 44. President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Nikolas Rose, The Politics of Life Itself, Theory, Culture & Society 18, no. 6 (December 2001): President s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid., D. Shultziner, Human Dignity Functions and Meanings, Global Jurist Topics 3, no. 3 (February 5, 2004). 58. UNESCO, Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations (London: Allan Wingate, 1948). 59. Edmund Pellegrino, Letter of Transmittal, in Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), xi.

26 Notes to pages See Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Contemporary Equipment: A Diagnostic, _Rabinow_Bennett_2012.pdf. 61. President s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President s Council on Bioethics (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), xi. 62. Meilander, Human Dignity: Exploring and Explicating the Council s Vision, Leon Kass makes the same point in his essay in the volume. 64. Paul Rabinow, Anthropos Today: Refl ections on Modern Equipment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003) Ruth Macklin, Dignity Is a Useless Concept, BMJ 327 (2003): Ibid. 67. Herbert Spiegelberg, Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Politics, in Human Dignity: This Century and the Next, ed. Rubin Gotesky and Ervin Laszlo (New York: Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, 1970). 68. President s Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity. 69. Ibid. 70. See Rabinow, Anthropos Today; and Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett, Synthetic Anthropos: Designs for Human Practices (Houston, Tex.: Rice University Press, 2008). 71. See Spiegelberg, Human Dignity ; and R. K. Soulen and L. Woodhead, Introduction: Contextualizing Human Dignity, in God and Human Dignity, ed. R. K. Soulen and L. Woodhead (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2006). methodological epilogue: toward an anthropology of figuration 1. Cf. Michel Foucault, What Is Enlightenment? in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, Essential Works of Foucault, , vol. 1, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: The New Press, 1998). 2. Paul Rabinow, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007). 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., Cf. Ilana Ticktin and Miriam Feldman, eds., In the Name of Humanity: The Government of Threat and Care (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010). 6. In this light see Michael Rosen, Dignity: Its History and Meaning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012).