AESTHETIC AND NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITIES AS REFLECTED BY DORIAN GRAY IN OSCAR WILDE S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY A THESIS

Transcription

1 AESTHETIC AND NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITIES AS REFLECTED BY DORIAN GRAY IN OSCAR WILDE S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) in English language By: Ario Aji Nugroho C FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2016 i

2 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this thesis is absolutely my own work. I am completely responsible for the content of this thesis. Opinions and findings of others are quoted and cited with respect to ethical standard. If at a later time it is found that this thesis is a plagiarism, I am willing to accept any legal consequences that may be imposed to me. Semarang, 29 January 2016 (Ario Aji Nugroho) C ii

3 STATEMENT OF PUBLICATION I hereby grant Dian Nuswantoro University the right to display or copy any part of the thesis, in all forms of media for reference purposes and legitimate educational purposes. Any reproduction or use is prohibited without the written consent of Dian Nuswantoro University. Semarang, 29 January 2016 (Ario Aji Nugroho) C iii

4 PAGE OF APPROVAL Title of Thesis : Aesthetic and Narcissistic personalities as reflected by Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray Student Name : Ario Aji Nugroho Student ID Number : C This thesis has been approved by the adviser on 11 th examined by the board of examiners. February 2016 to be Adviser Muhammad Rifqi, S.S., M.Pd. iv

5 MOTTO I don t consider myself to be the best and I don t like compliments, they distract me (Jimmi Hendrix) Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship and it is far the best ending for one (Oscar Wilde) v

6 DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis to: - The Almighty ALLAH S.W.T - My parents - All of my weirdo friend who always support me - Myself vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to Almighty Allah S.W.T who always gives me brace and spirit for finish this thesis. Who gives me power and miracle during I have do my best work I ever had. I also give my best regard to: 1. Dr. Ir. Dwi Eko Waluyo, M.M., Dean of Faculty of Humanities Dian Nuswantoro University, who gave me permission to conduct this research. 2. Dr. Drs. Jumanto, M.Pd Head of English Department of Strata 1 program of Humanities of Dian Nuswantoro University, who gave me permission to conduct this research. 3. Muhammad Rifqi, S.S., M. Pd., as my adviser, for his time, guidance and encouragement in completing this thesis. 4. All lecturers at English Department Faculty of Humanities of Dian Nuswantoro University. 5. My lovely Mother and Father, who always give me spirit and pray for my best, who always give me advice to my better future. 6. My beloved girlfriend, who always besides me and gives me spirit. 7. All of my weirdo friends in UDINUS, who always laugh together until now. shortcoming. Finally, I do realize that due to my limited ability this thesis must have For this I welcome any suggestions and criticisms. vii

8 ABSTRACT Ario Aji Nugroho Aesthetic and Narcissistic personalities as reflected by Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray. English Study Program, Dian Nuswantoro University. Adviser: Muhammad Rifqi, SS, M.Pd. Keywords: Aesthetic, Dorian Gray, Narcissistic, Psychological Approach, and Structural Approach This research is aimed at analyzing aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray. The method used qualitative descriptive method to analyze and describe aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray. The data were collected by using library research method. The objective of the research is to find out the development of aesthetic and narcissistic in Dorian Gray after he met the man who influenced him. The analysis was done by using structural approach to present all the analysis on the general description, conflict, and setting, while psychological approach was used to analyze the psychological condition of Dorian Gray as the main character which belongings to aesthetic and narcissistic person. The result of this analysis shows that aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray leads him into destruction of his life. It appeared when Dorian Gray was influenced and adopted Lord Henry s theory about aesthetic value so that he always praised the beauty and just sought the pleasure. He also exaggerated his beauty and young. Even he was obsessed and envied toward his portrait or self-reflection, because his portrait stayed beautiful and young while he would be aging. That is why he is afraid for getting old. Extremely, his personality, the way he thinks, and behavior change. He became a wicked person and even had no pity or lack of empathy to the other character. For him, beauty and youth are everything. He felt without beauty and youth, he was nothing. Therefore, those all led him to become narcissistic person and the destruction of his life. viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE OF TITLE... i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... ii STATEMENT OF PUBLICATION... iii PAGE OF APPROVAL... iv MOTTO... v DEDICATION... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT... vii ABSTRACT... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LIST OF FIGURE... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Statements of the Problems Objective of the Study Scope of the Study Significance of the Study Thesis Organization... 5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Intrinsic Elements Characters Conflicts Settings Extrinsic Elements Psychology Psychology on Literature Aesthetic Narcissistic ix

10 Summary Statements from the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism Grandiosity Interpersonal Relations Reactiveness Affects and Mood States Social and Moral Adaptation Unprincipled Narcissist Compensatory Narcissist Amorous Narcissist Elitist Narcissist The Different Significance of Various narcissism CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Research Design Source of Data Units of Analysis Technique of Data Collection Technique of Data Analysis Structural Approach Psychological Approach CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Main Character Dorian Gray as Dynamic Character Dorian Gray as a Round Character General Description of Dorian Gray as the Main Character Charming Envious Obsessive Arrogant Offensive x

11 4.2.6 Lack of Empathy Conflict Internal Conflict Afraid For Getting Old Impressionable To Be Influenced Obsessed For Material Object External Conflict Dorian Gray against Sibyl Vane Dorian Gray against Basil Hallward Dorian Gray against Lord Henry Dorian Gray against James Vane Setting Setting of place Basil s studio Basil s garden The theatre Dorian s house at Grosvenor Square, South Audley Street and old schoolroom Opium den Setting of time Day of summer First night Half past six pm, on Wednesday The ninth of November and eleven o clock Setting of social Upper class Aesthetic reflected by Dorian Gray Narcissistic Personality Disorder reflected by Dorian Gray Unprincipled Narcissism Elitist Narcissism xi

12 4.6.3 Amorous Narcissism Compensatory Narcissism CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion Suggestion BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX xii

13 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1. Personality Disorder in Modern Life. (Theodore Millon, 2004) xiii

14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Literary work is used to express feeling, emotion, and idea through a text or language as the disclosure of the soul. Welleck and Warren (1983) define Literature as a full creation form, emotion and expression which designate imaginative ideas through language as media. Literature can be divided into prose, play, and poetry. Novel is the one of genre in prose. It is used as the object in this analysis. Many authors write their novel based on the real experience. Endraswara (2008:16) conveys every author or unconsciously will insert his/her psychological experience to the novel he/she created. In the case of a novel entitled The Picture of Dorian Gray written by Oscar Wilde, he really created a novel based on his real experience about aestheticism and narcissism. For Oscar Wilde the contemplation of beauty for beauty's sake, added by John Ruskin's search for moral grounding, was not only the foundation for much of his literary career but was quoted as saying aestheticism is a search after the signs of the beauty. It is the science of the beauty through which men seek the correlation of the arts. It is, to speak more exactly, the search after the secret of life, whereas narcissistic first identified by Havelock Ellis in 1898, the disorder was named for the mythological Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection. Narcissism can be caused by external environment (e.g., watching narcissistic models on TV, inspired by favorite artist, etc.) and internal (self-reflection, high ego). Aesthetic and narcissistic are relevant to each other because aesthetic can be related to narcissistic, meaning that aesthetic is a manifest in the sense of beauty, beauty of nature, art, and work. Aesthetic can influence an object to reflect the essential of life, so the existence is recognized by viewer. That is aesthetic as the result of viewer s sense, 1

15 experience, and perception. For example in a portrait, the consideration of the life of the object opens the way to a broader comprehension of the ideas, moods, passions, and motivation expressed in the work. A portrait can provide or create to viewer s perception, so it reflects the essential of the person. Indirectly, It will affect the object, because the object as the main target by viewer. In addition to an inflated the portrait, the object will do anything in order to keep his/her appearance and always praises aesthetic value. Certainly, that case brings into being narcissistic person. In this analysis, Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray novel was chosen, because Dorian Gray as the main character created by the author is complex. His personality changes when he knows about aesthetic value and he considers that the bad things are always unpleasant while the beauty is important. Therefore, it makes Dorian Gray always praised aesthetic value and becomes narcissistic person. Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray was first published on It was one of the most controversial and mysterious novel in Victorian era. The novel reveals about aesthetic and narcissistic reflected by Dorian Gray as the main character. Aesthetic and narcissistic are interesting topics to discuss in this study, because these topics are related to the case in the novel. Dorian Gray was a beautifully young man. He was also the object of Basil Hallward, the artist who painted the portrait of Dorian Gray. Basil Hallward admired Dorian s aesthetic portrait. He really believed that the portrait of Dorian would be responsible for a new mode of his art. Dorian became narcissistic person when he met Basil s friend, Lord Henry Wotton, the aristocrat man who had narcissistic and hedonistic, the pleasure desire as a matter of principle. He influenced Dorian Gray with his philosophical words, such as aesthetic value, pleasure, and artistic about Dorian s portrait. Therefore, Dorian s self-love and total obsession of himself rose up. When Dorian Gray looked at his portrait, he realized that he had aesthetic in his 2

16 body. He did unrealistic actions in order to keep his youth and afraid of getting older.moreover, Dorian Gray had a lack of empathy toother character. He has no pity and even does not feel guilty causing Sibyl s death. All ofhis conduct syndicated to Dorian s ego. The psychological condition of Dorian Gray was narcissistic personality disorder, because he admired aesthetic of his portrait very much. This led him into destruction of his life. In this case aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Graycan be related to our life as well.such as plastic surgery, in this modern era many people do it just to beautify himself/herself in order to reflect the essential of life, so the existence is recognized by society. Plastic surgery is done by upper and middle high class, especially artist. There are also bad effect and good effect of narcissism. The bad effect of narcissism is lack of empathy to other, easily jealous, and also anti-social. The good effect of narcissism also makes someone to be confident, because someone who has narcissistic inside basically feels that himself/herself is attractive, handsome, beautiful, and will be complimented by viewer. Based on the explanation above, the analysis deals with how aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray that leads him into destruction of his life. Aesthetic and narcissistic personalities as reflected by Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray as the title of this thesis. 1.2 Statements of the Problems Based on the background above, the problems can be stated as following are: 1. What is the general description of Dorian Gray as the main character in Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray? 2. What are the conflicts experienced by Dorian Gray as the main character in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray? 3. What are the settings described by Oscar Wilde s in the Picture of Dorian Gray? 3

17 4. What aesthetic and narcissistic personalities are reflected by Dorian Gray as the main character in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray? 1.3 Objective of the Study Based on the statements of problems above, the objective of the study can be derived as follows: 1. To describe the general description of Dorian Gray as the main character in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray. 2. To describe the conflict experienced by Dorian Gray. 3. To describe the setting in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray. 4. To describe the aesthetic and narcissistic personalities as reflected by Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray. 1.4 Scope of the Study The analysis focuses on the general description, conflict, setting experienced by Dorian Gray as the male main character in the novel and also psychological approach, especially aesthetic and narcissistic as reflected by Dorian Gray. 1.5 Significance of the Study 1. For the writer The writer will find out how Dorian s aesthete and narcissism, as his psychological condition. The writer will get knowledge about aesthetic and narcissistic as a part of psychological condition of a person. 2. For the reader It will give more knowledge about intrinsic elements or structural approach, such as character, conflict, and setting. Besides that, this thesis also gives more knowledge about aesthetic and narcissistic as the psychological aspect. 4

18 3. For the university To be an additional reference for Dian Nuswantoro University, especially in Faculty of Humanities specialized in literature section. 1.6 Thesis Organization This thesis are organized into five chapters, they are: CHAPTER 1: Introduction which consists of the Background of the Study, Statements of the Problems, Scope of the Study, Objective of the Study, Significance of the Study, and Thesis Organization. CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature which discusses the preview related literature, such as, Intrinsic Element: Character, Setting and Conflicts. Extrinsic Elements: which is related to Psychological Aspect especially Psychology on literature; Aesthetic and Narcissistic. CHAPTER 3: Research Method which describes of Research Design, Unit of Analysis, Source of Data, Technique of Data Collection, and Technique of Data Analysis. CHAPTER 4: This chapter Present Data Analysis to mention the result of the research and the explanation as well. CHAPTER 5: Conclusion and Suggestion describes about the conclusion of the research and suggestion for the process of the further research. 5

19 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Comprehending the literary elements is very important to analyse a literary work, such as novel, drama, and poetry. Literary elements can be classified into two categories, intrinsic and extrinsic elements. According to Semi, intrinsic elements such as character and characterization, theme, plot, setting, conflicts, and figurative language, are the element which builds the literary work itself and extrinsic elements are the outside elements of a literary work that influence the literary work itself (Semi, 1988:35). Therefore, the analysis focused on intrinsic and extrinsic elements in novel. Intrinsic element which is examined on character, conflict, and setting. Extrinsic element which is examined in this thesis is psychological approach including aesthetic and narcissistic as psychological condition of the main character. 2.1 Intrinsic Element According to Semi (1988:35) intrinsic elements includes character and characterization, theme, plot, setting, conflict, and figurative language. They are the elements which build the literary work. Based on previous explanation, this chapter focuses on character, conflict, and setting as a part of intrinsic elements in literary works Character Character in literary work is important, because without character there will be no story, and it also makes story more completed. Therefore, character controls the story in fiction, drama, and other literary work. Character also helps the reader to better understand the story. According to Taylor(1981:62) character is the most important element in the literary work, because character controls the story. There will be no story without character. Sometimes a literary work describes real life, but sometimes, some literary works are just the 6

20 author s creation or fictional works. Usually the characters in fiction are not real people. They are only illusions created by the authors. Besides, to read about a character is to imagine and to create a character in reading: it is to create a person. Reading character involves learning to acknowledge that a person can never finally be singular-that there is multiplicity and ambiguity from start to finish (Bennett and Nicholas Royle, 1999:70). The character becomes conspicuous and dominant which is caused by developing psychology especially psychoanalysis that offered a new area on deepens of life human soul (Sumardjo, 1986:63). Meanwhile, Sumardjo (1986:64) also says there are many ways to identify the character on the story: 1. By the action, especially when the person has attitude on serious situation 2. By the utterance. We can know persons character from their utterance. 3. By the physical description of person. This can be seen on the way the character look. 4. By thinking. This matter is described on the way the character thinks in developing their characterization. 5. By direct application. On this matter the author narrates character of person directly. Character in a play or in fiction can be divided into two major characters, protagonist and antagonist. Usually protagonist as the main character reflects a good side of plays as a central character in a fiction that presents a hero as readers expected, while antagonist is always against the protagonist (Reaske, 1966:45). In addition, character is also divided into flat and round characters. According to Nurgiyantoro (2002: ) A flat character only shows one side of 7

21 character, whether it is good or bad. The flat character s behaviour and attitude are monotonous and show one side of character only. Round character shows more than one side of character. Character itself also can be divided into static character and dynamic character. Static character is the character that does not show any change or development of their nature character as the result of the events. Those do not develop from the very beginning of the story until the story is over. On the contrary, the developing or dynamic character shows the development or their nature character and attitude along with the development of the events in the story (Nurgiyantoro, 2002: 188). The changes are probably in the way they think, their personality, behaviour, nature of character, appearance, etc., while characterization is wider than character, because it includes the following problems who the character is, how the description in a story so that the readers know about the distinction (Nurgiyantoro, 2002: 188) Conflict Conflict is the problem in the story and one of the most important in intrinsic elements. Conflict happens, because the different perceptions, arguments, and pretension. Conflict also happens externally and internally. In real world, the term of conflict often has a negative perception thing. That is why human being always tries to avoid conflicts. In fiction, in fact, the conflict will attract the reader. When the conflict reach the climax, the readers will be more curious. In literature, conflict is the struggle of opposing external or internal forces. Conflict is at the heart of every story. In fact, we do not have a story at least not one most of us would want to hear or read. 8

22 The impediments and complications of conflict keep us reading. The more important, challenging believable, and coherent the conflict is, the more we are engaged by the story and want to follow it to its conclusion (Madden, 2002: 90). Madden also states that the kinds of the conflict are internal and external conflict. Internal conflict is a struggle of opposing forces within a character. The best stories contain elements of both types of conflict, but the emphasis is usually on internal conflict. Internal conflict has much to do with the make-up of the characters in the story. Consider the personality of each character. What provokes an internal conflict in one person may go unnoticed by another (Madden, 2002: 90). Furthermore, according to Perrine (1983:56) conflict means a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills. This clash may be physical, mental, or emotional. It is revealed as characters take turn in developing during the creation process of the story. However, without conflicts whether external or internal, there is no plot. Sometimes there is even more than one conflict, or there may be one main conflict, and other sub-conflicts. Conflict between opposing forces in a piece of literature can be: man verses man, man verses nature (in which a character struggles, usually against a natural element), man verses society, social traditions, customs and concepts. However, the conflict may represent in an internal way which occurs within the character s self, ideas or soul Setting According to Mario Klerer (1962:25) setting is another aspect traditionally included in analyses of literary works. The terms of setting are location, historical period, and social. Location is the physical sensuous world of literary work. Historical period is the time in which the action of the work takes place. Social is the environment of the 9

23 characters (i.e. the manners, customs, and moral values of the characters' society). Therefore, Setting is related to other intrinsic elements. It means that where and when the conflict happens and why and how the character behaviour toward environment. 2.2 Extrinsic Element According to Semi (1988:35) extrinsic element is the outside elements of a literary work that gives influence for the literary work itself. Extrinsic element which is examined in this study is psychological approach including aesthetic and narcissistic Psychology Psychology is often described as the study of mental processes, or the mind, and behaviour. Indeed many general texts in psychology are often deliberately sub-titled in such a manner as to high light the full scope of the discipline. Mental processes, however, are less readily observable than openly available behaviour (Bell, 2002: 12) Psychology on Literature According to Adib Sofia (2003:128) psychology on literature is the theories of psychological condition from any psychologist or anyone who expert and competent in this, may be used to analyses the psychological condition of the subject in the research. Psychological approach is helping to look into the characters of someone. By psychological approach we can understand the psychological condition in the character. According to Endraswara (2008:45) Psychology on Literature is an interdisciplinary between Psychology and Literature. It has certain relationship with literature. It is one of the studies about human being. Learning about psychology on literature is similar to learning a human behaviour, indirectly. 10

24 Based on the previous explanation, the main character is analyzed uses psychological approach to examine personality, development issues, conflict, and aesthetic and narcissistic personality disorder Aesthetic According to Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Aesthetic is described by Hospers (1969) as follows: Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the analysis of concepts and the solutions of problems that arise when one contemplates aesthetic objects. Aesthetic objects, in turn, comprise all the objects of aesthetic experience; thus, it is only after aesthetic experience has been sufficiently characterized that one is able to delimit the class of aesthetic objects. He asserts that aesthetic is also divided into three kinds: formal, expressionist, and psychology. 1. Aesthetic formal, this theory is related to classical works, thoughts, and also the beauty is relevant to form and colour. This theory considers that the beauty is also as formal result, such as measure, dimension, and colour. Feeling of the beauty is a direct emotion which is affected by shape without concern on other concepts. This theory leads into ideal absolute concept which is focused on the shapes of beauty and magic. 2. Aesthetic expressionist, the beauty does not always come from the form, instead meaning, goal, and expression are also included. This theory states that the beauty of work art depends on what it expresses. The perfect expression in the beauty of architecture 11

25 comes from pulling power and the material. Nowadays, the beauty of architecture is based on functional or the use of a building. 3. Aesthetic psychology There are 3 aspects in aesthetic psychology: a. The beauty of architecture has simple and easy rhythm. In architecture, the observers feel that they build the building within simple, easy, and elegant ways. b. The beauty is the result of emotion can only be shown by psychoanalytic procedure. The artwork is getting the beauty of strength from different reaction and perception. c. The beauty is the result of viewer s satisfaction to the object. Three theories above are the result of manifestation to explain the beauty from various interpretations, such as mystical, emotional, and intellectual science (Hospers, 1969) Narcissistic According to love or sexual desire for one s own body, the state or stage of development in psychoanalytic theory in which there is considerable erotic interest in one's own body and ego and which in abnormal forms persists through fixation or reappears through regression. According to Narcissistic is mental illness that causes a lot of self-love, based on self-image or ego, total obsession with self. In addition, there are many characteristics of narcissism, including: 1. Charming, usually narcissistic person looks charming at first glance and has cold eye charm. 12

26 2. Arrogance, whether overt or covert; tends to be harshly judgmental of others. 3. Grandiose, exaggerates achievements and talents, expect to be recognized as superior, unique, and special. 4. Obsessive, with self-reflection, inspirited by favourite artist, and model. 5. Envious, especially toward the very people who offer desperatelyneeded narcissistic supplies like admiration, praise, or affection. 6. Offensive, inappropriate anger in response to criticism or defeat. 7. Lack of empathy, though skilled at pretending to empathize and understand. 8. High fantasies, Fantasies of unlimited power, beauty, intelligence, wealth, fame, etc. Adapted from Gunderson and Elsa F. Ronningstam, from The Diagnostic Interview for Narcissistic Patients in Archives of General Psychiatry, Summary Statements from the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism: Grandiosity The person: 1. Exaggerates talents, capacity, and achievements in an unrealistic way. 2. Believes in his invulnerability, or does not recognize his limitations. 3. Has a grandiose fantasy. 4. Believes that he or she does not need other people. 5. Regards self as unique or special compared to other people. 13

27 6. Regards self as generally superior to other people. 7. Behaves self-cantered and/or self-referentially. 8. Appears or behaves in a boastful or pretentious way Interpersonal Relations The person: 1. Has a strong need for admiring attention. 2. Unrealistically idealizes other people. 3. Devalues other people, including feelings of contempt. 4. Has a recurrent and/or deep feeling of envy toward other people. 5. Reports being and behaves entitled, i.e., has unreasonable expectations of favours or other special treatment. 6. Appears or behaves in an arrogant, haughty, or condescending way. 7. Is exploitive, i.e., takes advantage or uses other people. 8. Lacks empathy (is unable to both understand and feel for other people's experiences). 9. Has been unable to make close, lasting emotional commitments to others Reactiveness The person: 1. Is hypersensitive. 2. Has had an unusually intense feeling in response to criticism or defeat. 3. Has behaved or felt suicidal or self-destructive in response to criticism or defeat. 14

28 4. Has reacted with inappropriate anger in response to criticism or defeat. 5. Has had a hostile, suspicious reaction in response to the perception of others' envy Affects and Mood States The person: 1. Has sustained feelings of boredom. 2. Has sustained feelings of meaninglessness. 3. Has sustained feelings of futility. 4. Has sustained feelings of hollowness. 5. Often feels emotionally impoverished: Yearns for deeper emotional experiences Social and Moral Adaptation The person: 1. Has a superficial and changing values and interests. 2. Shows disregard for unusual/conventional values or rules of society. 3. Has a corruptible moral and ethical standard. 4. Has broken laws one or a few times under circumstances of being enraged or as a means of avoiding defeat. 5. Has recurrent antisocial behaviour (scored negatively in this section, does not indicate narcissism). 6. Exhibits sexual behaviour that includes perversion, promiscuity, and/or lack of inhibitions. (Personality Disorder in Modern Life, Theodore Millon, 2004). 15

29 Based on personality disorder in modern life, Theodore Millon; Narcissism comes in many shapes and forms. The variations of narcissism are: Unprincipled Narcissist Unprincipled (antisocial features) narcissists combine the self-confidence of the narcissist with the recurrent aberrant behaviour of antisocial personality patterns. Many of these individuals achieve success in society by exploiting legal boundaries to the verge of unlawfulness. Others may inhabit drug rehabilitation programs, centers for youth offenders, and jails and prisons. Still others are opportunists and con men, who take advantage of others for personal gain. Most people who demonstrate a pattern combining these styles are vindictive and contemptuous of their victims. Whereas many narcissists have normal superego development, unprincipled narcissists are skilled in the ways of social influence but have few internalized moral prohibitions. They are experienced by others as unscrupulous, amoral, and deceptive. More than merely disloyal and exploitive, these narcissists show a flagrant indifference to the welfare of others, willingness to risk harm, and fearlessness in the face of threats and punitive action Compensatory Narcissist Compensatory (negativistic, avoidant features)variant essentially captures the psychoanalytic understanding of the narcissistic personality. The early experiences of compensating narcissists are not too dissimilar to those of the avoidant and negativistic personalities. All have suffered wounds early in life. Rather than collapse under the weight of inferiority and retreat from public view, like the avoidant, 16

30 or vacillate between loyalty and anger, like the negativist, however, the compensating narcissist develops an illusion of superiority.seeks to counteract or cancel out deepfeelings of inferiority and lack ofself-esteem; offsets deficits by creatingillusions of being superior, exceptional,admirable, noteworthy; self-worthresults from self-enhancement Amorous Narcissist Amorous (histrionic features) Sexually seductive, enticing, beguiling, tantalizing; glib and clever; disinclines real intimacy; indulges hedonistic desires; bewitches and inveigles the needy and naive; pathological lying and swindling. Amorous Narcissists, who represent a blend of the core narcissistic temperament with traits of the histrionic, are often defined by the game of erotic seduction they play with objects of their affection. Their skill lies in enticing and tempting the emotionally needy and naive, while fulfilling their own hedonistic desires and sexual appetites as they deem necessary. The amorous narcissist usually focuses on exhibit substantial body narcissism, attending scrupulously to physical appearance, clothes, and other external attributes Elitist Narcissist Elitist (variant of pure pattern)narcissist is somewhat reminiscent of Wilhelm Reich s (1933) phallic narcissist character. Such individuals are self-assured, arrogant, energetic, impressive in bearing and ill-suited to subordinate positions among the rank and file (W. Reich, 1949, pp ). Like the compensating variant, these individuals construct a false façade, but one that amplifies an already superior self-image, not one that compensates for deep 17

31 feelings of inferiority. Theirs is a fear, not of being inadequate, but of being ordinary. Feels privileged and empowered by virtue of special childhood status and pseudo achievements; entitled façade bears little relation to reality; seeks favoured and good life; is upwardly mobile; cultivates special status and advantages by association The Different Significance of Various narcissism: Several subtypes also exist that combine aspects of these personalities with the narcissistic. The unprincipled narcissist combines elements of a sadistic personality with the narcissist s skills of social influencing but few internalized moral prohibitions. Amorous narcissists are focused on erotic seduction with multiple partners. Compensating narcissists have some elements of the avoidant and negativistic personality. The elitist narcissist is full of aggressive confidence. 18

32 The Variations of Narcissism Abbreviation: ATS: Antisocial AVD: Avoidant CPL: Cognitive Personality DEP: Dependent Personality HST: Histrionic SZD: Schizoid STL: Schizotypal PAR: Paranoid Personality BDL: Borderline DPR: Depressive NEG: Negativistic MAS: Masochistic SAD: Sadistic Figure 2. Personality Disorder in Modern Life.(Theodore Millon, 2004) 19

33 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design In this thesis, the analysis used qualitative descriptive method. The research is descriptive, it means that explanation in the form of words or picture if needed, is not numeral form (Endraswara 2003:7). He also states that the important features of qualitative research are: 1. Researcher is the key instrument that will read accurately of the literary work. Hereads accurately to get the ideas or something that supports his/her research so that it finishes well and useful for people. 2. Qualitative research prioritizes more on process than the result. 3. The analysis is inductive. The writer shows particularly the specific data to reach general conclusion. Based on the features above, this analysis is classified into qualitative descriptive method. So, this analysis is explained by using words or phrases, is not numeral form. It has roots in social science and more concerned with understanding why people behave as they do: their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, fears, etc. 3.2 Unit of Analysis The units of analysis in this study are described in words, phrases, clauses, and paragraphs containing character, conflict, setting, and psychological aspects, namely aesthetic and narcissistic personalities as reflected by Dorian Gray as the main character. 3.3 Source of Data Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray novel, first published on 1890 is the primary source of data and some secondary sources related to 20

34 literary theories and psychological theories from the internet were also used to support the analysis. 3.4 Technique of Data Collection In getting the data, the analysis used library research to collect data. Library research is a method of collecting data by reading books and other references, which are related to the topic. This method is used to complete the data needed for this research. Nazir states Library research is an activity to find and analyse reference. The writer is searching and collecting all the necessary and important references, information and ideas from significant sources related to the subject matter to support the ideas in writing the thesis (Nazir, 1999:111). Dealing with this, there are two steps done in the process of collecting data. The first step is close reading of Oscar Wilde s The Picture of Dorian Gray novel. It means that reading the novel again and again to collect the data related to the intrinsic elements including character, conflict, setting, and the extrinsic elements regarding aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray are identified and comprehended deeply. Second step is collecting the secondary data dealing with theories. In this step, any relevant theory and information related to the study were used appropriately. The data were taken from any sources, including printed books and electronic sources in the internet dealing with literary theory and psychology. 3.5 Technique of Data Analysis There are two approaches applied in analysing the data, namely structural and psychological approaches. 21

35 3.5.1 Structural Approach According to Jabrohim(2003:60) structural approach is an approach in literary research focusing on structural elements such as character, conflict, and setting. Considering this, the analysis used structural elements to analyse the general description of the main character, conflict, and setting. Character in novel an important role building the story and were proven by the dialogues, actions, and other character s thought were used to know who Dorian Gray was. Internal and external conflicts experienced by Dorian Gray, then were analysed. Conflict is another important aspect of intrinsic element and the analysis of conflict requires structural approach, because conflicts experienced by Dorian Gray were disclosing his aesthetic and narcissistic. Setting is also an important in intrinsic element, because it can identify where and when conflict happen Psychological Approach According to Hurlock(1980:2) psychological approach is an approach in literary research which focuses on study of personality, not only on how they build their personality, but also how the personality develops. Psychological approach analyse how the psychological function in literature and the real life. The psychological approach was used to analyse the psychological condition of Dorian Gray as the main character, particularly which is related to aesthetic and narcissistic. Therefore, the analysis focused on aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray and the reasons why aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray happen. This analysis was supported by some psychological theories intended to discover aesthetic and narcissistic of Dorian Gray. 22

36 CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Main Character in Oscar Wilde s the Picture of Dorian Gray. It has been explained in the previous chapter of this analysis that the main character is the central part of a story, in determining whether the story will be interesting or not. The main character in the novel is Dorian Gray that has been mentioned previously. He is a character that can be categorized into round and dynamic character. His changes are probably in the way they think, personality, behaviour, nature of character, appearance. He is also as protagonist character. That is why the tittle of the novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray Dorian Gray as Dynamic Character Dorian Gray is a dynamic character, because his youth and beauty alter his personality, the way he thinks, behaviour, attitude, and appearance are changing. In the beginning of the story, Dorian Gray was a naive or pure heart person, and then he clearly changed as he adopted Lord Henry s influence about aesthetic and narcissistic values. Excerpt 1, (Data no. 11) and if you stay any longer in this glare, you will be quite spoiled, and Basil will never paint you again. You really must not allow yourself to become sunburned What can it matter? cried Dorian Gray, laughing, as he sat down on the seat at the end of the garden It should matter everything to you, Mr. Gray Why Because you have the most marvelous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having I don t feel that, Lord Henry No, you don t feel it now. Someday, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines, and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 18) 23

37 Based on the quotation above, Dorian is not allowed to stay any longer in glare and Basil will never paint him again. It is an implicit word from Lord Henry that Dorian Gray will be ugly if he stays any longer in glare and his skin will be scorched by sunburn, but he does not understand what Lord Henry talked about and mean. It indicates that firstly, Dorian Gray is a naive or pure heart person. Lord Henry still influenced Dorian strongly. He basically asserted and warned Dorian that life will not be worth living once if it loses youth and beauty. He even made illustration when Dorian s beauty and youth disappear. He regarded that people without it all was nothing in the world. Therefore, people have to give priority to appearance. Excerpt 2, (Data no. 13) People say sometimes that beauty is only superficial. That may be so, but at least it is not as superficial as thought is. To me beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the visible. When your youth goes, your beauty will go with it, and then you will suddenly discover that there are no triumphs left for you. Every month as it wanes brings you nearer to something dreadful. Time is jealous of you, and wars against your lilies and your roses. You will become sallow, and hollow cheeked, and dull eyed. You will suffer horrible. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 19) It all made Dorian decided to be a friend with Lord Henry and he adopted Lord Henry s aesthete philosophy. He even suddenly struck with a new theory of age. It indicates that Dorian is easy to be influenced. Excerpt 3, (Data no. 14) You are glad you have met me, Mr. Gray, said Lord Henry looking at him Yes, I am glad now. I wonder shall I always be glad Always! That is a dreadful word. It makes me shudder when I hear it. Dorian Gray put his hand upon Lord Henry s arm. In that case, let our friendship be a caprice, he murmured (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 20) 24

38 In additionally, Dorian changes when he successfully makes Sibyl vane, an actress who is loved by him frustrated. Dorian loved Sibyl Vane too much and considered she was most genius girl who Dorian had ever met. Excerpt 4, (Data no. 22) I don t think I am likely to marry, Henry. I am too much in love. Who are in love? asked Lord Henry after a pause. With an actress, said Dorian Gray, blushing. Lord Henry shrugged his shoulders. That is a rather commonplace debut You would not say so if you saw her, Henry Who is she? Her name is Sibyl Vane Never heard of her No one has. People will someday, however. She is genius. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 40) He was very angry and disappointed, when he knows Sibyl s performance was bad. His feeling changed into horrible. He hurt Sibyl s heart with cruel words and even annulled his marriage to Sibyl. Therefore, Sibyl Vane was very frustrated and committed suicide. Actually, Dorian s love is not true as a person or true love, but as an art. He loves Sibyl just because her profession and performance. He does not know the true love, his ambition to engage and to marry Sibyl Vane is not to build relationship, but to develop a star. Dorian s love is so blemish with his ego and manipulation which are indicated to dark side of his personality. Excerpt 5, (Data no. 32)., you have killed my love. You used to stir my imagination. Now you don t even stir my curiosity. You simply produce no effect. I loved you because you were marvelous, because you had genius and intellect, because you realized the dreams of great poets and gave shape and substance to the shadows of art. You have thrown it all away. You are shallow and stupid. My god! How mad I was to love you! What I fool I have been! You are nothing to me now. I will never see you again. I will never think of you. I will never mention your name... Without your art, you are nothing. I would have made you famous, splendid, and magnificent. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 74) 25

39 With his disenchantment, Dorian left the theatre while Sibyl felt hurt and cried. His love changed into horrible hatred. Excerpt 6,(Data no. 33) I am going, he said at last in his calm clear voice. I don t wish to be unkind, but I can t see you again. You have disappointed me. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 75) Based on the moments above, it can be concluded that Dorian is naïve or pure heart then under Lord Henry s influence his soul becomes corrupted or evil and even heartless to Sibyl, the girl who his so much loved. It proves that Dorian is dynamic character. He changes his personality, the way he thinks, and evens his feeling to Sibyl Dorian Gray as a Round Character Dorian Gray is a round character, because he shows more than one side of character; such as charming, envious, obsessive, arrogant, offensive, and lack of empathy. It can be proven by following in general description below. 4.2 General Description of Dorian Gray as the Main Character Charming Dorian Gray is a charming person. When Basil Hallward saw Dorian for the first time, he felt so nervous. He was very fascinated to Dorian Gray psychically. Dorian was very charming at first glance. It indicates that actually Dorian Gray has outer beauty and fascinating appearance. Excerpt 7, (Data no. 2) I suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at me. I turn halfway and saw Dorian Gray for the first time when our eyes met; I felt that I was growing pale. A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 5) 26

40 On the other hand, when Basil Hallward told Lord Henry about Lady Brandon s first met Dorian Gray than she described that Dorian Gray was a charming boy. Excerpt 8, (Data no. 3) Poor Lady Brandon! You are hard on her, Harry! said Hallward listlessly. My dear fellow, she tried to found a salon, and only succeeded in opening a restaurant. How could I admire her? But tell me, what did she say about Mr. Dorian Gray? oh, something like, charming boy, poor dear mother and I absolutely inseparable. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 6) Lord Henry considered that Dorian was far too charming to go in philanthropy. This is the implicit words of Lord Henry as a sign worshipped his beauty and youth. Excerpt 9, (Data no. 6) You are too charming to go in for philanthropy, Mr. Gray far too charming. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 14) Everyone who meets Dorian Gray certainly will admire to him and giving praise to his handsomeness. This is viewer s satisfaction and perception Envious Dorian Gray is an envious person. Dorian s envy appeared when he looked his portrait. He realized that he would be older while his portrait always remained young. It was a little jealous of Dorian about aging. For him beauty is everything, without beauty he is nothing. He swore will give everything to get the immortal youth. Excerpt 10, (Data no. 15) How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June. If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that-for that-i would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that! (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 22) 27

41 Dorian was also still jealous of everything whose beauty did not die, he did not realize that his portrait cannot felt and had no emotion. He believed that his portrait was more realistic than reality itself. Excerpt 11, (Data no. 17) I am jealous of everything whose beauty does not die. I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 22) Obsessive Dorian Gray is an obsessive person. Dorian is very obsessed with the art. The sign of Dorian s obsession appeared when he saw Sibyl Vane s playas a Juliet at theatre. He loved Sibyl Vane just because her performance not as a person. He also regarded Sibyl Vane as a perspective aesthete of the art. Excerpt 12, (Data no. 23) But Juliet! Henry, Imagine a girl, hardly seventeen years of age, with a little, flowerlike face, She was the loveliest thing I had ever seen in my life. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 43) Under Dorian s imagination, he had seen her in every age and costume. The word age and costume mean that she can be anything either old or young depends on her characterization at the theatre. Dorian did not realize that it sometimes just the effect of art. Excerpt 13, (Data no. 24) I have seen her in every age and in every costume. Ordinary women never appeal to one s imagination. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 43) Dorian was just trapped in his obsession about Sibyl Vane performance. He did not think Sibyl as a human but rather only as an art. Excerpt 14, (Data no. 26) Her eyes opened wide in exquisite wonder when I told her what I thought of her performance, and she seemed quite unconscious of her power. (Oscar Wilde, 1890; 45) 28