Style Guide for Authors

Transcription

1 Style Guide for Authors New Perspectives on Turkey First prepared July 2014 by Yan Overfield Shaw, Manuscript Editor

2 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY Contents Foreword / Önsöz The Manuscript Formatting the manuscript Completing the manuscript NPT manuscript formats NPT Article format NPT Book review format NPT Review Article format NPT Commentary and editorial format Figures Images Graphs, charts and tables Placement and captions Style and Usage Language and spelling Transliteration Italicizing Turkish words Capitalization of terms Capitalization of titles Institutions / organizations (translation / abbreviation) Courtesy translation of titles Original Turkish of translations Numbers Small numbers Larger numbers Percentages Roman numerals Ranges Currency Dates (Gregorian, Hicri, Rumi)

3 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 2.12 General punctuation Punctuation with quotation marks / footnote numbers Technical and/or problematized terms Parenthesis Quotations and Citations Formatting quotations Footnote citation style Reference list contents Reference list style Turkish legal citation (NYU School of Law JILP) Common Abbreviations Constitution Legislation Jurisprudence Official Publications Resources and links Citation and referencing style resources Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (Notes and Bibliography) The full 16 th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style Legal citation guidance for Turkey Language and spelling resources Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary (online) tureng.com Turkish-English translation service Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu) Lexilogos Ottoman page Date conversion resources Date Conversion Guide (Tarih Çevirme Kılavuzu)

4

5 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS Foreword / Önsöz This guide has been prepared as a quick reference for NPT authors and deals with commonly encountered issues when preparing manuscripts for NPT in particular and in the field of Turkish studies more generally. With a few minor exceptions, NPT follows the extensive style advice provided by the 16 th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. Queries on general style and usage in English texts may be directed to the official Chicago Manual website or the print edition listed in the references and resources section. Nevertheless, where the discipline and journal-specific advice given here contradicts the Chicago Manual, we of course prefer that you follow our own house style. We hope this advice will be useful to you, our authors, and help you to produce manuscripts that can be edited quickly by our very small and partly voluntary editorial team. Respectfully / Saygılarımla, The Editors 1

6

7 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 1 The Manuscript 1.1 Formatting the manuscript Manuscripts should be submitted in size 12 in a readable font (Times, Arial, Calibri, etc.). The main text and footnotes should both be double spaced and left-aligned (ragged right). Formatting the manuscript in this way is a courtesy which aids screen readability and the use of track changes and comment tools used in the editing and review process. NPT uses both footnotes and a final reference list. You must format all your cıtatıons in line with the Notes and Bibliography style of the Chicago Manual of Style 16 th edition. Further information on the Notes and Bibliography style (also called the Humanities Style) is available at the official website of the Chicago Manual of Style, It is not the responsibility of the editors to spend long hours converting your citation style. If you do not follow these guidelines you will be asked to reformat your paper prior to editing and this may ultimately cause publication delays. 1.2 Completing the manuscript Authors are responsible for submitting a complete manuscript, including an abstract of not more than 200 words, author affiliation(s) and contact details, and a final reference list, a list of image credits, and all diagrams, tables, figures, captions, and footnote citations. It is not the responsibility of the editors to add material to your manuscript. If you do not provide all the necessary sections you will be asked to add any missing material prior to editing and this may ultimately cause publication delays. 1.3 NPT manuscript formats Please use the following as a check list to make sure you have included all the necessary sections and information in your submission. For examples of the format and style of completed articles and reviews, please see our website, NPT Article format Length: Articles should not generally exceed 10,000 words, including footnotes and final reference list. Title: Titles and subtitles in the article are to be capitalized sentence style (i.e., only the first word and proper nouns), see 2.5 Capitalization of titles. Abstract: Articles carry an abstract of no more than 200 words under the title. An abstract must give a sense of the focus, scope, argument and (please) conclusions of the whole paper. 1

8 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY Author note: Author(s) affiliation, postal address, and included on an unnumbered note above the first footnote. The author note may also be used for any acknowledgements. Footnotes and reference list: Follow Chicago Manual Notes and Bibliography style (see 2

9 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 3.2 Footnote citation style and 3.4 Reference list style). Tables, figures and images: Provide these in a separate document (see 3

10 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 1.4 Figures). Indicate their preferred placement in the main text, and provide a full caption and citation/permission beneath (see Placement and captions) NPT Book review format Length: Book reviews should not exceed 1,500 words. Title: Book reviews carry no title. The title of a book review is a full Chicago bibliographical reference to the reviewed book, including the number of its pages, including front matter, in the format, xi pages. References: References in the text to pages of the reviewed book appear in brackets in the text preceded by the abbreviation p. / pp., e.g., (p. 21) or (pp ). Footnotes and reference list: Book reviews do not carry footnotes or a reference list, and references to other works are discouraged. If citations of secondary sources are absolutely necessary to the argument, they may be placed inline in the text in Chicago footnote style. Nevertheless, placing a book in the context of a wider secondary literature is generally the purpose of a review article, not a book review NPT Review Article format Review articles follow article format with the following differences: Length: Review articles should not generally exceed 7,500 words, including footnotes and final reference list. Title: Under the title of a review article, please list the books under review with a full Chicago bibliographical reference to the reviewed book, listing the number of its pages, including front matter, in the format, xi pages. Abstract: Review articles do not carry an abstract NPT Commentary and editorial format Commentaries and editorials follow article format but do not carry an abstract. 4

11 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 1.4 Figures Images Digital files of images should be of the maximum size and resolution possible, with a minimum resolution of 200 dpi, and are to be provided as separate files. Authors are responsible for acquiring their own image permissions Graphs, charts and tables Graphs, charts and tables are to be provided in a separate, editable document (either word processor or spreadsheet), not as static images. Authors are responsible for acquiring permission to use datasets and for the accuracy of the data they use Placement and captions The preferred location of all figures should be indicated in the main text, and a full caption and any source citation / permission provided beneath the location of each figure: TABLE 1 ABOUT HERE Table 1: Average Annual Growth Rates of GDP per capita (in percent) Source: Based on Angus Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, AD, Oxford University Press, Oxford, FIG 1 ABOUT HERE Figure 1: Catalogue covers, English Architecture Exhibition (1944) and British Town Planning Exhibition (1947) in Turkey. Sources: İngiliz Mimarlık Sergisi (Ankara: Alaeddin Kıral Basımevi, 1944); and Britanya Şehircilik Sergisi (Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1947). 5

12 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 2 Style and Usage 2.1 Language and spelling NPT publishes articles and reviews in English only. The preferred spelling is US English, except in citations of works published in UK English. All non-english words found in an unabridged US English dictionary should be treated as English words. In line with Chicago manual advice, NPT follows the Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary as a source for standard US spellings, including hyphenated and capitalized forms. When spelling Turkish words and proper nouns, NPT always uses the additional Turkish Latin characters: Â â Ç ç Ğ ğ ı İ î Ö ö Ü ü Ş ş, e.g.: Çetin, Fırat, Gül, İstanbul, Eminönü, Şirin, Tekirdağ 2.2 Transliteration All non-roman alphabets must be transliterated, and authors are responsible for the consistency of their transliterations. Transliterated words and phrases should be in italics on the first instance (see 2.3 Italicizing Turkish words). 2.3 Italicizing Turkish words In general, Turkish language words in the main text are to be italicized on first mention to mark them as foreign terms and an English translation provided in brackets, without quotation marks or italics. Subsequent uses of the term in the text do not have to be italicized. By the same logic, where a Turkish language word is usually calqued into English by convention, it is not necessary to italicize it. Thus: The last instance is the architecture of Zöhre Ana s dergâh (dervish lodge), which represents a mixture of the architectural discourses of the tomb or (traditional) dergâh and the state-sponsored ethnographic museum. The author engages Tanzimat reform policies and the resulting cultural changes. 6

13 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 2.4 Capitalization of terms NPT follows standard US capitalization practices as per the Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary ( The following is a list of capitalizations commonly encountered in Turkish studies. (when referring to the civilizations rather than the directions) the East, the West, Western / Eastern values, intellectuals, etc. a Westerner, an Easterner, Westernization, etc. early Republican period, Republican intellectuals, policies, etc. late Ottoman period, Ottoman intellectuals, policies, etc. the Ottoman Empire, subsequently, the Empire the Republic of Turkey / the Turkish Republic, subsequently, the Republic the Tanzimat the First Constitutional Era the Second Constitutional Era World War I / II the (Turkish) War of Independence 2.5 Capitalization of titles Titles of published works are always to be capitalized in headline style (i.e., all the nouns and verbs, but not the articles or prepositions unless they begin a sentence or subtitle). NPT applies this rule to Turkish titles even where the original title is in sentence style, as in French or German titles. Thus: Tekeli, İlhan Modernite Aşılırken Kent Planlaması. Ankara: İmge. 2.6 Institutions / organizations (translation / abbreviation) The names and titles of Turkish institutions, organizations, laws, etc. should be given in standard English translation with the full Turkish term provided in the main text in brackets immediately after the first mention. Names or titles that are frequently mentioned should be abbreviated in their most commonly used form, whether Turkish or English initials, and the same initials used consistently throughout the paper. Names or titles used once do not require abbreviation. Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) Kurdistan Worker s Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan, PKK) A PKK spokesman Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, JDP) JDP policy 7

14 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 2.7 Courtesy translation of titles NPT is a specialist publication, read by scholars who have, or should be developing, knowledge of Turkish language. Therefore, it is not necessary to give courtesy translations of the titles of works originally published in Turkish (or other languages) in footnotes and reference list. As the majority of sources for NPT articles are in Turkish and languages other than English, such a practice would quickly become ungainly. Thus: Adıvar, Halide Edip Ateşten Gömlek. İstanbul: Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitap Evi. Aslanoğlu, İnci Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığı. Ankara: ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Basım İşliği. Nevertheless, if the reader must understand the title of a work to follow the argument, it may be translated in the main text or an explanatory footnote. In citations, courtesy translations are to be enclosed in square brackets. In either case, the main reference must remain in the original language. If a work is published in English translation, it must be capitalized headline style, otherwise, sentence style. Thus: In Ateşten Gömlek (Daughter of Smyrna / The Shirt of Flame, 1921), Halide Edip Adıvar constructs an allegory of national destiny through first person narrative. 1 See İnci Aslanoğlu s published doctoral thesis, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığı [Architecture of the early Republican period] (Ankara: ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Basım İşliği, 1980) for more examples. 2.8 Original Turkish of translations Occasionally, it may be necessary to provide the original Turkish of a translated phrase for clarification. Where possible, this should be done in brackets and italics after the translated phrase and outside any quotation marks, but before punctuation. Ayverdi argued that this policy was disadvantageous for Turkey and amounted to feeding weeds to a carnivore and meat to an herbivore (Et yiyenin önüne ot, ot yiyenin önüne et koymak). 1 8

15 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 2.9 Numbers NPT follows Chicago style with numbers (see chapter 9 of the Chicago Manual of Style) Small numbers Numbers less than 100 i.e., zero through ninety-nine are written out in words while percentages, document sections, dates and currency take Arabic numerals. The Istanbul sex ratio in 2000 becomes increasingly skewed in favor of women as they age. At the ages of sixty-five to sixty-nine, there are roughly nine men for every ten women in that age group. By age eighty, over one-third of widows but only 10 percent of widowers had moved in with married children. In chapter 3, Jacobson shows how the Sephardim s perception of Ottomanism shifted during the war Larger numbers For numbers from ,999, NPT uses Arabic numerals with American separators for thousands (,) and decimals (.). Thousands separators are not used for page numbers: In 2012, there were only 180 elder care facilities serving 12,000 individuals in all of Turkey. The ratio of the elderly to the active population was 5.3 percent in Svein Olav Daatland et al. Balancing Generations, Ageing and Society 31 (2011): Numbers higher than 999,999 are written out with a combination of decimal numbers and words: The consulting firm has estimated the value at 3.2 billion in

16 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY Percentages In the main text, percentages are written as Arabic numerals plus the word percent. The abbreviated symbol % may only be used in tables, charts and figures: The ratio of the elderly to the active population was 5.3 percent in Turkey 3.1% 2.4% World 2.6% 2.0% Roman numerals Roman numerals may be used to refer to rulers and wars, etc. All Roman numerals referring to document sections in citations must be converted to Arabic numerals. During World War I, German propagandists hoped that a call to jihad by Mehmet V Reşad would sway Muslim soldiers to the Axis powers. Faroqhi, Suraiya, and Kate Fleet The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ranges Ranges of dates or page numbers take a single en dash ( ): Sultan Abdülhamid II (r ) was the last powerful sultan of the Empire. 1 See Laslett, Necessary Knowledge, Currency The currency code for the Turkish lira is TRY, written in the format TRY x. NPT has tended to use the format x Turkish lira or x lira to refer to amounts in Turkish currency. Use of the new ISO symbol in the format x to denote the Second Turkish lira is also to be encouraged for the period after March The format x TL was officially deprecated in 2012, and may now be used to distinguish the first Turkish lira or TL ( ) from the Second Turkish lira, described as the New Turkish lira or YTL from , and as Turkish lira or (2012 present). Symbol usage should be consistent and historically accurate throughout a paper and follow the rules for other currency symbols. The company declared that it had made a loss of trillion TL in

17 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS In 2009, the TBMM approved a budget of 10 million YTL for these purchases. Indeed, the consulting firm has estimated the value at 3.2 billion in The decimal division of the Turkish lira is the kuruş. It is not necessary to notate kuruş separately, hence nine Turkish lira and ninety-nine kuruş may now simply be written as Dates (Gregorian, Hicri, Rumi) Dates in the main text are to be given in Gregorian (Miladı) form following US (Chicago) date style. Decades may be written in plural form. Turgut Özal was elected to the prime ministry in December On January 24, 1980, the Demirel government introduced an ambitious liberalization program. Fiscal and current account deficits accompanied this development trajectory in the 1960s and 1970s. Where a Hicri or Rumi date appears inside a citation or would be necessary to identify a source, the Gregorian equivalent should be given in square brackets immediately afterwards: An article published in the Ottoman Painter s Society s official 1911 Regulations (Nizamname) states that the Society is under no circumstances to engage in political matters. 1 1 Osmanlı Ressamlar Cemiyeti Nizamname-i Esasisi (Dersaadet: Bekir Efendi Matbaası, 1327 [1911]). Authors are responsible for the accuracy of their dating. For help converting between Gregorian, Hicri and Rumi dates, see 4.3 Date conversion resources. 11

18 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 2.12 General punctuation Punctuation with quotation marks / footnote numbers Periods, commas, question marks, semicolons, etc., should always come before closing quotation marks and footnote numbers should come after everything: Abdülhamid was referred to disparagingly as The Red Sultan, The Great Assassin, and Abdul the Damned by his contemporaries in the West. 6 The author has elsewhere referred to İstanbul as a city of families Technical and/or problematized terms NPT uses double quotation marks to signify technical and/or problematized terms. That said, the incessant problematizing of problematic terms can be a problem as it is often unnecessary and can be rather distracting. Indeed, this anxiety was also reflected in the Sephardim s inclusive form of Zionism, which differed from the more exclusive forms popular among the Ashkenazi Parenthesis In dashed parenthesis, NPT uses an em dash ( ) without leaving space after or before the words: Modes of care may have to be adjusted to the various stages of the life course of the elderly particularly women as they shift from care-givers to receivers. 12

19 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 3 Quotations and Citations 3.1 Formatting quotations To enclose quoted material of less than three lines or ~40 words, NPT uses double quotes (curly). Quotes within quotes are enclosed in single quotation marks. The footnote number comes after the closed quotation marks: Ayverdi provided an overall critique of the right-wing policy of investing mainly in the economy, while ignoring the most important capital : human beings. 1 For quoted material of more than three lines or ~40 words, format it as a block quote inset by a tab space without any quotation marks. In a manuscript, it is not necessary to change the style, line spacing, or font, etc., of quotations. Quotes within block quotes are enclosed in double quotation marks. The footnote number comes after the period in the final sentence: Oğuz Atay has the protagonist deliver a little lecture burlesquing the curricular language of history and geography classes in Turkish schools: Our country is a piece of land, four-cornered in general, many-cornered in particular, surrounded by the seas from some sides, and by other countries from other sides. Where our country is not surrounded by water, it is bordered by dotted lines [...] Along these borders, the longer lines show the buildings, and the dots show the watch towers. These, when seen from above, look like maps. 1 For changes to quoted material, NPT uses square brackets around inserted words and around an ellipsis to indicate cuts. Capitalization may be changed without any indication in square brackets. The editors of a recent volume on the subject state that transfers [ ] to dependent populations [children and the elderly] dominate all other transfers in any economy. 1 13

20 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 3.2 Footnote citation style NPT follows Chicago Manual Notes and Bibliography style. For a quick all-purpose reference, refer to the Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide to the Notes and Bibliography style, available at the official website of the Chicago Manual of Style ( For more detailed advice, refer to chapter 14 of the manual. For a very brief overview, see below: 1. Use a full footnote style citation on the first mention of a work. 1 İlhan Tekeli, Modernite Aşılırken Kent Planlaması (Ankara: İmge, 2000), When references to the same work follow without interruption use the abbreviation Ibid. in Roman, not italic. 2 Ibid., For subsequent mentions, use a shortened form (~2-4 words) of the citation, with the author surname, short title, and any page/part reference. 10 Tekeli, Modernite Aşılırken, Reference list contents Reference lists are a quick guide to the published sources referred to in your article. The following types of source must always be listed: o books o e-books o journal articles o online journal articles o collected periodical editions/collections (where significant or primary sources) o published conference proceedings, reports, interviews, correspondence, theses, dissertations, etc. The following types of unpublished sources should NOT be included in a final reference list: o individual newspaper / magazine / news website articles o theses and dissertations o papers and lectures o websites (and informally published online documents) o personal correspondence o archival sources 14

21 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 3.4 Reference list style Reference lists are to be formatted in hanging style (second line inset by a tab space or 1.27cm). Subsequent works by the same author in the bibliography are listed with a two-em-dash. Ahmad, Feroz Ottoman Perceptions of the Capitulations, , Journal of Islamic Studies 11, no. 1: İttihat ve Terakki İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 3.5 Turkish legal citation (NYU School of Law JILP) This section is reproduced verbatim from the New York University School of Law, Journal of International Law and Politics, Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations, First Edition, 2006 pp For a link to the original, see 4.1 Citation and referencing style resources. TURKEY Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (The Turkish Republic) [ ] II. CITATION GUIDE There is no uniform code of citation in Turkey. The following represents the most accepted citation practice, but they are not adhered to by all authors Common Abbreviations Common abbreviations in Turkish include article ( madde or m. ), paragraph ( fikra or f. ) and page ( s. ) Constitution Cite the Constitution by title (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası) or abbreviated title ( T.C. Ana. or Ana. ), and subdivision referenced (see Section 0.1): Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası Madde 3. T.C. Ana. m.3. Ana. m Legislation Statutes, Laws, Regulations, Decrees Cite statutes, laws, regulations, and decrees by short title or abbreviated title, and subdivision(s) referenced: Vergi usul kanunu Madde 20 fıkra 3 [Tax Procedure Code, Article 20 paragraph 3]. VUK. m. 20 f. 3. More formally, cite a code as a whole by title, law number, followed by the official gazette in which it is published by title, date and number, and date of enactment: 15

22 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY Codes Türk Medeni Kanunu, Kanun No.: 743 R.G.: Sayı: 339, Kabul Tarihi: Turkish Civil Code, Law No.: 743 Official Gazette [Resmi Gazete = R.G.], 4 April 1926 No. 339, enacted: 17 February Other legislative sources of law use the same citation form as codes, including statutory decrees (kanun hükmünde kararnameler), regulations (tüzük), and bylaws (yönetmelik). Cite codes by abbreviated name and article: TTK. m MK. m. 17. The abbreviations of major Codes are: Constitution: Anayasa (Ana.) Code of Obligations: Borçlar Kanunu (BK.) Code of Criminal Procedure: Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü Kanunu (CMUK.) Code of Civil Procedure: Hukuk Usulü Muhakemeleri Kanunu (HUMK.) Execution, Enforcement of Judgments, and Bankruptcy Code: İcra ve İflas Kanunu (IIK.) Code of Administrative Trial Procedure: İdari Yargılama Usulü Kanunu (IYUK.) Civil Code: Medeni Kanun (MK.) Turkish Penal Code: Türk Ceza Kanunu (TCK.) Turkish Commercial Code: Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK.) Jurisprudence Cite cases by name of the court, chamber number, the words Esas No. (Case No.), year and number of the case, the words Karar No. (Judgment No.), year and number of the judgment, and the reporter in which the case is published by title, year, number and page referenced (in parentheses). Elements may be abbreviated as shown below the full citations: Danıştay 7. Daire, Esas No. 1987/501, Karar No. 1987/1471 (Danıştay Dergisi, 1988, sayı 68-69, sayfa 476) [Council of State Journal, 1988, No , p. 476]. DS. 7. D., E. 1987/501, K. 1987/1471 (DD, 1988, S , s. 476). 3. Hukuk Dairesi, , Esas No. 7949, Karar No (Yargıtay Kararları Dergisi, 1986 sayi 11, sh.1616) [Court of Cassation Journal, 1986, No. 11, p. 1616]. 3. HD , E 7949, K 8017 (YKD, 1986, s.11 sh.1616). Reporters The official reporters (and abbreviations) are: Constitutional Court Journal: Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararları Dergisi (AMKD) Council of State Journal: Danıştay Dergisi (DD) Court of Cassation Journal: Yargıtay Kararları Dergisi (YKD) 16

23 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS Courts Superior Courts Constitutional Court: Anayasa Mahkemesi Court of Appeals Council of State: Danıştay Military Tribunal of Appeals Supreme Military Administrative Court: Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi Court of Jurisdictional Dispute Court of Accounts Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors Courts of Justice Civil Courts of Peace: Sulh Hukuk Hakimliği Civil Courts of First Instance: Asliye Hukuk Hakimliği Commercial Courts: Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi Criminal Courts of the Peace: Sulh Ceza Hakimliği Criminal Courts of First Instance: Asliye Ceza Hakimliği Aggravated Felony Courts: Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi State Security Courts: Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi Execution Investigation Authority: İcra Tetkik Hakimliği 443 Land registration and survey courts: Cadastre Administrative Courts The Council of State: Danıştay Administrative Courts and Tax Courts: İdare ve Vergi Hukuku Mahkemeleri Supreme Military Administrative Court: Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi Military Courts Military Criminal Courts: Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi The Military Criminal Court of Cassation: Askeri Yargıtay [ ] Official Publications Cite official publications by title, date, item number, and page referenced: R.G , sa s.8. The Official Gazette (Resmi Gazete, R.G.) contains all legislation, as well as the decisions of the Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi), the Council of State (Danıştay), and the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay). [ ] 17

24 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 4 Resources and links 4.1 Citation and referencing style resources Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide (Notes and Bibliography) Use this as a quick reference for formatting the most common types of citations The full 16 th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style Use chapter 14, Notes and Bibliography for detailed help with citation format Legal citation guidance for Turkey The Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations, First Edition, 2006 was prepared by the New York University School of Law for their Journal of International Law and Politics. It follows the legal citation style outlined in the Harvard Bluebook as recommended by the Chicago Manual of Style. The Turkey section is on pages Language and spelling resources Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary (online) Use this dictionary as a guide to standard US spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation tureng.com Turkish-English translation service This is by far the best Turkish-English translation engine currently available Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu) The dictionaries contain the standard usages of modern Turkish. Use the unabridged dictionary (büyük sözük) for details of etymology, etc Lexilogos Ottoman page A list of online resources and references for Ottoman Turkish 18

25 STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS 4.3 Date conversion resources Date Conversion Guide (Tarih Çevirme Kılavuzu) Use this widget by Ahmet Murat Aytaç to convert between Hicri and Rumi Ottoman dates and their Gregorian Republican equivalents. 19