The metonymy of logical metonymy
|
|
- Maurice James
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The metonymy of logical metonymy analyzing real language data
2 What is logical metonymy? Mary began the book Mary began reading (/writing) Mary finished the book Mary finished reading (/writing) John enjoyed the sandwich John enjoyed eating [the sandwich]
3 Defining logical metonymy (I) Pustejovsky 1991: 425 ( Pustejovsky 1989: xxii) Roughly, logical metonymy occurs when a logical argument (i.e. subpart) of a semantic type that is selected by some function denotes the semantic type itself. Godard & Jayéz 1993: 168 a phrase of type o (object) is coerced to a phrase of type e (event) under the influence of the predicate
4 Defining logical metonymy (II) Pustejovsky 1991:425, 1995:54 Although superficial similar to cases of general metonymy (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1982, Nunberg 1978), there is an interesting systematicity to such shifts that we will try to characterize below as logical metonymy. Nunberg 1996: 116 (=1995) The availability of transfer for common nouns, adjectives, and the rest is what underlies the pattern of lexical alternation that go by the names of regular polysemy, systematic polysemy, logical metonymy, and the like.
5 What is logical metonymy? (III) Verspoor 1997: This phenomenon involves the use of a noun phrase to suggest an event associated with that noun phrase it is metonymy (e.g. Nunberg 1978) in the sense that one phrase is used for another (the noun phrase in place of the full eventive verb phrase) and, under the analysis I will adopt, logical in that it is triggered by type requirements which a verb places onto its arguments (in the examples above, the verb requires an eventive complement).
6 VP-NP or object-event shifts? 2003:1 logical metonymy, that is, constructions in which the argument of a word in syntax appears to be different from that argument in logical form (cf. also Egg 2003:163) Lapata/Lascarides 2003: enjoy a lecture enjoy attending it enjoy giving it enjoy a marriage enjoy going to it enjoy participating in it
7 VP-NP?? metonymy primarily relates to meaning (form differences are by-effects) if l.m. is a VP-NP shift it cannot be a missing event that induces the shift beyond English: In other languages (Dutch and German) a gerund VP is an NP!!!
8 Logical metonymy: object instead of event event required by matrix verb object and event metonymically related metonymical pattern (Ruiz de Mendoza/Pérez 2001): OBJECT FOR ACTION WHERE THE OBJECT IS INVOLVED IN - Mary began the book - Mary finished the book - Mary enjoyed the book (maybe also event-event?)
9 Pustejovsky 1991 & 1995 Metonymical interpretation on the basis of a semantic representation of the noun: qualia structure book(x) CONST = {text, paper,...} FORMAL = physobj(x) TELIC = read(p,y,x) AGENTIVE = write(t,w,x) sandwich(x) CONST = {bread,...} FORMAL = physobj(x) TELIC = eat(p,y,x) AGENTIVE = artefact(x) The noun coerces into an event The coercion is constrained (underlying event structure)
10 Advantages of such a generative lexicon explains where interpretation / metonymical link comes from incorporates encyclopedic knowledge into the lexicon is thus also compatible with more cognitive linguistic accounts it can be used to explain other phenomena the meaning of the matrix verb remains stable
11 Linguistic evidence against coercion (Godard & Jayez 1993) relativization: anaphora: coordination: Jan begon aan een boek dat erg dik was *Jan begon aan een boek dat twee uur duurde John began his book at ten and put it away at eleven */?John began his book at ten and didn t stop it till 11 Il a commencé et finalement mangé le saumon Er aß und genoss den Lachs Hij heeft het beeld voltooid en vond het prachtig
12 Qualia structure vs. Context & Convention The role of context (Lascarides/Copestake 1998) Mary begins the book (Mary = a goat) I enjoyed the book you gave me (of marzipan) The role of convention (Verspoor 1997) differences between finish, begin (on) & enjoy more agentive than telic roles for finish & begin only +/- 20 nouns which are used metonymic
13 Problems, problems, problems is logical metonymy actually an instance of metonymy? and if so, how does the involved metonymy work? which verbs do allow such constructions? do all these verbs work in a similar way? HOW ABOUT REAL LANGUAGE?????
14 Need for more data 1. almost all research on English (Godard/Jayez 1993, Pustejovsky/Boullion 1996, Horacek 1996) 2. real data hardly ever taken into account only 3 corpus studies: Briscoe et al 1990 Verspoor 1997 Lapata & Lascarides 2003
15 In sum, what needs to be done: more precise analysis of involved metonymy analyzing similarities/differences between verbs analyzing similarities/differences between languages (Dutch, German) taking real language data into account (!)
16 English verbs attempt begin choose complete continue endure enjoy expect fear finish master miss postpone prefer resist regret savor start survive try want Copestake/Briscoe 1996, McElree et al 2001, McElree et al 2006, Lapata/Lascarides 2003, Pustejovksy 1995, Ruiz de Mendoza/Perez 2001
17 Dutch and German data: translation of the English verbs more synonyms related verbs around 50 verbs for each language non-eventive direct objects (Google) analyzing corpus examples dictionaries: metonymy on event/object complements
18 XL differences: English-Dutch-German Gerund = an eventive noun he enjoyed reading = er genoss das Lesen Direct Object vs. Prepositional complement begin : Dutch: beginnen + DO/aan/met German: anfangen + DO/mit, beginnen + DO/mit enjoy : Dutch: genieten van German: genießen + DO
19 PPcomplements for begin 1. Mary began (on) the book 2. Marie begon (aan) het boek 3. Maria hat (mit dem/) das Buch angefangen (cf. Horacek 1996:123) 1. Mary began with the book, and then 2. Marie begon met het boek, en daarna [cf. e.g. third meaning of begin in Cobuild online & Honselaar 1980:148]
20 The difference between DO/on-aan Verspoor 1997:191 I propose that this structure [i.e. begin on-x] indicates only that something is being done with the NP object, leaving a more specific interpretation to be established using contextual information. Honselaar 1980:153 In tegenstelling tot gebeuren-aanduidende woorden die tot nu toe behandeld zijn [...] biedt een representatie d.m.v. AAN X de mogelijkheid om allerlei substantiva en pronomina te gebruiken;
21 begin : optional/obligatory PPc.? 1. Mary began (on) the book 2. Marie begon (aan) het boek 3. Maria hat (mit dem/) das Buch angefangen (cf. Horacek 1996:123) 1. Mary began (on) the soup. 2. Marie begon aan de soep. 3. Maria hat mit der Suppe angefangen.
22 Similar difference without PP 1. Mary finished the book. 2. Marie beëindigde het boek. 3. Maria hat das Buch beendet. (Cf. Horacek 1996:122) 1. Mary finished the beer. 2. *Marie beëindigde het biertje. 3. *Maria hat das Bier beendet. (cf. Horacek 1996:110)
23 Explanation: particle verbs? finish a beer bier opdrinken Bier austrinken finish a cigarette sigaret oproken Zigarette aufrauchen BUT: finish a book boek beëindigen/uitlezen Buch beenden/auslesen hierarchy: books/food/drinks/cigarettes?
24 Equivalents of to finish Dutch: beëindigen eindigen met voltooien afmaken German: beenden/beendigen vollenden fertig stellen afmaken/fertig stellen: can only be combined with to make ready concrete objects! How about voltooien/vollenden?
25 Continuum reflected in corpus data all kinds of events combined with beëindigen/beenden (sometimes concrete objects instead) some events combined with voltooien/vollenden (e.g. building but not writing) only very specific events combined with afmaken/fertig stellen (by default concrete thing)
26 English verb classes I. eventive verbs / phase verbs II. III. begin, complete, continue, finish, postpone, start evaluative verbs / emotive verbs choose, endure, enjoy, expect, fear, prefer, regret, savour, want in-between / rest category (information on both) attempt, master, miss, resist, survive, try
27 Do all verbs work the same? John began a/the beer John wants a/the beer John chose a/the beer John enjoyed a/the beer drinking to drink to drink drinking? to have? to have John enjoyed the taste of the beer John began a/the book John chose a/the book John wants a/the book John enjoyed a/the book reading to read to read reading? to have? to have
28 Interpretation based on qualia structure? same shift for all direct objects: ik wil een biertje / een auto / een mooi huis (= having) and even similar for event shifts ik wens een auto / een fijn leven unclear or several activities die Sonne genießen; ihre Traumwohnung vollenden not by telic/agentive role qualia structure Terroristen bekämpfen, van je kleinkinderen genieten
29 Data conclusions non-homogeneous group of verbs the specificity of the inferred activity varies some verbs need one activity for all nouns nonmetonymical construction can be impossible qualia structure cannot very well explain the data the relevance of the logical shift is arguable
30 An alternative cognitive linguistic proposal what is metonymy? how does the involved metonymy in (each of the) examples of logical metonymy work? having a close look at the verb semantics
31 Defining conceptual metonymy Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the domain (Kövecses/Radden 1998:39) mental access / conceptual mapping real world relationship = within one domain highlighting parts of a conceptual structure (Croft 1993) metonymy = highlighting a part of a conceptual structure
32 Metonymical polysemy SCHOOL institution people lessons building cf. Moerdijk 1989
33 Metonymical polysemy SCHOOL institution lessons people building The school has run out of money The whole school has a day off The school is on fire I will meet you after school cf. Moerdijk 1989 Certain semantic traits of a concept are highlighted
34 Metonymical polysemy SCHOOL institution lessons people building The school has run out of money The whole school has a day off The school is on fire I will meet you after school cf. Moerdijk 1989 Certain semantic traits of a concept are highlighted
35 Metonymical polysemy SCHOOL institution lessons people building The school has run out of money The whole school has a day off The school is on fire I will meet you after school cf. Moerdijk 1989 Certain semantic traits of a concept are highlighted
36 Metonymical polysemy SCHOOL institution lessons people building The school has run out of money The whole school has a day off The school is on fire I will meet you after school cf. Moerdijk 1989 Certain semantic traits of a concept are highlighted
37 Examples of classical metonymies I am reading Shakespeare READ AUTHOR -writes books BOOK -written by author The ham sandwich is waiting for its check restaurant context ORDER -for a client CLIENT -orders food
38 The metonymy of logical metonymy metonymy = highlighting parts of a conceptual structure (one conceptual entity gives access to another) How does this highlighting phenomenon work in case of logical metonymy? How do we know how semantic/conceptual structures look like? Frame Semantics (
39 ( Mary began reading
40 A representation for logical metonymy: MAIN STRUCTURE 1 lexical unit Core Element (CE)1 CE2 (agent) (activity) possible outcome STR. 2 lexical unit CE1 CE2
41 A representation for logical metonymy: highlighting parts of (embedded) struct. MAIN ACTIVITY_START STRUCTURE 1 lexical begin unit Core Element (CE)1 CE2 (agent) (activity) STR. 2 ACTIVITY possible begin reading/to outcome read (2) begin reading the book (2+2.2) begin the book (2.1) lexical read unit CE1 CE2 (reader = agent1) (text) book
42 English verb class I I. eventive verbs / phase verbs FRAMES: begin, complete, continue, finish, postpone, start Activity_Start(begin, start) Activity_Ongoing structure (continue) Activity_Stop / Activity_finish (finish, complete) Change_Event_time structure (postpone)
43 English verb class III III. in-between / rest category (information on both) FRAMES Surviving (survive) attempt, master, miss, resist, survive, try Core Elements: survivor & dangerous situation Attempt (attempt, try) Core Elements: agent & goal (= what the Agent attempts to achieve )
44 I have survived the airplane
45 A representation for surviving the plane MAIN STRUCTURE 1 lexical unit survive SURVIVING Core Element (CE)1 CE2 (agent) (dangerous situation) STR. 2 lexical unit RIDE_VEHICLE [flying] CE1 CE2 airplane
46 English verb class II II. evaluative verbs / emotive verbs choose, endure, enjoy, expect, fear, prefer, regret, savour, want FRAMES Desiring (desire) Preference (prefer) Choosing (choose) Expectation (expect) Experiencer_Subj (enjoy, fear, regret, savour)
47 John enjoyed eating / the sandwich
48 A representation for: to enjoy a sandwich MAIN STR. 1 lexical unit EXPERIENCER_SUBJ enjoy Element 1 Element 2 (experiencer) (experience) STR. 2 EXPERIENCE possible enjoy eating outcome / to eat enjoy eating the sandw. enjoy the sandwich eat Element 1 Element2 (ingestor/exp.) (ingestibles) sandwich
49 Logical metonymy An analysis of highlighted element of embedded frame: explains the involved metonymy has no problems with event-event shifts (events can also be highlighted elements) restricts the metonymy only Core Elements can be highlighted there must be highlighting involved (afmaken, fertigstellen) can deal with the continuum of cases specificity CE2: not just any event is needed
50 Other Logical metonymies Van Dale Groot Woordenboek 14: objectsverwisseling: 1 (taalkunde) bepaalde vorm van metonymie: verwisseling van het oorspronkelijke object bij een werkwoord door een ander object (dat, naar de betekenis, lokaal, causaal of temporeel met het oorspronkelijke is verbonden), bv. een gesprek onderbreken > iemand onderbreken = highlighting of the 1st Core Element!
51 Solution for: AGENT-ACTIVITY He interrupted her/her talk MAIN STR. lexical unit Core Element 1 Core E. 2 (agent) (event) possible interrupt outcome a/the talk interrupt his/her talk interrupt him/her INTERRUPT_EVENT interrupt EMBEDDED STR. lexical unit EVENT Element 1 (agent) talk he/she
52 Solution for difficult, vague cases MAIN STR. lexical unit EXPERIENCER_SUBJ enjoy Element 1 Element 2 (experiencer) (experienced content) STRUCT. 2 EXPERIENCE possible enjoy the sun outcome Element 1 Element2 (agent/exp.) (exposed content) sun
53 Solution for specific contexts Mary (my goat) began the book MAIN ACTIVITY_START STRUCTURE 1 lexical begin unit Core Element (CE)1 (agent) Mary (the goat) CE2 (activity) CE1 (reader = agent1) EMB. ACTIVITY STR. 2 lexical nibbling read unit CE2 (text) book
54 PPcomplement is important Some of these verbs are intransitive (always PP) doorgaan met, treuren om, hopen op, ophouden met, genieten van weitermachen mit, trauern um/über, hoffen auf, aufhören mit, bangen um Some verbs use PPcomplements in some cases beginnen (aan), starten (met), verlangen (naar) anfangen (mit), starten (mit), verlangen (nach)
55 Conclusions Logical metonymy = metonymically used constituents interpreted as some event highlighting Core Elements within (combined/embedded) Frame, explains: non-homogeneous group of verbs AGENT-ACTIVITY shifts blocking defaults because of context tool to describe XLdifferences PPcomplements often mark logical metonymies (not only DOs)
Metonymy Determining the Type of the Direct Object
Metonymy Determining the Type of the Direct Object Josefien Sweep (J.Sweep@uva.nl / josefien.sweep@inl.nl) ACLC at the University of Amsterdam, Spuistraat 210 Amsterdam, 1012 VT, Netherlands INL (Institute
More informationOn the Ontological Basis for Logical Metonymy:
Page 1: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. On the Ontological Basis for : Telic Roles and WORDNET Sandiway Fong NEC Research Institute Princeton NJ USA Eventive verb enjoy: Mary enjoyed the party Mary enjoyed dancing
More informationThe Cognitive Nature of Metonymy and Its Implications for English Vocabulary Teaching
The Cognitive Nature of Metonymy and Its Implications for English Vocabulary Teaching Jialing Guan School of Foreign Studies China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221008, China Tel: 86-516-8399-5687
More informationMetonymy without a referential shift
Metonymy without a referential shift Adding evidence to the discussion* Josefien Sweep University of Amsterdam 1. Introduction This paper addresses the question whether metonymy is necessarily paired with
More informationMetonymy in Grammar: Word-formation. Laura A. Janda Universitetet i Tromsø
Metonymy in Grammar: Word-formation Laura A. Janda Universitetet i Tromsø Main Idea Role of metonymy in grammar Metonymy as the main motivating force for word-formation Metonymy is more diverse in grammar
More informationMetonymy Research in Cognitive Linguistics. LUO Rui-feng
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, March 2018, Vol. 8, No. 3, 445-451 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2018.03.013 D DAVID PUBLISHING Metonymy Research in Cognitive Linguistics LUO Rui-feng Shanghai International
More information6 tenses. 6 tijden mix. Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect
6 tenses 6 tijden mix Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect SirPalsrok @meestergijs Present simple Past simple Present Perfect Past Perfect Pres.Continuous
More informationIntroduction It is now widely recognised that metonymy plays a crucial role in language, and may even be more fundamental to human speech and cognitio
Introduction It is now widely recognised that metonymy plays a crucial role in language, and may even be more fundamental to human speech and cognition than metaphor. One of the benefits of the use of
More informationNon-literal Language Use and Coordination in Dialogue
Non-literal Language Use and Coordination in Dialogue Josef Meyer-Fujara and Hannes Rieser Fachhochschule Stralsund, Zur Schwedenschanze 15, 18435 Stralsund e-mail: josef.meyer-fujara@fh-stralsund.de Universität
More informationTHE ONOMASIOLOGICAL SIDE OF METONYMY
THE ONOMASIOLOGICAL SIDE OF METONYMY Josefien Sweep 1 Metonymy in literary theory and in linguistics Wim Honselaar s career has not only benefited from his talent for finding and analysing linguistic data
More informationA Cognitive Account of the Lexical Polysemy of Chinese Kai Flora Yu-Fang Wang Graduate Institute of English, National Taiwan Normal University
A Cognitive Account of the Lexical Polysemy of Chinese Kai Flora Yu-Fang Wang Graduate Institute of English, National Taiwan Normal University Abstract Since polysemy has multiple but related senses, finding
More informationParticles, adpositions and cases: a unified analysis
Particles, adpositions and cases: a unified analysis Anna Asbury & Berit Gehrke 1 Introduction Aim to show that (i) verbal prefixes, particles, adpositions (pre-/postpositions), and cases belong to one
More informationThe FOFC asymmetry: a layered derivation perspective
The FOFC asymmetry: a layered derivation perspective Jan-Wouter Zwart University of Groningen Theoretical Approaches to Disharmonic Word Orders, Newcastle, June 1, 2009 KEYNOTES! elements merged may be
More informationRepeated measures ANOVA
Repeated measures ANOVA Pronoun interpretation in direct and indirect speech 07-05-2013 1 Franziska Köder Seminar in Methodology and Statistics, May 23, 2013 24-10-2012 2 Overview 1. Experimental design
More information(The) most in Dutch: Definiteness and Specificity. Koen Roelandt CRISSP, KU Leuven HUBrussel
(The) most in Dutch: Definiteness and Specificity Koen Roelandt CRISSP, KU Leuven HUBrussel koen.roelandt@hubrussel.be 1 Introduction (1) Jan heeft de meeste bergen beklommen. John has thepl.masc. most
More informationIntroduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Class 3 Semantic Relations
Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Class 3 Semantic Relations Dylan Glynn dglynn@univ-paris8.fr Semantic Relations Semantic Intention What do you want to say How do you choose to say it? When you
More informationBas C. van Fraassen, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2008.
Bas C. van Fraassen, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2008. Reviewed by Christopher Pincock, Purdue University (pincock@purdue.edu) June 11, 2010 2556 words
More informationUnderstanding the Cognitive Mechanisms Responsible for Interpretation of Idioms in Hindi-Urdu
= Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 19:1 January 2019 India s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 Understanding the Cognitive Mechanisms
More informationClusters and Correspondences. A comparison of two exploratory statistical techniques for semantic description
Clusters and Correspondences. A comparison of two exploratory statistical techniques for semantic description Dylan Glynn University of Leuven RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics Aim
More informationIntroduction: Metonymy across languages *
5 Klaus-Uwe Panther and Linda L. Thornburg Hamburg University Department of English and American Studies Hamburg Introduction: Metonymy across languages * Background and motivation of the special issue
More informationConnectionist Language Processing. Lecture 12: Modeling the Electrophysiology of Language II
Connectionist Language Processing Lecture 12: Modeling the Electrophysiology of Language II Matthew W. Crocker crocker@coli.uni-sb.de Harm Brouwer brouwer@coli.uni-sb.de Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
More informationIntroduction. 1 See e.g. Lakoff & Turner (1989); Gibbs (1994); Steen (1994); Freeman (1996);
Introduction The editorial board hopes with this special issue on metaphor to illustrate some tendencies in current metaphor research. In our Call for papers we had originally signalled that we wanted
More informationLanguage and Mind Prof. Rajesh Kumar Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Language and Mind Prof. Rajesh Kumar Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module - 07 Lecture - 32 Sentence CP in Subjects and Object Positions Let us look
More informationRe-appraising the role of alternations in construction grammar: the case of the conative construction
Re-appraising the role of alternations in construction grammar: the case of the conative construction Florent Perek Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Université de Lille 3 florent.perek@gmail.com
More informationBarbara Tversky. using space to represent space and meaning
Barbara Tversky using space to represent space and meaning Prologue About public representations: About public representations: Maynard on public representations:... The example of sculpture might suggest
More informationThe Philosophy of Man : Linguo-Cognitive Approach
The Philosophy of Man : Linguo-Cognitive Approach Heghine Ts. Isahakyan PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Shirak State University, Armenia ABSTRACT J. Fowles is an outstanding
More informationMetonymy and Metaphor in Cross-media Semantic Interplay
Metonymy and Metaphor in Cross-media Semantic Interplay The COSMOROE Framework & Annotated Corpus Katerina Pastra Institute for Language & Speech Processing ATHENA Research Center Athens, Greece kpastra@ilsp.gr
More informationJohn Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Structure Preserved. Studies in syntax for Jan Koster. Edited by Jan-Wouter Zwart and Mark de Vries. This electronic file may not be altered
More informationomplex types n the (morphologically) omplex Lexicon
omplex types n the (morphologically) omplex Lexicon lisabetta Jezek (University of Pavia) hiara Melloni (University of Verona) L2009 isa, ILC, Sept. 17-19 2009 tline Inherent polysemy of Action Nominals
More informationPolysemy and co-predication. For: Glossa: A journal of general linguistics
Polysemy and co-predication For: Glossa: A journal of general linguistics Marina Ortega Andrés & Agustín Vicente 1 Abstract Many word forms in natural language are polysemous, but only some of them allow
More informationIntroduction to WordNet, HowNet, FrameNet and ConceptNet
Introduction to WordNet, HowNet, FrameNet and ConceptNet Zi Lin the Department of Chinese Language and Literature August 31, 2017 Zi Lin (PKU) Intro to Ontologies August 31, 2017 1 / 25 WordNet Begun in
More informationKeeping an eye on the data: metonymies and their patterns *
Keeping an eye on the data: metonymies and their patterns * Martin Hilpert Abstract 0 This paper outlines a corpus-based method for the analysis of metonymic expressions based on a series of quantitative
More informationIntroduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Class 4 Semantic Relations and Semantic Features
Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Class 4 Semantic Relations and Semantic Features Dylan Glynn dsg.up8@gmail.com Revision - Polysemy Linguistic Test Exercise In Groups, take the lexeme run in English
More informationLecture 13: Chapter 10: Semantics
Lecture 13: Chapter 10: Semantics Lecturer: Haifa Alroqi Introduction to Linguistics - LANE 321 Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Conceptual & associative
More informationLA CAFÉ. 25 August Could I designate a person to set ipad timer for 9:50 every Monday 8A and 10:42 8B?
LA CAFÉ 25 August 2014 Could I designate a person to set ipad timer for 9:50 every Monday 8A and 10:42 8B? Appetizer: DGP Week 3 Monday Please identify parts of speech including nouns (be as specific as
More informationvragen en ontkenningen
questions & negations SirPalsrok @meestergijs Are tigers dangerous animals? Is a tiger a carnivore? Can a tiger weigh more than 1,000 pounds? Should you be careful when you see a tiger? Do you have a tiger
More informationGenerating Polysemy: Metaphor and Metonymy
Generating Polysemy: Metaphor and Metonymy Renate Bartsch, Department of Philosophy, ILLC, University of Amsterdam In this paper I want to show why metaphor and metonymy are, on the one hand side, two
More informationTamar Sovran Scientific work 1. The study of meaning My work focuses on the study of meaning and meaning relations. I am interested in the duality of
Tamar Sovran Scientific work 1. The study of meaning My work focuses on the study of meaning and meaning relations. I am interested in the duality of language: its precision as revealed in logic and science,
More informationThe Study of Motion Event Model and Cognitive Mechanism of English Fictive Motion Expressions of Access Paths
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 2258-2264, November 2014 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.11.2258-2264 The Study of Motion Event Model and Cognitive
More informationAN INSIGHT INTO CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF METAPHOR
Jeļena Tretjakova RTU Daugavpils filiāle, Latvija AN INSIGHT INTO CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF METAPHOR Abstract The perception of metaphor has changed significantly since the end of the 20 th century. Metaphor
More informationOn the Subjectivity of Translator During Translation Process From the Viewpoint of Metaphor
Studies in Literature and Language Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, pp. 54-58 DOI:10.3968/7370 ISSN 1923-1555[Print] ISSN 1923-1563[Online] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org On the Subjectivity of Translator During
More informationEmbodied music cognition and mediation technology
Embodied music cognition and mediation technology Briefly, what it is all about: Embodied music cognition = Experiencing music in relation to our bodies, specifically in relation to body movements, both
More informationThe Interconnectedness Principle and the Semiotic Analysis of Discourse. Marcel Danesi University of Toronto
The Interconnectedness Principle and the Semiotic Analysis of Discourse Marcel Danesi University of Toronto A large portion of human intellectual and social life is based on the production, use, and exchange
More information! Japanese: a wh-in-situ language. ! Taroo-ga [ DP. ! Taroo-ga [ CP. ! Wh-words don t move. Islands don t matter.
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Episode 12b. Phases, relative clauses, and LF (ch. 10) Islands and phases, summary from last time! Sentences are chunked into phases as they are built up. Phases are CP and DP.! A feature
More informationReply to Romero and Soria
Reply to Romero and Soria François Recanati To cite this version: François Recanati. Reply to Romero and Soria. Maria-José Frapolli. Saying, Meaning, and Referring: Essays on François Recanati s Philosophy
More information1. PSEUDO-IMPERATIVES IN ENGLISH Characterization.
Pseudo-imperatives: A Case Study in the Ascription of Discourse Relations Michael Franke Universiteit van Amsterdam, ILLC 28 th Annual Meeting DGfS Bielefeld, 23.2.2006 1.1. Characterization. 1. PSEUDO-IMPERATIVES
More informationEventiveness in Agentive Nominals
GL2007 May 10, 2007 Eventiveness in Agentive Nominals Naoyuki Ono Tohoku University Outline 1. We first review two approaches to the semantics of agentive nominals. Rappaport Hovav and Levin (1992) and
More informationBBLAN24500 Angol mondattan szem. / English Syntax seminar BBK What are the Hungarian equivalents of the following linguistic terms?
BBLAN24500 Angol mondattan szem. / English Syntax seminar BBK 2017 Handout 1 (1) a. Fiúk szőke szaladgálnak b. Szőke szaladgálnak fiúk c. Szőke fiúk szaladgálnak d. Fiúk szaladgálnak szőke (2) a. Thelma
More informationHandout 3 Verb Phrases: Types of modifier. Modifier Maximality Principle Non-head constituents are maximal projections, i.e., phrases (XPs).
Handout 3 Verb Phrases: Types of modifier Modifier Maximality Principle Non-head constituents are maximal projections, i.e., phrases (XPs). Compare buy and put: (1) a. John will buy the book on Tuesday.
More informationSentences and prediction Jonathan R. Brennan. Introduction to Neurolinguistics, LSA2017 1
Sentences and prediction Jonathan R. Brennan Introduction to Neurolinguistics, LSA2017 1 Grant et al. 2004 2 3 ! Agenda»! Incremental prediction in sentence comprehension and the N400» What information
More informationRestructuring restructuring: explaining long passive phenomena in Dutch. Jan-Wouter Zwart University of Groningen
Restructuring restructuring: explaining long passive phenomena in Dutch Jan-Wouter Zwart University of Groningen Amsterdam/Leuven verb clusters workshop, Amsterdam, May 29, 2015 1. Introduction! Long passive
More informationA picture of the grammar. Sense and Reference. A picture of the grammar. A revised picture. Foundations of Semantics LING 130 James Pustejovsky
A picture of the grammar Sense and Reference Foundations of Semantics LING 130 James Pustejovsky Thanks to Dan Wedgewood of U. Edinburgh for use of some slides grammar context SYNTAX SEMANTICS PRAGMATICS
More informationSemantic Analysis in Language Technology
Spring 2017 Semantic Analysis in Language Technology Word Senses Gintare Grigonyte gintare@ling.su.se Department of Linguistics Stockholm University, Sweden Acknowledgements Most slides borrowed from:
More informationSOL Testing Targets Sentence Formation/Grammar/Mechanics
SOL Testing Targets Sentence Formation/Grammar/Mechanics For the Virginia Writing SOL tests, all surface features of writing are in one large domain the usage/mechanics domain. As a result, the list of
More informationOn Recanati s Mental Files
November 18, 2013. Penultimate version. Final version forthcoming in Inquiry. On Recanati s Mental Files Dilip Ninan dilip.ninan@tufts.edu 1 Frege (1892) introduced us to the notion of a sense or a mode
More informationThe Influence of Chinese and Western Culture on English-Chinese Translation
International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science Vol. 7 No. 3 April 2019 The Influence of Chinese and Western Culture on English-Chinese Translation Yingying Zhou China West Normal University,
More informationIntro to Pragmatics (Fox/Menéndez-Benito) 10/12/06. Questions 1
Questions 1 0. Questions and pragmatics Why look at questions in a pragmatics class? where there are questions, there are, fortunately, also answers. And a satisfactory theory of interrogatives will have
More informationKey - Worksheet 3 Linguistics Eng B
Key - Worksheet 3 Linguistics Eng B yntax, semantics, and pragmatics 1. Draw tree diagrams and provide rewrite rules for the following: a. The boy devoured the sandwich. P V P The boys devoured the sandwich
More informationOn Meaning. language to establish several definitions. We then examine the theories of meaning
Aaron Tuor Philosophy of Language March 17, 2014 On Meaning The general aim of this paper is to evaluate theories of linguistic meaning in terms of their success in accounting for definitions of meaning
More informationMETAPHOR Lecture Material Master Program in Literature Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia
METAPHOR Lecture Material Master Program in Literature Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia by Tommy Christomy (tsx60@yahoo.com) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008
More informationTHE TRUMPET PUT ME IN A BAD MOOD: SOME REMARKS ON THE MECHANISM OF METONYMY IN CURRENT LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Z E S Z Y T Y N A U K O W E UNIWERSYTETU RZESZOWSKIEGO SERIA FILOLOGICZNA ZESZYT 47/2007 STUDIA ANGLICA RESOVIENSIA 4 Grzegorz A. KLEPARSKI, Beata KOPECKA THE TRUMPET PUT ME IN A BAD MOOD: SOME REMARKS
More informationThe Future Tenses. There are a number of ways to express that something happens in the future. These are the most frequently used options.
I. Theory. The Future Tenses There are a number of ways to express that something happens in the future. These are the most frequently used options. 1. The Future Tenses. a) Form. FUTURE SIMPLE I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY
More informationManifesto for Agile Software Development
Manifesto for Agile Software Development We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions
More informationCHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Review of Literature Putra (2013) in his paper entitled Figurative Language in Grace Nichol s Poem. The topic was chosen because a
More informationMetaphors: Concept-Family in Context
Marina Bakalova, Theodor Kujumdjieff* Abstract In this article we offer a new explanation of metaphors based upon Wittgenstein's notion of family resemblance and language games. We argue that metaphor
More informationMIDTERM EXAMINATION Spring 2010
ENG201- Business and Technical English Writing Latest Solved Mcqs from Midterm Papers May 08,2011 Lectures 1-22 Mc100401285 moaaz.pk@gmail.com Moaaz Siddiq Latest Mcqs MIDTERM EXAMINATION Spring 2010 ENG201-
More informationKnowledge Representation
7 Knowledge Representation 7.0 Issues in Knowledge Representation 7.1 A Brief History of AI Representational Systems 7.2 Conceptual Graphs: A Network Language 7.3 Alternatives to Explicit Representation
More informationSyntax 3. S-selection. S-selection. C-selection. S-selection (semantic selection) C-selection (categorial selection)
S-selection (semantic selection) Syntax 3 c-selection, s-selection, Text pg. 226-233 -bar ory not text Sandy kissed Kim Sandy skidded *Sandy kissed *Sandy skidded Kim!The oppion kissed Kim!The oppion skidded
More informationCitation Dynamis : ことばと文化 (2000), 4:
Title Interpretation of Poetry from the P Blending Author(s) Narawa, Chiharu Citation Dynamis : ことばと文化 (2000), 4: 112-124 Issue Date 2000-05-10 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/87658 Right Type Departmental
More informationVERB PATTERNS. Verb + Ving (avoid speaking) Verb + to inf (learn to speak) Verb + inf (I would rather speak)
VERB PATTERNS Verb + Ving (avoid speaking) Verb + to inf (learn to speak) Verb + inf (I would rather speak) GERUND, present participle or ing form Use Ving: As the subject of a sentence Smoking is bad
More informationWhat is Character? David Braun. University of Rochester. In "Demonstratives", David Kaplan argues that indexicals and other expressions have a
Appeared in Journal of Philosophical Logic 24 (1995), pp. 227-240. What is Character? David Braun University of Rochester In "Demonstratives", David Kaplan argues that indexicals and other expressions
More informationA lexical semantics for musical instrument nouns in Dutch
A lexical semantics for musical instrument nouns in Dutch Master Thesis Linguistics: the Study of the Language Faculty Author: Charlie Claessen Supervisor: Dr. Joost Zwarts Second reader: Dr. Rick Nouwen
More informationCover Photo: Burke/Triolo Productions/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
, Harvard English 59, Cover Photo: Burke/Triolo Productions/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images Updated ed. Textbooks NOTES ON THE RE-ISSUE AND UPDATE OF ENGLISH THROUGH PICTURES DESIGN FOR LEARNING These three
More informationBasic English. Robert Taggart
Basic English Robert Taggart Table of Contents To the Student.............................................. v Unit 1: Parts of Speech Lesson 1: Nouns............................................ 3 Lesson
More information1 The structure of this exercise
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2013 Extra credit: Trees are easy to draw Due by Thu Dec 19 1 The structure of this exercise Sentences like (1) have had a long history of being pains in the neck. Let s see why,
More informationModel: dgtvsm202. SmartMedia. SUPERSMART TV Upgrade. Quick Setup Guide. Please read these instructions carefully prior to installation
Model: dgtvsm202 SmartMedia SUPERSMART TV Upgrade Quick Setup Guide Please read these instructions carefully prior to installation 1 Verify the contents of the box. DE: FR: NL: Prüfen Sie den Inhalt der
More informationIs Evoking Negative Meanings the Unique Feature of Adjective Metaphors?
Is Evoking Negative Meanings the Unique Feature of Adjective Metaphors? Miho Sumihisa (m_sumihisa@edu.hc.uec.ac.jp) Department of Human Communication, The University of Electro-Communications Hiroya Tsukurimichi
More informationCurtis & Kevin. before gerunds
Grammar Sauce 2: Gerunds Curtis & Kevin before gerunds Grammar Sauce 2: What to expect... A basic explanation of gerunds Tips for teaching grammar through action Tips for setting up class activities for
More informationHello. I m Q-rex. Target Language. Phone Number :
One Hello. I m Q-rex. Target Language In my free time I like playing soccer and listening to music. If I drink coffee, I get a headache. Phone Number : 032-234-5678 LISTENING AND READING 1. Watch your
More informationLecture (04) CHALLENGING THE LITERAL
Lecture (04) CHALLENGING THE LITERAL Semiotics represents a challenge to the literal because it rejects the possibility that we can neutrally represent the way things are Rhetorical Tropes the rhetorical
More informationGERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 1.GERUNDS As a subject. Swimming is a good sport. As an object after certain verbs. Have you finished working? After prepositions and phrasal verbs. Before leaving home, she checked
More informationTitle asymmetries in vertical axis. Author(s) Otani, Naoki. 言語科学論集 = Papers in linguistic scien 115. Citation. Issue Date
Title The conceptual basis of the asymmetries in vertical axis particl Author(s) Otani, Naoki Citation 言語科学論集 = Papers in linguistic scien 115 Issue Date 2006-12 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/88053 Right
More informationThe structure of this ppt. Structural and categorial (and some functional) issues: English Hungarian
The structure of this ppt Structural and categorial (and some functional) issues: 1.1. 1.12. English 2.1. 2.6. Hungarian 2 1.1. Structural issues The VP lecture (1) S NP John VP laughed. read the paper.
More informationEXCLAMATIVES! Hans Bennis
EXCLAMATIVES! Hans Bennis 1. Introduction A central issue in recent work is the question to what extent functional structure is relevant or crucial with respect to the interpretation of lexical elements,
More informationThe structure of this ppt
The structure of this ppt 1.1.-1.10.. Functional issues in the English sentence 2.1.-2.9... Grammatical functions and related relations 2.1.-2.2. A VP-internal alternation 2.3. The four dimensions 2.4.
More information0515 DUTCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0515 DUTCH (FOREIGN
More informationIn order to complete this task effectively, make sure you
Name: Date: The Giver- Poem Task Description: The purpose of a free verse poem is not to disregard all traditional rules of poetry; instead, free verse is based on a poet s own rules of personal thought
More information0515 DUTCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0515 DUTCH (FOREIGN
More informationCorpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis
Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis Jonathan Charteris-Black Jonathan Charteris-Black, 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
More informationLingua Inglese 3. Lecture 5. Searle s Classification of Speech Acts. Representatives: the speaker is committed in
Lingua Inglese 3 Lecture 5 DOTT.SSA MARIA IVANA LORENZETTI 1 Searle s Classification of Speech Acts Representatives: the speaker is committed in varying degrees ees to the truth of the expressed essed
More informationContent. Learning Outcomes
Inversions GRAMMAR Content In this lesson, you will learn about inversions. When we use limiting adverbials or a negative adverbial, the subject and the auxiliary verb are inverted. We can use limiting
More informationCognitive poetics as a literary theory for analyzing Khayyam's poetry
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 32 (2012) 314 320 4 th International Conference of Cognitive Science (ICCS 2011) Cognitive poetics as a literary theory for analyzing Khayyam's poetry Leila Sadeghi
More informationAbstracts workshops RaAM 2015 seminar, June, Leiden
1 Abstracts workshops RaAM 2015 seminar, 10-12 June, Leiden Contents 1. Abstracts for post-plenary workshops... 1 1.1 Jean Boase-Beier... 1 1.2 Dimitri Psurtsev... 1 1.3 Christina Schäffner... 2 2. Abstracts
More information2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. original English, defines grammar as the following: Grammar is the rules that
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Gerund Michael Swan (2005:19), a linguist who is more likely to pay attention to the original English, defines grammar as the following: Grammar is the
More informationMixing Metaphors. Mark G. Lee and John A. Barnden
Mixing Metaphors Mark G. Lee and John A. Barnden School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom mgl@cs.bham.ac.uk jab@cs.bham.ac.uk Abstract Mixed metaphors have
More informationPerfect doubling does not exist
Perfectdoublingdoesnotexist SjefBarbiers µ,υ,olafkoeneman α,marikalekakou µ MeertensInstitute µ,universityofamsterdam α,utrechtuniversity υ 1.Thephenomenon (1) a. Ikhebvandaagnognietgerookt StandardDutch
More informationStudies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
THE MANDARIN VP Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory VOLUME 44 Managing Editors Liliane Haegeman, University a/geneva Joan Maling, Brandeis University James McCloskey, University a/california,
More informationAn HPSG Account of Depictive Secondary Predicates and Free Adjuncts: A Problem for the Adjuncts-as-Complements Approach
An HPSG Account of Depictive Secondary Predicates and Free Adjuncts: A Problem for the Adjuncts-as-Complements Approach Hyeyeon Lee (Seoul National University) Lee, Hyeyeon. 2014. An HPSG Account of Depictive
More informationFoundations in Data Semantics. Chapter 4
Foundations in Data Semantics Chapter 4 1 Introduction IT is inherently incapable of the analog processing the human brain is capable of. Why? Digital structures consisting of 1s and 0s Rule-based system
More informationChapter 9: Semantics. LANE 321 Content adapted from Yule (2010) Copyright 2014 Haifa Alroqi
Chapter 9: Semantics LANE 321 Content adapted from Yule (2010) Copyright 2014 Haifa Alroqi Semantics What is Semantics? Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Meaning When
More information