Literature. The Norton Introduction to. Kelly J.Mays. Gayla McGlamery Bryan Crockett

Transcription

1 The Norton Introduction to Literature SEVENTH EDITION Instructor's Guide for the Regular and Shorter Editions and The Norton Introduction to Poetry Kelly J.Mays New Mexico State University Gayla McGlamery Bryan Crockett Loyola College in Maryland W. W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON

2 Contents Introduction xxxi Acknowledgments xxxv Using the Instructor's Guide Teaching Fiction i Fiction: Reading, Responding, Writing 3 PLANNING IDEAS 3 Spencer Hoist, The Zebra Storyteller 3 Audre Thomas, Kill Day on the Government Wharf 4 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 6 Guy de Maupassant, The Jewelry 7 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 8 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 8 Understanding the Text 9 1 PLOT 9 PLANNING IDEAS 9 Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings 1 o QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 11 John Cheever, The Country Husband 11 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 14 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 15 James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues 15 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 17 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 17 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 1 18 Essays about Plot 18 Troubleshooting 18 Plot-Focused Writing Exercises 19

3 vi CONTENTS 2 POINT OF VIEW 22 PLANNING IDEAS 22 Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 23 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 25 Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 26 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 27 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 27 Timothy Findley, Dreams 27 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 30 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 2 31 Essays about Point of View 31 Troubleshooting 31 Point-of-View-Focused Writing Exercises 32 3 CHARACTERIZATION 33 PLANNING IDEAS 33 Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O. 34 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 35 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 35 Charles Baxter, Fenstad's Mother 35 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 37 Doris Lessing, Our Friend Judith 38 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 40 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 40 Grace Paley, A Conversation with My Father 41 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 42 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 42 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 3 43 Essays about Character 43 Troubleshooting 45 Character-Focused Writing Exercises 45 4 SETTING 47 PLANNING IDEAS 47 Richard Dokey, Sanchez 48 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 49 Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets 49 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 52 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 52 Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Dog 52 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 5.4 READING/WRITING IDEAS FORCHAPTER4 54 Essays about Setting 54

4 Troubleshooting 55 Setting-Focused Writing Exercise 55 5 SYMBOLS 57 PLANNING IDEAS 57 Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 58 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 59 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 59 Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist 59 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 61 Ann Beattie, Janus 62 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 65 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 65 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 5 65 Essays about Symbols 65 Troubleshooting 65 Symbol-Focused Writing Exercise 66 6 THEME 69 PLANNING IDEAS 69 Katherine Mansfield, Her First Ball 70 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 71 James Joyce, Counterparts 71 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 73 Angela Carter, A Souvenir of Japan 73 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 75 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 76 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 6 76 Essays about Theme 76 Troubleshooting 76 Theme-Focused Writing Exercises 77 7 THE WHOLE TEXT 79 PLANNING IDEAS 79 Joseph Conrad, The Secret Sharer 80 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 83 Louise Erdrich, Love Medicine 83 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 85 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 86 Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Watcher 86 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 87 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 88 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 7 88 Essays on the Whole Text 88

5 viii CONTENTS Troubleshooting 89 Whole-Text Writing Exercises 89 Exploring Contexts 94 8 THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: D. H. LAWRENCE AND FLANNERY O'CONNOR 94 PLANNING IDEAS 94 D. H. Lawrence 95 Odour of Chrysanthemums 95 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 97 The Blind Man 98 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 101 The Rocking-Horse Winner 102 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 103 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 104 Flannery O'Connor 104 A Good Man Is Hard to Find 104 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 106 The Lame Shall Enter First 107 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 109 Everything That Rises Must Converge 110 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 111 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 112 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about an Author's Work 112 Troubleshooting 114 Author's-Work-as-Context Writing Exercises LITERARY KIND AS CONTEXT: INITIATION STORIES 117 PLANNING IDEAS 117 Toni Cade Bambara, Gorilla, My Love 118 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 119 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 119 Alice Munro, Boys and Girls 119 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 121 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 121 Nicholson Baker, Pants on Fire 122 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 123 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Literary Kinds 123 Troubleshooting 124 Kind-Focused Writing Exercises 12 5

6 i 10 FORM AS CONTEXT: THE SHORT SHORT STORY 128 PLANNING IDEAS 128 Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 129 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 130 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 131 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 131 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 132 Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 132 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 134 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 134 Jamaica Kincaid, Girl 134 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 136 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 136 Yasunari Kawabata, The Grasshopper and the Bell Cricket 136 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 137 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 137 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Form 137 Troubleshooting CULTURE AS CONTEXT 140 PLANNING IDEAS 140 Katherine Anne Porter, Holiday 142 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 145 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 146 Margaret Laurence, The Rain Child 146 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 149 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 150 Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote 150 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 152 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Cultural Context 152 Troubleshooting 153 Cultural Context-Focused Writing Exercises CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A FICTION CASEBOOK 156 PLANNING IDEAS 156 William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 157 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 160 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 160 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Critical Context 160 Troubleshooting 163 Critical Contexts-Focused Writing Exercises 163

7 Evaluating Fiction i&7 PLANNING IDEAS 167 Richard Connell, The Most Dangerous Game 168 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 169 William Faulkner, Barn Burning 170 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 172 Bharati Mukherjee, The Management of Grief 172 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 174 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 174 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING FICTION 175 Evaluative Essays 175 Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 176 Reading More Fiction 177 Louisa May Alcott, My Contraband 177 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 179 Henry James, The Real Thing 180 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 182 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 185 Edith Wharton, Souls Belated 185 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 186 Rudyard Kipling, Without Benefit of Clergy 187 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 190 Raymond Carver, Cathedral 190 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 192 Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh 193 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 194 Paul Ruffin, Lamar Loper's First Case 195 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 196 Teaching Poetry m Poetry: Reading, Responding, Writing 201 PLANNING IDEAS 201 Rita Dove, Fifth Grade Autobiography 203 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 203 Anne Sexton, The Fury of Overshoes 203

8 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 204 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 205 PRACTICING READING: SOME POEMS ON LOVE 205 Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband 205 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 205 William Shakespeare, [Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?] 206 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 206 Leigh Hunt, Rondeau 207 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 207 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 208 Denise Levertov, Love Poem 2 08 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 209 W. H. Auden, [Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone] 210 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210 Audre Lorde, Recreation 210 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210 Marge Piercy, To Have without Holding 210 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210 Liz Rosenberg, Married Love 211 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 211 John Dryden, [Why should a foolish marriage vow] 211 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 211 Mary, Lady Chudleigh, To the Ladies 212 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 212 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 212 Richard Lovelace, To Althea, from Prison in QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 213 Edna St. Vincent Millay, [What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why] 213 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 213 Theodore Roethke, She 214 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 214 Karen Chase, Venison 214 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 214 Aphra Behn, On Her Loving Two Equally 215 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 215 William Shakespeare, [Let me not to the marriage of true minds] 215 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 215 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 215 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR POETRY: READING, RESPONDING, WRITING 216

9 xii CONTENTS Understanding the Text 21 s 13 TONE 218 PLANNING IDEAS 218 Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 219 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 219 MANY TONES: POEMS ABOUT FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 220 Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 220 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 220 Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break 220 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 221 Pat Mora, Elena 221 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 222 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 223 Sharon Olds, / Go Back to May QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 224 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 224 Li-Young Lee, Persimmons 224 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 224 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 225 Elizabeth Alexander, West Indian Primer 225 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 225 Eamon Grennan, Pause 225 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 226 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 226 Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile 226 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 227 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 228 Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 228 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 228 James Masao Mitsui, Because of My Father's Job 229 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 229 Simon J. Ortiz, My Father's Song 229 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 230 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 230 Susan Musgrave, You Didn't Fit 231 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 231 Erin Moure, Thirteen Years 231 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 231 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Tone and Theme 232 Troubleshooting 233

10 14 SPEAKER 235 PLANNING IDEAS 235 Sharon Olds, The Lifting 236 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 237 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 237 Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire 237 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 238 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 238 John Betjeman, In Westminster Abbey 239 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 239 Henry Reed, Lessons of the War: Judging Distances 239 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 240 Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 240 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 240 Sir Thomas Wyatt, They FleefromMe 241 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 241 Walt Whitman, [/ celebrate myself, and sing myself] 242 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 242 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 242 Pat Mora, La Migra 243 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 243 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 244 Sylvia Plath, Mirror 244 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 244 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 244 Seamus Heaney, The Outlaw 245 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 245 Margaret Atwood, Death of a Young Son by Drowning 245 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 246 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essay about Speakers 246 Troubleshooting 247 Speaker-Focused Writing Exercises SITUATION AND SETTING 249 PLANNING IDEAS 249 SITUATIONS 250 Margaret Atwood, Siren Song 250 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 251 Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 251 Mary Oliver, Singapore 252 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 252 Louise Gliick, Labor Day 252

11 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 252 John Donne, The Sun Rising 253 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 253 Hart Crane, Episode of Hands 253 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 253 Emily Bronte, The Night-Wind 254 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 254 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 254 TIMES 255 William Shakespeare, [Full many a glorious morning have I seen] 255 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 255 John Donne, The Good-Morrow 255 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 255 Sylvia Plath, Morning Song 255 Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning 256 Amy Clampitt, Meridian 256 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 256 W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening 256 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 257 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 258 William Shakespeare, Spring 258 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 259 Archibald Lampman, In November 259 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 259 PLACES 259 April Bernard, Praise Psalm of the City-Dweller 259 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 259 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 260 Anthony Hecht, A Hill 260 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 260 Susan Musgrave, I Am Not a Conspiracy QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 261 Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 262 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 262 COMPARING PLACES AND TIMES: THE SENSE OF CULTURAL OTHERNESS 262 Agha Shahid Ali, PostcardfromKashmir 262 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 263 Cathy Song, Heaven 263 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 264 Marilyn Chin, We Are Americans Now, We Live in the Tundra 265

12 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 265 Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey 265 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 266 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 266 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Situation and Setting 266 Troubleshooting 267 Situation- and Setting-Focused Writing Exercises LANGUAGE 269 PLANNING IDEAS 269 PRECISION AND AMBIGUITY 270 Sharon Olds, Sex without Love 270 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 271 Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty 271 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 271 William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 272 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 272 E. E. Cummings, [in Just-] 272 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 272 Rita Dove, Parsley 273 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 273 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 274 Susan Musgrave, Hidden Meaning 27A QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 275 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 275 Emily Dickinson, [/ dwell in Possibility ] 275 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 276 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 277 John Milton, FROM Paradise Lost 277 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 277 METAPHOR AND SIMILE 277 Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 278 Dorothy Livesay, Other 27& QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 279 Hart Crane, Forgetfulness 279 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 280 Carolyn Forche, Taking Off My Clothes 280 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 281 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 281 Emily Dickinson, [Wild Nights Wild Nights!] 281 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 282

13 xvi CONTENTS Agha Shahid Ali, The Dacca Gauzes 282 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 283 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 283 John Donne, [Batter my heart, three-personed God...] 283 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 283 Anonymous, The Twenty-third Psalm 284 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 284 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 284 SYMBOL 284 Edmund Waller, Song 285 John Gay, [Virgins are like the fair flower in its luster] 285 Emily Dickinson, [Go not too near a House of Rose ] 286 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 286 William Carlos Williams, Poem [The rose fades] 286 Mary Oliver, Roses, Late Summer 286 Dorothy Parker, One Perfect Rose 287 QUESTIONS ON THE ROSE POEMS 287 Katha Pollitt, Two Fish 287 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 287 Roo Borson, After a Death 288 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 288 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Language 288 Language-Focused Writing Exercises THE SOUNDS OF POETRY 291 PLANNING IDEAS 291 John Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. Oldham 292 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 292 William Shakespeare, [Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore] 293 Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break 293 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 293 Thomas Nashe, A Litany in Time of Plague 293 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 294 Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven 294 Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall 295 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 295 Emily Dickinson, [A narrow Fellow in the Grass] 295 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 295 Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 296 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 296

14 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays on Sound (and Sense); Troubleshooting 296 Sound-Focused Writing Exercise INTERNAL STRUCTURE 299 PLANNING IDEAS 300 Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens 300 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 301 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 301 T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi 301 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 301 Karl Shapiro, Auto Wreck 302 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 302 Richard Wilbur, The Pardon 302 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 303 Roo Borson, Save Us From 303 William Carlos Williams, The Dance 304 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 304 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 304 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind 304 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 305 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Internal Structure 305 Troubleshooting 306 Structure-Focused Writing Exercise EXTERNAL FORM 308 PLANNING IDEAS 308 THE SONNET 309 John Keats, On the Sonnet 309 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 310 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, A Sonnet Is a Moment's Monument 310 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 311 Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel 311 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 312 Gwen Harwood, In the Park 313 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 313 Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus 313 Edwin Morgan, Opening the Cage 314 John Milton, [When I consider how my light is spent] 315 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 315 Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer 315 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 316

15 Helene Johnson, Sonnet to a Negro in Harlem 316 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 317 William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us 317 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 318 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318 Sir Charles G. D. Roberts, The Potato Harvest 318 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318 Robert Frost, Once by the Pacific 319 William Wordsworth, London, QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 319 Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle 320 Claude McKay, The White House 320 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 320 William Shakespeare, [My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun] 321 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 321 Diane Ackerman, Sweep Me through Your Many-Chambered Heart 321 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 321 MORE SONNETS: A LIST 322 STANZA FORMS 322 Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 322 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 323 Marianne Moore, Poetry 323 Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina 323 Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica 324 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 324 THE WAY A POEM LOOKS 324 E. E. Cummings, [Buffalo Bill's] 324 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 324 George Herbert, Easter Wings 325 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 325 Robert Herrick, The Pillar of Fame 325 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 325 E. E. Cummings, [l(a] 325 Earle Birney, Anglosaxon Street 326 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 327 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about External Form 327

16 20 THE WHOLE TEXT 330 PLANNING IDEAS 330 W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts 331 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 331 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 331 George Herbert, The Collar 331 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 332 Emily Dickinson, [My Life had stood a Loaded Gun ] 332 Robert Frost, Design 332 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 333 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 333 Anne Sexton, With Mercy for the Greedy 333 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 334 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 334 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays on the Whole Text 334 Troubleshooting 334 Whole Text-Focused Writing Exercises 335 Exploring Contexts THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: JOHN KEATS 341 PLANNING IDEAS 341 On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 342 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 343 On the Grasshopper and the Cricket 343 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 344 On Seeing the Elgin Marbles 344 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 345 When I Have Fears 345 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 345 Ode to a Nightingale 345 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 346 Ode on a Grecian Urn 346 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 347 Ode on Melancholy 348 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 348 To Autumn 349 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 349 Passages from Letters 350 QUESTIONS ON THE POETRY AND PROSE OF KEATS 351 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER

17 xx CONTENTS Essays on the Author's Work as Context 352 Troubleshooting 356 Author's Work as Context-Writing Exercises THE AUTHOR'S WORK IN CONTEXT: ADRIENNE RICH 358 PLANNING IDEAS 358 At a Bach Concert 359 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 360 Storm Warnings 360 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 360 Living in Sin 361 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 362 Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law 362 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 364 Planetarium 366 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 367 Dialogue 367 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 368 Diving into the Wreck 369 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 369 Power 370 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 370 For the Record 371 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 371 [My mouth hovers across your breasts] 371 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 371 Walking down the Road 372 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 372 Delta 372 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 373 History 373 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 374 QUESTIONS ON THE POETRY AND PROSE OF RICH 375 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays on the Author's Work in Context 376 Troubleshooting 377 Author's Work in Context-Focused Writing Exercises LITERARY TRADITION AS CONTEXT 381 PLANNING IDEAS 382 ECHO AND ALLUSION 383 William Blake, The Lamb 383 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 383

18 xxi Howard Nemerov, Boom! 384 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 384 Marianne Moore, Love in America? 385 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 386 Robert Hollander, You Too? Me Too Why Not? Soda Pop 386 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 386 POETIC "KINDS" 386 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? 388 Ben Jonson, Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H. 389 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389 Martial, [You've told me, Man, whilst you live] 389 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389 Richard Crashaw, An Epitaph upon a Young Married Couple, Dead and Buried Together 389 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389 X. J. Kennedy, Epitaph for a Postal Clerk 390 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 390 Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know 390 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 390 Mary Barber, To Novella, on her saying deridingly, that a Lady of great Merit, and fine Address, was bred in the Old Way 391 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 391 Peter Pindar, Epigram 391 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 391 QUESTIONS ON THE EPIGRAMS 391 QUESTIONS ON HAIKU 392 IMITATING AND ANSWERING 393 Sir Walter Ralegh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 393 William Carlos Williams, Raleigh Was Right 393 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 393 E. E. Cummings, [(ponder,darling,these busted statues] 394 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 394 Peter De Vries, To His Importunate Mistress 394 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 394 Kenneth Koch, Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams 395 Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch 395 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 395 Wendy Cope, [Not only marble, but the plastic toys] 395 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 395 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 395 CULTURAL BELIEF AND TRADITION 396 John Hollander, Adam's Task 396

19 Susan Donnelly, Eve Names the Animals 396 Christina Rossetti, Eve 396 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 396 QUESTIONS ON THE ADAM AND EVE POEMS 397 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 397 Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 398 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 399 Miriam Waddington, Ulysses Embroidered 400 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 401 Edna St. Vincent Millay, An Ancient Gesture 401 QUESTIONS ON THE ULYSSES POEMS 402 Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers 402 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 402 June Jordan, Something Like a Sonnet for Phillis Miracle Wheatley 403 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 403 Maya Angelou, Africa 404 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 404 Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa 404 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 405 Ishmael Reed, / Am a Cowboy in the Boat ofra 405 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 405 QUESTIONS ON THE POEMS ABOUT AFRICA 406 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 406 Judith Ortiz Cofer, How to Get a Baby 407 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 408 Alberto Alvaro Rios, Advice to a First Cousin 408 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 408 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 408 Louise Erdrich, Jacklight 409 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 409 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Literary-Tradition-as-Context Essays 410 Troubleshooting 412 Literary Tradition-Focused Writing Exercises HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS 414 PLANNING IDEAS 414 TIMES, PLACES, AND EVENTS 415 Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS 415 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 415 Irving Layton, From Colony to Nation 416 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 416

20 xxiii Mary Jo Salter, Welcome to Hiroshima 416 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 416 Dwight Okita, Notes for a Poem on Being Asian American 417 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417 Donald Justice, Children Walking Home from School through Good Neighborhood 417 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417 Claude McKay, America 417 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 418 Langston Hughes, Harlem (A Dream Deferred) 418 Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass 418 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 418 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 419 Mbuyiseni Oswald Mtshali, Boy on a Swing 419 Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain 419 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 420 Wilfred Owen, Duke et Decorum Est 421 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 421 Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham 421 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 421 Ai, Riot Act, April 29, QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 422 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 422 CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY, EXPLORING GENDER 423 V Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 423 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424 Richard Lovelace, Song: To Lucasta, Going to the Wars 424 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424 Isaac Rosenberg, Break of Day in the Trenches 424 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424 Edgar A. Guest, The Things That Make a Soldier Great 425 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 425 Wilfred Owen, Disabled 425 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 425 Paulette Jiles, Paper Matches 426 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 426 Marge Piercy, What's That Smell in the Kitchen? 426 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 426 Elizabeth, When I Was Fair and Young 427 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 427 Kay Smith, Annunciation 427

21 xxiv CONTENTS Edna St. Vincent Millay, [Women have loved before as I love now] 428 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 428 Aphra Behn, To the Fair Clarinda, Who Made Love to Me, Imagined More Than Woman 429 Liz Rosenberg, The Silence of Women 429 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 429 Sharon Olds, The Elder Sister 430 Elizabeth Bishop, Exchanging Hats 430 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 430 Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Changeling 430 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 430 Amy Lowell, The Lonely Wife 431 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 431 Elizabeth Spires, The Bodies 431 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 431 Marilyn Hacker, [Who would divorce her lover...] 432 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 432 Ha Jin, The Past 432 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 432 Diane Wakoski, The Ring of Irony 433 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 433 Edna St. Vincent Millay, [I, being born a woman and distressed] 433 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 434 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Cultural Context CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A POETRY CASEBOOK 437 PLANNING IDEAS 437 Sylvia Plath, Daddy 438 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 439 George Steiner, Dying Is an Art 439 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 440 Irving Howe, The Plath Celebration: A Partial Dissent 440 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 441 A. Alvarez, Sylvia Plath 441 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 442 Judith Kroll, Rituals of Exorcism: "Daddy" 443 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 443 Mary Lynn Broe, FROM Protean Poetic 443 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 444 Margaret Homans, FROM A Feminine Tradition 444 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 444 Pamela J. Annas, FROM A Disturbance in Mirrors 445

22 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 445 Steven Gould Axelrod, Jealous Gods 446 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 446 GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE LITERARY CRITICISM 447 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Critical Context 448 Troubleshooting 450 Critical Context-Focused Writing Exercises THE PROCESS OF CREATION 454 PLANNING IDEAS 455 John Keats [Bright Star! would I were steadfast as thou art!] 455 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 456 To Autumn 456 Alexander Pope, Ode on Solitude 457 Emily Dickinson, [Safe in their Alabaster Chambers ] 458 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 458 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about the Process of Creation 459 Troubleshooting 460 Evaluating Poetry 461 PLANNING IDEAS 461 Irving Layton, Street Funeral 462 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 463 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 463 Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 463 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 464 Emily Dickinson, [The Brain is wider than the Sky ] 464 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 464 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING POETRY 464 Evaluative Essays 464 Troubleshooting 466 Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 467 A Sample Analysis 468 Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 468 Reading More Poetry 474 W. H. Auden, In Memory ofw. B. Yeats 474 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 474 Hart Crane, To Emily Dickinson 474

23 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 474 H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), Helen 475 John Donne The Canonization 475 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 476 [Death be not proud, though some have called thee] 477 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 477 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 478 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 478 Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy 479 Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken 479 Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush 480 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 480 Gerard Manley Hopkins God's Grandeur 480 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 480 The Windhover 481 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 481 Andrew Marvell, On a Drop of Dew 482 John Milton, Lycidas 482 Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus 483 Ezra Pound, The Garden 484 Wallace Stevens The Emperor of Ice-Cream 484 Sunday Morning 485 Walt Whitman, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed 486 William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintem Abbey W. B. Yeats, Easter Teaching Drama 490 Drama: Reading, Responding, Writing 492 Susan Glaspell, Trifles 492 PLANNING IDEAS 492 COMMENTARY 493 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 493 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 494 David Ives, Sure Thing 495 PLANNING IDEAS 495 COMMENTARY 495

24 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 496 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 497 Understanding the Text 498 Lillian Hellman, The Little Foxes 498 PLANNING IDEAS 498 COMMENTARY 498 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 501 SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 502 Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion 502 PLANNING IDEAS 502 COMMENTARY 504 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 508 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 509 Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler 509 PLANNING IDEAS 509 COMMENTARY 510 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 512 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 513 William Shakespeare, Hamlet 514 PLANNING IDEAS 514 COMMENTARY 515 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 518 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 520 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT 520 Essays 520 Exploring Contexts THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: ANTON CHEKHOV 524 The Bear 525 PLANNING IDEAS 525 COMMENTARY 525 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 527 On the Injurious Effects of Tobacco 527 PLANNING IDEAS 527 COMMENTARY 527 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 529 The Cherry Orchard 530 PLANNING IDEAS 530 COMMENTARY 530 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 534 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 535 Passages from Letters 536

25 xxviii CONTENTS QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 536 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays on the Author's Work as Context 536 Troubleshooting 537 Author's Work as Context-Focused Writing Exercises LITERARY CONTEXT: TRAGEDY AND COMEDY 540 Sophocles, Oedipus the King 540 PLANNING IDEAS 540 COMMENTARY 541 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 543 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 544 Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest 545 PLANNING IDEAS 545 COMMENTARY 546 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 549 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 550 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Literary Context CULTURE AS CONTEXT: SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING 553 Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun 554 PLANNING IDEAS 554 COMMENTARY 555 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 559 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 561 Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 561 PLANNING IDEAS 561 COMMENTARY 562 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 565 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 566 COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS ON A RAISIN IN THE SUN AND DEATH OF A SALESMAN 567 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Cultural Context 567 Troubleshooting 568 Cultural Context-Focused Writing Exercises CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A DRAMA CASEBOOK 571 PLANNING IDEAS 571 Sophocles, Antigone 573 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 574 Richard C. Jebb, FROM The Antigone of Sophocles 576 Maurice Bowra, FROM Sophoclean Tragedy 576 Bernard Knox, Introduction to Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays 576 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 576

26 George Steiner, FROM Antigones 577 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 578 Martha C. Nussbaum, FROM The Fragility of Goodness 579 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 579 Rebecca W. Bushnell, FROM Prophesying Tragedy 580 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 580 Mary Whitlock Blundell, FROM Helping Friends and Harming Enemies 580 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 581 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER Essays about Critical Context 581 Troubleshooting 582 Critical Context-Focused Writing Exercises 583 Evaluating Drama 587 Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire 587 PLANNING IDEAS 587 COMMENTARY 589 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 591 William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream 593 PLANNING IDEAS 593 COMMENTARY 593 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 594 SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 594 READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING DRAMA 595 Evaluative Essays 595 Troubleshooting; Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 596