REALISM PORTRAYED IN RAY BRADBURY S FAHRENHEIT 451

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1 REALISM PORTRAYED IN RAY BRADBURY S FAHRENHEIT 451 A THESIS BY DIFA VANESSA LORIZ REG. NO DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

2 REALISM PORTRAYED IN RAY BRADBURY S FAHRENHEIT 451 A THESIS BY DIFA VANESSA LORIZ REG. NO SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum. Ely Hayati Nasution, S.S., M.Si. NIP NIP Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From Department of English. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

3 Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Wednesday, August 15, 2018 Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP Board of Examiners Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum. Riko Andika Rahmat Pohan, S.S., M.Hum.

4 Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP NIP

5 AUTHOR S DECLARATION I, DIFA VANESSA LORIZ, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed: Date: August 15, 2018 i

6 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : DIFA VANESSA LORIZ TITLE OF THESIS : REALISM PORTRAYED IN RAY BRADBURY S FAHRENHEIT 451 QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed: Date: August 15, 2018 ii

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT, the Almighty God and Most Beneficial for His Blessing, Grace, Guidance, and Mercy that have made this thesis come to its completion. Shalawat and Salam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW along with his family and his companions. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum and my co-supervisor Ely Hayati Nasution, S.S, M.Si for their guidance of how to write this thesis properly and also their patience, kindness and support for me to finish this thesis. I would also like to thank Riko Andika Rahmat Pohan, S.S. M.Hum as my examiner, who has given suggestions and comments during my thesis seminar. May Allah always bless them in health and prosperity. My gratitude also goes to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Prof. Dra. Silvana Sinar, Dipl. TEFL, M.A., Ph.D and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all of the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty. And much appreciation to Bang Kirno as the staff of English Department for his contribution in accomplishing the administration matters, which is also very helpful for students in their final years. Moreover, I want to thank all of my friends in English Literature 2013 class A. Especially for Indah Simamora who always accompanying me in the completion process of this thesis and Alidah for being my partner in crime. I feel sorry for not being able to mention them one by one, but I feel grateful for spending these memorable four years with them. I also want to thank some of English Department iii

8 students who warmly helps and giving information during my time as the student here. I sincerely hope for the success and happiness for all of us as soon as we graduate. I would also like thank Kak Susan for her advices about everything just like a real older sister during my life as anak kos and Yani, my best friend since junior high school. Thank you for always listening to my stories and worries despite the distance between us. Last but not least, I give my special thanks to my beloved family. Without their endless love and best wishes in their prayers, I would never be able to going through all of this. Thank you for my mother Nurma who always cheers me up and supports me in every situation. To my late father, Machdonald, thank you for giving me insight of how important education is, may Allah Give you the best place in heaven. And thank you for my siblings Inez and Arthur plus Bu Makak for making me laugh whenever I go home. Finally, I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of writing this thesis. I do realize that this thesis requires correction in many sectors, Therefore, advices and suggestions will be welcomed and appreciated. I hope this thesis be able to give some contribution for me and the readers. Medan, August 15, 2018 Difa Vanessa Loriz Reg. No iv

9 ABSTRACT This research entitled Realism Portrayed in Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451. This thesis focuses on satirical and realism aspects portrayed in the novel. The theory used in this thesis is mimetic because it is a reflection of reality. To obtain representative data in the discussion of this thesis, the writer uses data collection technique through reading, taking notes, selecting and analyzing quotation from the novel. The research method used in the writing of this thesis is descriptive-qualitative method that describes the analysis according to the description of the result related to the research in this thesis. The result of the research is that satires found in Fahrenheit 451 are in a line with realism. Keywords: Realism, Satire, Reflection of Realism in Satire v

10 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul Realism Portrayed in Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451. Skripsi ini fokus pada satire dan realisme sebagaimana digambarkan di novel. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah mimetik sastra karena merupakan sebuah cerminan kondisi realita. Untuk mendapatkan data representatif dalam pembahasan skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data melalui membaca, mencatat, memilih dan menganalisis kutipan-kutipan dari novel. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan analisis yang berkaitan dengan penelitian dalam skripsi ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya satire yang ditemukan didalam novel bersandingan dengan realism. Kata Kunci: Realisme, Satire, Cerminan Realisme pada Satire vi

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR S DECLARATION... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... iii ABSTRACT... v ABSTRAK... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii LIST OF TABLES... xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Problems of the Study Objectives of the Study Scope of the Study Significance of the Study... 8 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Satire Realism Prose Literature Approaches Novel Related Studies vii

12 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design Data and Source of Data Data Collection Procedure Data Analysis Method CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis Satire Portrayed in Fahrenheit Realism Portrayed through Satire Elements in Fahrenheit Findings CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions Suggestions REFERENCES APPENDICES... i. Biography ii. Summary viii

13 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The terms naturalist, materialist, and idealist, are terms used in philosophical circles as a concept or philosophy of life adapted to literature as a genre or movement that is embraced by someone in producing his work. The characteristic of genre in literary works usually differs for each period. In the field of art, there are also two major genres with different characteristics, namely idealism and materialism. Idealism is a genre that values ideals highly and ideals as a result of emotions rather than the reality. This genre was originally proposed by Socrates ( BC) followed by a disciple named Plato ( BC). The idealists tend to make things much better than they really are. Idealism views that spiritual manifests a powerful control and explains that all objects in nature and experience are the incarnation of mind, the valid viewpoint. The opposite of idealism is materialism. This genre suggests that the world is totally dependent on material and motion. The doctrine has been put forward by Democrats in the 4th century of BC, which says that all mystic, magical events in nature are driven by the atom and the breadth of its motion. There is no supernatural force governing this life. One of those genres which is considered as materialism is realism. Realism is a genre or movement that tries to truthfully describe reality through language. It may be regarded as the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person (author) objective reality, without embellishment or interpretation and 1

14 in accordance with secular, empirical rules. According to Cuddon (2013:590), fundamentally, in literature, realism is the portrayal of life with fidelity. It is thus not concerned with idealization, with rendering things as beautiful when they are not, or in any way presenting them in any guise as they are not; nor, as a rule, is realism concerned with presenting the supranormal or transcendental. Taghizadeh (2014:1628) added that realism is often multi-faced. Literary scholars often find it related with the rise of the novel, and rightly claim that it is narrative. Another side of realism is the relation between literature and reality, between what the word says and what the life is. This dimension is usually dealt with under-representational which is psychological, cognitive, as well as anthropological. Taghizadeh (2014:1628) says that realistic novel was in sharp opposition to the romance. The romance novelist felt free from the value of reality so they would create a story that was quite subjective and had nothing to do with the real human society, the realist novelist would a responsibility to provide an objective interpretation of the meaning of humanity. From the start, realistic novel has objectively concerned itself with the daily life experiences of the ordinary people from the lower or middle classes of the early modern society. In addition, the fact that the novel was in prose as the language of the practical people, made it possible for its writer to free him or herself from the necessities of the elevated language of the romance. So, the simple flow of the prose language into the smallest nooks and corners of the human awareness allowed the novelists to represent the specific details of life experiences of the average people. The researcher focuses on the realism and how it works in the novel. The main reason why the researcher is interested in choosing the Fahrenheit 451 novel 2

15 because this novel is a satire novel which is recognized by many theorists as one of the most symbolic dystopias, as Donald Watt claimed in his journal Burning Bright: Fahrenheit 451 as Symbolic Dystopia(Moore,2010:7). The novel is often compared with George Orwell s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four; even some parties claimed that the novel is better than Orwell s. It is mostly because accurateness of both novels in predicting social conditions in the future. More amazingly, Bradbury wrote his novel in 1950s yet he could sense what would happen in the far future. The novel opens with Guy Montag, a fireman in a future society where he and his coworkers start fires rather than put them out. Books are banned and burned upon discovery, and Montag has no doubts about his responsibility. But then he meets Clarisse McClellan, a seventeen-year-old girl who happens to be his neighbor. Montag grows increasingly dissatisfied with his life the more he talks with Clarisse. He starts to wonder if perhaps books are not so bad after all, and even steals one from a house he burns down. Then he starts to read the books in his house secretly despite the threatening policy. At the end, he joins the community of book lovers called The Book People and they try to rebuild the civilization. It is not a problem to combine reality and art into a piece of work. Realism is broadly considered the beginning of modern art. Literally, this is due to its conviction that everyday life and the modern world are suitable subjects for art.a novel that deserves to be said as good or legendary is not simply a novel that can draw its readers into the story, but also has relevance to problems that occur from time to time, be it social, economic, or religious, so that the novel can last in longer time. Since Bradbury felt he had a moral responsibility as a writer, and he loved books, he naturally wrote this book. He realized that he had to do something to 3

16 change things and he felt the most possible thing to do was to writing works in satirical technique. As we know in the earlier periods expressing view, opinion, or messages in order to correcting errs in society without restraint was still a difficult thing to do. However, with satire those messages will finally convey. LeBeouf (2007:4) argues that messages that would be ignored or punished if openly declared will reach many people when it s made into satire, and making a real difference. It may be the most powerful tool that critics have to get their opinions out into the world. Furthermore, satire does not just vanish. We can still find it in different kinds of media today. This is also in accordance with the opinion of LeBeouf in her journal: Whichever tools a particular satirist uses to create his or her work, satire is one of the most effective and useful ways of getting a message out into the world - more so every day. The genre shows no signs of stopping, or even slowing down. (LeBeouf,2007:24) As stated previously satire will be a powerful tool for many people to express their concern about social problems. One of the most dominant social problems in our society today reflected in Fahrenheit 451is consumerism. Consumerism is a state where society or population does not have the creativity to produce, but only consuming. According to Norton (2009:1), consumerism is the belief that personal wellbeing and happiness depends to a very large extent on the level of personal consumption, particularly on the purchase of material goods. The idea is not simply that wellbeing depends upon a standard of living above some threshold, but that at the center of happiness is consumption and material possessions. Meanwhile, a consumerist society is one in which people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources and thought to consuming. The general view of life in a consumerist society is consumption is good, and more consumption is even better. With a 4

17 consumptive lifestyle, then the teenagers will get carried away and have a hedonic thought. Hedonism is a worldview which assumes that people will be happy by seeking more happiness and avoiding painful feelings as much as possible. Hedonism is a doctrine that views pleasure as the goal of human life and action. This is the impact of television shows that endlessly display luxury and spree. It seems that our electronic media is only fixated on impressions instead of educating their nation s children, and also blinding their hearts and minds with teenage love stories that are totally irrelevant to the reality of society. It happens because the producers of the television station run out of ideas or have a view in creating a masterpiece solely for profit (which is feared also as the result of consumerism). Now, we can say we have arrived at that stage, where when we switch the television channel there is no more diversity in every show. It is like we are watching the same TV show with different television station logos. These events are already foretold by Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451. In this novel, Bradbury expressed his concern about the influence television has on the masses, not only in his fictional dystopia, but in society nowadays. Control is maintained by entertainment companies that exploit the masses desire for entertainment and escapism. Rather than reading a book, people prefer to spend time sitting in front of the television to watch such programs. Bradbury seemed to show us a frightening picture if the book is no longer appreciated among the public. If reading a book becomes illegal, the world would be a mess. Being with people is nice. But I don't think it's social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you? An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or painting pictures, and more sports, but do you know, we never ask questions, or at least most 5

18 don't; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film teacher. That's not social to me at all. It's a lot of funnels and a lot of water poured down the spout and out the bottom, and them telling us it's wine when it's not. They run us so ragged by the end of the day we can't do anything but go to bed or head for a Fun Park to bully people around, break windowpanes in the Window Smasher place or wreck cars in the Car Wrecker place with the big steel ball. Or go out in the cars and race on the streets, trying to see how close you can get to lampposts, playing `chicken' and 'knock hub-caps.' I guess I'm everything they say I am, all right. I haven't any friends. That's supposed to prove I'm abnormal. But everyone I know is either shouting or dancing around like wild or beating up one another. Do you notice how people hurt each other nowadays? (Bradbury, 1953:14) Consumptive behavior in youngsters will impact on lifestyle shifts that can affect the sensitivity of their social nature, so they tend to ignore and not care about the social environment. People grow apart; even the closest one becomes a stranger. They are start to not talking face to face, but by machines. This is one of social problem that happened in modern society. It is an example of realistic aspects told by Bradbury in his novel. In this research, the researcher will focus on how the realism portrayed within the novel, through the satires and conflicts in the novel. The researcher used the theory of mimetic approach in analyzing the novel. Mimetic approach is a method of interpreting texts in relation to their literary or cultural models.to analyze the data, the researcher used descriptive and qualitative method. By means of this method the researcher will try to collect and explain the facts to its subject matter, and also to identify and provide evidence to support the certain fact. 6

19 1.2 Problems of the Study It is important to make the specification of the problems analyzed. The problems of this research are: 1. How is satire portrayed in the novel? 2. How is realism portrayed through satire elements in the novel? 1.3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this research are: 1. To find out how satire is portrayed in the novel. 2. To find out how realism is portrayed through satire elements in the novel. 1.4 Scope of the Study In order to avoid confusion and wider analysis, the researcher needs to restrict the subjects analyzed. In this case, the researcher only focuses on analyzing realism in intrinsic elements portrayed in the novel. The analysis is limited to the text of the novel since most of the quotations are derived from it. This research uses mimetic theory approach as the method of analysis. 7

20 1.5 Significance of the Study The significance of the study is divided into two functions: 1. Practical function The research can be a useful reference for academic practices or researches about realism in literary works, especially for students of English Department. 2. Theoretical function The research can give information about realism in a literary work. 8

21 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Satire The word satire derives from the Latin word satura from ancient Rome. At first of its emergence, definition of the word satire was quite different from what we know today. The first work of satire, Horatian (which named after the Roman satirist Horace) was more like mild lecture. They are not intended to provoke even though they do provide some extent of social critique. It later became a genre of satire, which characteristics of the work are tolerant, witty, wise and modest. The second genre, Juvenalian (which named after the Roman satirist Juvenal) is the opposite of Horatian. This genre aims to reform through mocking and ridicule, and its characteristics are angry, sharp, bitter, and personal. With merging these two genres, therefore satire defined as a beneficial art that seeks not merely to destroy but to rebuild and inspire people to reform. According to LeBoeuf, satire is: A powerful art form which has the ability to point out the deficiencies in certain human behaviors and the social issues which result from them in such a way that they become absurd, even hilarious, which is therefore entertaining and reaches a wide audience. Satire also has the ability to protect its creator from culpability for criticism, because it is implied rather than overtly stated; in this way, it becomes a powerful tool for dissenters in difficult or oppressive political and social periods. (2007:1) Satirical work aims to straighten things which considered incorrect by the public concern. In creating it, satirists implied some moral messages that sometimes are incomprehensible. Most satirists cover these moral messages in clever humor to 9

22 generate positive feelings and move their readers hearts. Some of them usually tend to exaggerate in creating their work, even to the point of making it up and peculiar. Satire is often associated with sarcasm. This is because both things are equally used for insinuation. The difference is satire used to give advice while sarcasm is simply a humiliation to provoke. In addition, satire is a form of criticism directed against an authoritative organization or group, or a situation that has a particular effect on society, while sarcasm tends to be intended to satisfy individual interests. However this difference cannot be used as a reference because sometimes satirist also uses sarcasm in his work, so the two often overlap. According to LeBeouf (2007:5) satire bears the following characteristics: 1. Critique. Satire is always a critique of some form of human behavior, vice, or follies, with the intent of persuading the audience to view it disapprovingly and thus encourage a degree of social change. 2. Irony. Satire uses irony, often in a humorous way, to point out the problems with the behavior being critiqued. There are three kinds of irony : verbal irony - where what you mean to say is different from the words you use; situational irony - compares what is expected to happen with what actually does happen; dramatic irony - uses a narrative to give the audience more information about the story than the character knows 3. Implicitness. Satire is not an overt statement, and it does not come to an explicit verdict, but rather the critiqued behavior deconstructs itself within the satirical work by being obviously absurd, most often because it is exaggerated or taken out of its normal context. The most remarkable methods are exaggeration and metaphor. 10

23 According to Johnson, Swift and Pope, the satirist is a kind of so-called guardian of standards. They have ideals, morals, and also aesthetic values. He is a man who volunteer himself to correct and ridicule the follies and vices of society and thus to bring disapproval and mockery upon peculiarities from a desirable and civilized norm. 2.2 Realism Realism is often described as the movement that tries to truthfully describe reality through language. Meanwhile in literature, realism is the portrayal of life with fidelity (Cuddon, 2013:590). The author has an objective role; to see the beauty of the object he is aiming for and produced it in the literary work. The author does not include ideas, thoughts, or responses when dealing with the object. Realistic is the label applied to novels that seek to provide a convincing illusion of life as we normally think of it. The realistic novel can seem like a clear window on the world and as readers we can become fully involved with the characters and events while non-realistic novels seem to look at the world through a distorting mirror, with the result that we are forced to consider the relationship between the work of art itself and life. A realistic approach allows the writer to create a very full impression of what is must be like for certain people to be caught in certain dilemmas: there is a searching presentation of the full range of psychological and social factors that are involved in every experience. Realistic novels are often moralists, concerned with how correct conduct can be achieved in the complex conditions of the real world (Peck and Goyle, 1985:115). 11

24 2.3 Prose Prose as a fictitious story does not mean that prose is an author s empty daydream. Prose is a mixture or cooperation between thoughts and feelings. Prose in the literary sense is also called fiction. Abrams (in Rokhmansyah, 2014:30) mentions that fiction is a work of narrative whose content is not spreading to the truth. Edgar V. Robert and Henry E. Jacob (1995:2) classify prose into two, fiction and non-fiction prose. Fiction originally means anything made up or shaped is prose stories based on the creation and imagination. And non-fiction is literary work which describes or interprets facts, present judgments, and opinion. It consists of essays, historical, and biographical works. Fiction can be distinguished as real fiction and actual fiction. The real fiction states if this is fact, then this is what will happen. Therefore, real fiction tells about things that possibly occur, but are not necessarily happen. The authors made the imaginative figures in their work breathing. Meanwhile the actual fiction states because of all the facts then this is what will happen. Actual means things that really happened. Prose always comes from what author s have experienced, witnessed, heard or read in his environment. As for the characteristics of prose is the language decomposes, can broaden and increase knowledge, especially imaginative experience. Prose depicts imaginative realities because imagination is always tied to reality, meanwhile reality cannot be separated from imagination. The language is more inclined to figurative language with emphasis on the use of connotative words. 12

25 Furthermore, prose invites us to contemplate because literature imparts a personal interpretation related to the imagination. Prose consists of two elements, intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The intrinsic elements are the elements that build the literary work itself. The intrinsic elements consist of themes, messages, characterization, plot, background, and point of view. Plot is a storytelling structure in the prose that contains a series of events, organized under causality law and logical. Characterization is how the author displays the characters, the types of characters, the character relationships with others and how the author describes it. Point of view is the way the author tells the story or how the author displays the characters in the story he wrote. Background is a state consist place, time or natural state behind an event. Theme is the essence of the problem, the basis of the story and the benchmark in moving the story from beginning to end. The message is the moral message author wishes to convey through the series of stories presented in prose. 1. Themes and morals According to Sudjiman (in Rokhmansyah, 2014:55) theme is the main idea or choice that underlies a literary work. Theme is the idea of a story; the author in writing his story is not just about telling stories but saying something to his readers. Something the author wants to say may be a matter of life, the author s view on life or the author s commentary about life of events and the actions of storytellers are all based on the idea of the author. The moral is the author s hidden message conveyed through his writings. Readers or lovers of literary works should seek the message that conveyed by the author. The moral usually provides practical benefits and ethics in life. 13

26 2. Characters Character is one of the important elements in a novel. Character is a fictitious persona who experienced or contributed in various events of story. Generally, characters are portrayed as human beings, but it could also be animals or things. 3. Plot The arrangement of events that shaped the story is called as plot. The meaning of the plot is the interlacing of events in literary works to achieve certain effects. The link can be manifested by temporal and causal relationships (Sudjiman, in Rokhmansyah, 2014:37) 4. Background The setting of the story in fiction not only shows the scene and when it happened. Semi (in Rokhmansyah, 2014:38) describes the background is the environment where the event occurred. 5. Point of View The point of view is the position that becomes the center of consciousness of the place to understand every event in the story. Point of view is the author's way of telling his work. 2.4 Literature Approaches Basically an approach consists of two types. These types were divided by Wellek and Warren. They are the intrinsic approach and the extrinsic approach. A critic of intrinsic approach tries to find meaning in a text, which according to 14

27 Eaglestone (2002), textual meaning is often vague. In contrast to the critic of intrinsic approach, the critic of extrinsic approach draws meaning from the context. In intrinsic approach, style, plot and character are given utmost importance while in extrinsic, the themes and setting of text are considered. Therefore, intrinsic approach to literature is concerned to the inner meaning of a text and gives no importance to an author. For intrinsic critics, the author is dead. They only see the text in terms of its own self. According to intrinsic critics, a text is complete in itself. In contrast to intrinsic approach, all the emphasis in extrinsic approach is given to context. The history, background, autobiography and social circumstances of the author are important. (Iqbal, 2016) Meanwhile Abrams (1976:8-32) divided approach in more specific types, namely: (1) expressive approach, (2) objective approach, (3) mimetic approach and (4) pragmatic approach. Expressive approach tends to see a work of art as a result from a creative process operating under the impulse of feeling, and embodying the combined product of the author s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. Objective approach tends to analyze work of art as a self-sufficient entity constituted by its parts in their internal relations, and sets out to judge it solely by intrinsic criteria to its own mode of being. Mimetic approach tends to see a work of art as essentially an imitation of aspects of the universe. Pragmatic approach tends to see a work of art as something made in order to affect requisite responses to its reader. From the explanation of Abram s types of approach, we can consider them similar with Wellek and Warren s types. Intrinsic approach resembles with objective, and extrinsic approach resembles with mimetic, pragmatic, and expressive. 15

28 The mimetic approach is the most basic way of judging any work of art in relation to reality whether the representation is accurate or not. For this purpose, all these theories treat a work of art as photographic imitation i.e. art s truth to life, poetic truth and so forth. Therefore, the researcher uses this approach to analyze the realism in the novel. 2.5 Novel The novel reflects a move away from an essentially religious view of life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which they find themselves. Novelists frequently focus on the tensions between individuals and the society in which they live, presenting characters that are at odds with that society. (Peck and Goyle, 1985:102) Hence in thinking about a novel, see this informing structure: a society, and characters that are in some ways at odds with this society. Some novelists are moralists they examine the relations between individuals and society and put forward their ideas about how people should behave but it would be too simple to say that the important thing about their novels is the message they preach, just as it is too simple to say that a writer such as Dickens is a novelist with a social purpose who writes to reform society. Novels, however, are long works with a great amount of detail on every page. They thus present all the complicating facts that need to be taken into account before we can reach any sort of judgments. The effect of this detail is that we come to recognize the complex reality of a character or event in the story. 16

29 The story in a novel is almost a parable, a tale that makes a point, but in producing a novel the writer complicates the basic story by the addition of a great deal of detail. As readers, our real interests lies in the complications the novelist creates within the familiar pattern of characters at odds with their society that enable us to gain a vivid sense of what is like for particular individuals to be caught in certain events. A productive critical method for achieving a sense of a novel s complexity is to look closely at scenes which you found interesting or memorable, seeing how the details create a vivid distinctive impression of an individual and society conflict. The novelist can tell a more adventurous story which clearly beyond everyday experience (Peck and Goyle, 1985: ). 2.6 Related Studies To complete this research, the researcher read the novel and inspired by some related reviews on realism analysis as described in the followings: 1. Pandangan Realisme Sosialis dalam Cerita Drama Televisi Hana Yori Dango by Ruth Novida Sihite (2012), which focused on analyzing the social background of the characters in the story with socialist realism approach. 2. Elements of Realism in Japanese Animation by George Andrew Stey (2009), which focused on analyzing the various elements of realism in Japanese animation. 3. An Analysis of Realism Found in Daniel Defoe s Novel Robinson Crusoe by Satria Agesta Nova (2010) which focused on analyzing the concept of realism found in the intrinsic elements such as character, plot and setting in the novel. 4. Fahrenheit 451: Temperature Rising by Douglas C. Moore (2010) which focused onthe hyperreal factors of television in Bradbury s world and an 17

30 analysis of how television has influenced the social and political factors in American societies. 18

31 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design In a research, a researcher must follow a systematic scientific of thinking, using methods, theories, logical, analytical and creative. On the other hand, literary research is a research which not only relies on rational thought, but also involves deep appreciation. If there was oppression of research methods, then the results were less optimal (Endraswara, 2008:12). Therefore, a suitable method is essential for such aesthetic research. Following that opinion, we can conclude that the most suitable method for literary research is qualitative method. It needs to be understood because the literary work is a world full of words and meaningful symbols, not an easy-to-calculate phenomenon (Endraswara, 2008:5). The application of this qualitative method is descriptive, which means the data produced in the form of words of quotations. According to Moleong (in Arikunto, 2002:6), descriptive qualitative method is intended that the data collected in the form of words, images, and not in numbers. Moreover, qualitative research is descriptive in favor of processes rather than results, data analysis tends to be inductive, and meaning is essential (Semi, 1993:59). The process in qualitative research is preferred because the relationship between the parts under investigation is much clearer when it is observed in the process. In its implementation, descriptive qualitative method requires researcher to capture aspects of research accurately and carefully to what the focus of research with the result interpretation can be more indepth. Qualitative research is conducted through a/or prolonged contact with a 19

32 field or life situation. These situations are typically normal, reflective of the everyday life of individuals, groups, societies, and organizations (Miles and Huberman, 1994:6). Therefore, the researcher will use descriptive qualitative method in this research. 3.2 Data and Source of Data The source of data is the subject from which data can be obtained (Arikunto, 2002:107). The source of data is divided into two, primary and secondary data. The primary source of data in this research is taken from the Fahrenheit 451 novel and the data is coverage of written text (words, phrases, and sentences) which contained realism in the novel. The secondary source of data is taken from articles, thesis, or other sources that supported to the topic. 3.3 Data Collection Procedure Data collection procedure is the way to collect the necessary data in research. The data collection is mainly done by reading the Fahrenheit 451novel by Ray Bradbury. For the primary data, the researcher read the novel carefully, purposefully and thoroughly. At the time of reading, the researcher marked the most appropriate data to be analyzed. The researcher also looked into secondary data such as collecting related data from books, articles, journals, and other supporting resources which are relevant to the topic of the research. 3.3 Data Analysis Method Data analysis method is the most important thing to do in a research. For the technique of data analysis, the researcher adopted the framework developed by Miles 20

33 and Huberman (2014) to describe the major phases of data analysis: data condensation, data display and drawing conclusion. 1. Data Condensation Data condensation is the preceding step of analysis work in interactive model of data analysis. This step of analyzing included the process of selecting the words, phrases or sentences which are appropriate with the realism theory in the novel, marking the data, and quoting the data into the paper. 2. Data Display The next step is data display. Data display refers to the process of organizing, compressing and assembling the data by showing the visual data in form of text, table, chart, graphic, diagram or matrix that allows conclusion drawing. In data display, the data are organized to answer the problems. The researcher displayed the appropriate data in quotation text. 3. Drawing Conclusion Drawing conclusion is the end of the process of data analysis conclusion drawing was done through deciding the meaning of data after reading the data display in the research. The researcher went to explain the realism included in the data and the influence for the story. 21

34 DATA COLLECTION DATA DISPLAY DATA CONDENSATION CONCLUSSION: DRAWING/VERIFYING The diagram explains the process of data and the relationship among the components in interactive data analysis model. After collecting all data taken from observation, field noting, and transcription about the verbal interaction the researcher need to condensate all the data to simplify them but enable the researcher to get the conclusion although the data has not been displayed yet. By applying this analysis, there is also possibility for the researcher to do data display as soon as data had been collected, but it is not as easy as when the data condensation step was done. 22

35 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis Satire Portrayed in Fahrenheit 451 The improvement of technology is not necessarily leading to an improved generation or people. That s what Ray Bradbury tried to convey in his novel, Fahrenheit 451. The novel sets somewhere in the future we not only fear, but also we hate. It was natural for Bradbury to write this kind of story, if we look back to the era in which the novel was made, the 1950s. America was in process toward the new era of technology. Many people were competing to create discoveries. Not only technological discoveries, but these scholars also penetrated into the world of entertainment, medicine, and science. They created breakthroughs which originally aimed at helping and facilitating human work. One of those is the rapid development of television. Television was created with the purpose of entertaining, for people who are tired of working and want to rest. Although television can already be enjoyed since the 1930s, the new form of television began to enter citizens houses in the 1950s. That means television can be enjoyed by everyone. This breakthrough is also one of the factors of rapid economic growth in America, and it later became the evidence that they are one of the most prosperous and powerful nation in the world. On another side, not everyone sees this achievement in optimistic way. One of them is Bradbury. As a person who was very fond of reading Bradbury was completely aware about this. Departing from that awareness, Bradbury began writing novels that filled with the nuances of modernity. He tried to see it critically and did 23

36 not accept entirely. What would happen if this progress happens continuously? Will this help society or vice versa? Indeed, Bradbury s thought is not wrong, because he felt he had a moral responsibility as a writer. As if he were watching a show on television, he was not just a casual spectator, but while he watched the show he thought and asked whether it was a scenario or not. He realized that he had to do something to change things and what he felt the most worthy thing to do was to write his story in the satirical way. In the past, we know the freedom of expressing opinion was still a difficult thing. However, with satire opinions or messages aimed at correcting such errors will have its place. LeBeouf (2007:4) argues that messages that would be ignored or punished if overtly declared are reaching millions of people in satirical form, and making a real difference. It may be the most powerful tool that critics have to get their opinions out into the world. Satire does not just disappear. We can still find it in various media. In line with the opinion of LeBeouf (2007: 24): Whichever tools a particular satirist uses to create his or her work, satire is one of the most effective and useful ways of getting a message out into the world - more so every day. The genre shows no signs of stopping, or even slowing down. Satirist usually tends to exaggerate even to the point of making it up and weird in writing his work. Yet it is the characteristics of satire, made with the purpose of leading the reader to think. The same goes to the novel that will be discussed by researcher, Fahrenheit 451.This novel is a dystopian novel. Dystopia is a genre of novel that portrays the future that everyone fears of. The future where social problems become common, such as criminality, poverty, disunity and so on. It was natural for Bradbury to write this novel. At the age of 15, Bradbury heard about the book-burning initiated by Adolf Hitler. Since childhood Bradbury was fond of 24

37 reading, when he heard about it he thus alarmed that writing and reading will be something illegal in the future. This is what encouraged Bradbury in writing Fahrenheit 451. He combines the Hitler s books-burning incident and reality in the advancement of American technology in 1950s. In 1953, the time Fahrenheit 451 was published; America has entered the era of post-modernity. The post-modernity is different from the post-modern. Postmodernity is a condition where society is no longer governed by the principle of production of commodities but is controlled by the production and reproduction of information that causes everything become unstable in which led to difficulty to differentiate real and unreal things, while post-modernism is the discourse of new thinking as confrontation from the thought of modernism which offers promises of a organized, rational, efficient, certain, and equal society. In this post-modernist era, the dependence to consume increases which encourage the emergence of new perspectives such as individualism, liberalism, and other views that worship human obsessions. In Fahrenheit 451, a lot of satire elements found that specifically address social problems felt by the writer in post modern society. The researcher will try to analyze the satire examples found in the novel. Fahrenheit 451 tells the story about Guy Montag, a man works as a fireman who burn books. He used to have a pride for his job, until he meets the seventeenyear-old Clarisse, who happens to be his neighbor. Clarisse is described as having quite different traits from other people. She as well as her family has different habit which distinguish them from other families in their society. They are free-spirited and traditional. 25

38 "What's going on?" Montag had rarely seen that many house lights. "Oh, just my mother and father and uncle sitting around, talking. It's like being a pedestrian, only rarer. My uncle was arrested another time-did I tell you?-for being a pedestrian. Oh, we're most peculiar." "But what do you talk about?" (Bradbury, 1953:4) The situation where family is harmonious and often sitting together has turned into something rare in Montag s neighborhood. He hardly ever saw a house with lights brightly on. The author sees this as a problem and he directly satirizes family which each member is too busy with their individual matters so they unwilling to gather together, as if they are just a bunch of foreigners who live under one roof. "I rarely watch the 'parlour walls' or go to races or Fun Parks. So I've lots of time for crazy thoughts, I guess. Have you seen the twohundred-foot-long billboards in the country beyond town? Did you know that once billboards were only twenty feet long? But cars started rushing by so quickly they had to stretch the advertising out so it would last." "I didn't know that!" Montag laughed abruptly. "Bet I know something else you don't. There's dew on the grass in the morning." (Bradbury, 1953:4) One of Clarisse s habits that distinguish her from others is that she rarely watches the thing called parlour walls. Parlour walls is the metaphor for television. It is called as parlour walls because television is planted into the living room wall in every home at the time. For certain, almost everyone likes to watch television except her. Clarisse who rarely watch television becomes a caring personality about her surroundings. She is very considerate to the things that are considered unimportant for the others. She was like mocking Montag with the little things he was not aware of, like a billboard s height. The authors insinuate the lack of public awareness of their surroundings due to frequently spending time in front of the television. Besides, the main essence of 26

39 the creation of television is to reduce fatigue after doing tiring activities. From time to time, the need of television changes from tertiary to primary. People interact more with television than interacting with other people. Human are social beings who need another human to survive. So how could we survive if out of all things we can do is choosing to spending time for interacting with the machine? This is one of the degradation of humanity values portrayed in the novel. "I sometimes think drivers don't know what grass is, or flowers, because they never see them slowly," she said. "If you showed a driver a green blur, Oh yes! he'd say, that's grass! A pink blur? That's a rose-garden! White blurs are houses. Brown blurs are cows. My uncle drove slowly on a highway once. He drove forty miles an hour and they jailed him for two days. Isn't that funny, and sad, too?" "You think too many things," said Montag, uneasily. (Bradbury, 1953:3) The existence of television and book banishment makes people slowly ignore their surroundings. Ironically, Bradbury, through Clarisse s words describes when people can no longer even recognize what grasses, flowers, leaves look like because they often drive too fast. To make it even worse, Clarisse s uncle was jailed once because of driving slowly. Why would anyone jailed because driving carefully? This is one of satire technique known as exaggeration. Exaggeration is enlarging, increase, or represents something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen. Therefore, the statement can be taken as example. "Well, after all, this is the age of the disposable tissue. Blow your nose on a person, wad them, flush them away, reach for another, blow, wad, flush." (Bradbury, 1953:7) In the quotation above, the author uses the metaphor disposable tissue to symbolize their era. We can see it as satire for the meaningless life of post-modernity 27