GLoSSArY IntroductIon unit 1 Build up 2 Galician Burlington Books

Transcription

1 GLOSSARY Introduction above /L'VJd/ encima, enriba de April /'CBUpLo/ abril arm /El/ brazo August /'GZLgW/ agosto bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño bed /VCX/ cama, leito bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio, cuarto behind /VB'kOmX/ detrás de between /VB'WrAm/ entre brother /'VpJfL/ irmán carpet / 'YEUBW/ alfombra, moqueta chair /as/ cadeira child /WiOoX/ neno/a; fillo/a children /'WiBoXpLm/ nenos/as fillos/as cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario daughter /'XGWL/ filla December /XB'gClVL/ decembro desk /XCgY/ escritorio, mesa de traballo dining room /'XOmBn pil/ comedor ear /R/ orella eyes /'Oh/ ollos father /'cefl/ pai February /'ccvpilpi/ febreiro feet /caw/ pés fish /cbi/ peixe/peixes, pescado foot /chw/ pé Friday /'cpoxm/ venres, sexta feira garage /'ZDpEj/ garaxe garden /'ZEXm/ xardín grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ avó grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ avoa grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ avós hair /kcl/ pelo, cabelo hand /kæmx/ man head /kcx/ cabeza in /Bm/dentro de in front of /Bm 'cpjmw Ld/ diante de January /'bdmqhlpi/ xaneiro July /bi'oo/ xullo June /XjIm/ xuño kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña lamp /odlu/ lámpada leg /ocz/ perna living room /'obdbn pil/sala / cuarto de estar, salón man /ldm/ home March /lea/ marzo May /lm/ maio men /lcm/ homes mice /log/ ratos Monday /'ljmxm/ luns, segunda feira mother /'ljfl/ nai mouse /lpg/ rato mouth /lpe/ boca next to /'mcygw WL/a carón de, xunto a nose /mnh/ nariz November /mlh'dclvl/ novembro October /FY'WNVL/ outubro on /Fm/ enriba/encima de opposite /'FULhBW/ fronte a, enfronte (de) parents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais people /'UAUo/ persoas; xente person /'UKgm/ persoa Saturday /'gdwlxm/ sábado September /gcu'wclvl/ setembro shelves /icodh/ andeis; estantes, baldas sister /'gbgwl/ irmá sofa /'glhcl/ sofá son /gjm/ fillo Sunday /'gjmxm/ domingo table /'WMVo/ mesa teeth /WAe/ dentes Thursday /'ekhxm/ xoves, quinta feira tooth /WIe/ diente Tuesday /'WqIhXM/ martes, terceira feira under /'JmXL/debaixo (de) Wednesday /'rcmhxm/mércores, cuarta feira woman /'rhllm/ muller women /'rblbm/ mulleres Unit 1 ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a art /EW/ arte, debuxo atlas /'DWoLg/ atlas calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/ calculadora cave /YMd/ cova cave painting /'YMd UCBmWBn/ pintura rupestre 1

2 glossary clay /YoCB/ arxila, barro compass /'YJlULg/ compás computer technology /YLl'UqIWL WCYmFoLbi/ informática cookbook /'YHYVHY/ libro de cociña drama /'XpElL/teatro edible /'CXLVo/ comestíbel electronic dictionary /BoCYWpFmBY 'XBYiLmpi/ dicionario electrónico English /'BnZoBi/ inglés flood /cojx/asolagamento, inundación French /cpcma/ francés geography /bi'fzplci/ xeografía history /'kbgwpi/ historia laptop computer /'oduwfu YLlUqIWL/ordenador portátil lesson /'ocgm/ clase library /'oovplpi/ biblioteca maths /ldeg/ matemáticas meal /lao/ comida microscope /'loyplgynu/ microscopio multimedia projector /ljowi'laxil UpLXjCYWL/ proxector multimedia music /'lqihby/ música often /'Fcm/ a miúdo paints /UCBmWg/ pinturas papyrus /UL'UOpLg/ papiro parchment /UEalCmW/pergamiño, pergameo recipe /'pcglui/ receita schoolyard /'gyioqex/ patio do colexio science /golmg/ ciencia(s) sport /gugw/ deporte, educación física textbook /WCsWVHY/ libro de texto feel /cao/ sentir(se) feeling /'caobn/ sentimento fingers /'cbnzlh/ dedos friendly /'cpcmxoi/ simpático/a, amábel funny /'cjmi/ divertido/a, gracioso/a fur /ck/ pelo, peluxe (de animal) ground /ZpPmX/ chan, solo hit /kbw/ golpear hold /knox/ suxeitar, coller, termar de, agarrar hug /kjz/ abrazar, apertar kiss /YBg/ bicar, beixar know /mn/ saber, coñecer lick /oby/ lamber neck /mcy/ pescozo net /mcw/ rede paws /UGh/ patas, poutas, gadoupas pet /UCW/ mascota shout /ipw/ berrar show /ilh/ ensinar, amosar sing /gbn/ cantar smile /gloo/ sorrir stomach /'gwjlly/ estómago surprised /gl'upohx/ sorprendido/a tail /WMo/ cola, rabo think /ebny/ pensar, coidar toes /WNh/ dedas tongue /WJn/ lingua touch /WJWi/ tocar toy /WQ/ xoguete worried /'rjpix/ preocupado/a worry /'rjpi/ preocuparse Unit 2 angry /'DnZpi/ enfadado/a, amolado/a back /VDY/ costas, lombo body language /'VFXi odnzrbb/linguaxe corporal building /'VBoXBn/ edificio cartoon /YE'WIm/ debuxo animado character /'YæpLYWL/ personaxe cry /YpO/ chorar enjoy /Bm'bQ/ gozar de, gustar face /cmg/ cara, face, faciana Unit 3 amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/parque de atraccións classical /'YoDgBYo/(música) clásica colourful /'YJoLco/ cheo/a de cor, de cores vivas control group /YLm'WpNo ZpIU/grupo testemuña / de control crowded /'YpPXBX/ateigado/a, cheo/a (de xente) dangerous /'XMmbLpLg/ perigoso/a delicious /XB'oBiLg/ gorentoso/a, riquísimo/a drums /XpJlh/ batería, tambores 2

3 glossary electric guitar /BoCYWpBY ZB'WE/ guitarra eléctrica exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/ caro/a famous /'ccbllg/ famoso/a, de sona garage /'ZDpEj/(música) garage hard rock /kex 'pfy/ rock duro hip-hop /'kbukfu/ hip hop indie /'BmXi/(música) indie jazz /bdh/ jazz keyboard /'YAVGX/ teclado Latin /'odwbm/(música) latina loud /opx/ alto, forte (volume) magic show /ldbby 'ilh/ espectáculo de maxia maze /lmh/ labirinto musician /lqi'hbim/ músico/a noisy /'mqhi/ ruidoso/a outdoor /'PWXG/ fóra; ao aire libre perform /UL'cGl/ actuar, tocar piano /Ui'DmN/ piano pop /UFU/ pop popular /'UFUqLoL/ popular, de moda R & B /p 'LmX V/R & B (Rhythm and Blues) reggae /'pczm/ reggae ride /pox/ atracción (de feira) rock /pfy/ rock saxophone /'gdyglcnm/ saxofón strange /gwpmmb/ estraño/a, raro/a ticket /'WBYBW/ entrada underage /'JmXLpMb/(para) menor(es) de idade venue /'dcmqi/local, lugar de reunión / xuntanza violin /dol'obm/ violín Unit 4 adventure /LX'dCmWiL/ de aventuras animated /'DmBlMWBX/de animación / debuxos animados armour /'ElL/ armadura bath /VEe/ bañeira biographical /VOL'ZpDcBYo/ biográfico/a castle /'YEgo/ castelo comedy /'YFlLXi/ comedia crime /YpOl/ policíaco/a curtains /'YKWBmh/ cortinas dirty /'XKWi/ sucio/a documentary /XFYqH'lCmWpi/ documental drama /'XpElL/ drama fantasy /'cæmwlgi/ de fantasía fireplace /'coluomg/ cheminea floor /cog/ chan fridge /cpbb/ frigorífico, neveira, refrixerador hill /kbo/ outeiro, cotarelo historical /kb'gwfpbyo/ histórico/a horror /'kfpl/ de terror / medo journal /'bkmo/ diario king /YBn/ rei knight /mow/ cabaleiro lady /'omxi/ señora, dona, dama lord /ogx/ señor microwave /'loyplrmd/ microondas musical /'lqihbyo/ musical robber /'pfvl/ ladrón/oa romance /pn'læmg/ romántico/a science fiction /golmg 'cbyim/de ficción científica sink /gbny/ vertedoiro, pía; lavabo squire /'gyrol/ escudeiro stone /gwnm/ pedra sword /ggx/ espada thriller /'epbol/ de suspense / misterio wall /rgo/ parede washing machine /'rfibn lliam/ lavadora western /'rcgwlm/ do oeste Unit 5 accident /'DYgBXLmW/ accidente ambulance /'DlVqLoLmg/ ambulancia autumn /'GWLl/ outono blood /VoJX/ sangue burn /VKm/ queimar cloud /YoPX/ nube cloudy /'YoPXi/ nubrado/a, cuberto/a cold /YNoX/ frío/a cool /YIo/ fresco/a cut /YJW/ corte, ferida; cortar drop /XpFU/ gota, pinga dry /XpO/ seco/a, árido/a 3

4 glossary electrical appliance /BoCYWpBYo L'UoOLmg/ electrodoméstico fall off /'cgo Fc/caer (dunha bicicleta, un cabalo, etc.) firefighters /'colcowlh/ bombeiros/as foggy /'cfzi/ neboento, con brétema forecast /'cgyegw/ prognóstico, previsión hot /kfw/ caloroso/a, cálido/a injury /'BmbLpi/ferida, mancadura lightning /'oowmbn/ raio, lóstrego paramedics /UDpL'lCXBYg/ paramédicos/as police /UL'oAg/ policía rainy /'pmmi/ chuvioso/a, de chuvia slayer /goml/ asasino/a snowy /gmni/nevado/a, de neve spring /gupbn/ primavera stormy /'gwgli/ treboento/a, de treboada summer /'gjll/ verán sunny /'gjmi/ asollado/a warm /rgl/ cálido/a, temperado/a wet /rcw/ húmido/a windy /'rbmxi/ ventoso/a, de vento winter / 'rbmwl/ inverno lamb /odl/año Lent /ocmw/coresma manners /'læmlh/modais Muslim /'lhhobl/ musulmán/má napkin /'mduybm/pano de mesa noisily /'mqhoi/ ruidosamente, facendo ruído noodles /'mixoh/ fideos, tallaríns oil /Qo/aceite plate /UoMW/ prato pour /UG/verter, botar pudding /'UHXBn/pudin rude /pix/maleducado/a, groseiro/a salt /ggow/sal seafood /'gacix/ marisco soup /giu/sopa spoon /guim/culler tablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/mantel teaspoon /'WAgUIm/culleriña tomato sauce /WL'lEWN ggg/salsa / prebe / mollo de tomate vegetables /'dcbwlvoh/ verduras yoghurt /'qfzlw/ iogur Unit 6 bake /VMY/facer no forno, enfornar baking powder /'VMYBn UPXL/lévedo / fermento en pó beans /VAmh/feixós, fabas bowl /VLHo/cunca grande, cunco cake pan /'YMY UDm/ molde para biscoito candles /'YæmXoh/candeas coconut milk /'YNYLmJW lboy/leite de coco cup /YJU/ copa, cunca elbow /'CoVLH/cóbado flour /'copl/fariña fork /cgy/garfo fruit /cpiw/froita glass /ZoEg/vaso, copa ham /kdl/xamón honey /'kjmi/mel kite /YOW/papaventos knife /moc/coitelo Unit 7 collector /YL'oCYWL/ coleccionista cow /YP/ vaca deer /XBL/ cervo disease /XB'hAh/ enfermidade, doenza endangered /Bm'XMmbLX/en perigo de extinción fast /cegw/ rápido/a fly /coo/ mosca frightening /'cpowmbn/ arrepiante, espantoso/a hatch /kdwi/ saír do ovo heavy /'kcdi/ pesado/a huge /kqib/ enorme intelligent /Bm'WCoBbLmW/ intelixente jellyfish /'bcoicbi/ augamar, medusa lay /om/ poñer, pór, colocar light /oow/ lixeiro/a, livián/á lizard /'obhlx/ lagarto; lagarta mosquito /ll'gyawlh/ mosquito ocean floor /'Nim cog/ solo mariño 4

5 glossary octopus /'FYWLULg/ polbo old /NoX/ vello/a, antigo/a pig /UBZ/ porco pretty /'UpBWi/ bonito/a, guapo/a, fermoso/a rabbit /'pdvbw/ coello sand /gdmx/ area shark /iey/ quenlla slow /golh/ vagaroso/a snake /gmmy/ serpe strong /gwpfn/ forte; firme, intenso/a stupid /'gwqiubx/ estúpido/a, parvo/a survive /gl'dod/sobrevivir tiny /'WOmi/ diminuto/a, minúsculo/a trainer /'WpMmL/preparador/a, domador/a, adestrador/a turtle /'WKWo/ tartaruga, sapoconcho ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a weak /ray/ débil, feble weigh /rm/ pesar wolf /rhoc/ lobo young /qjn/ mozo/a, pequeno/a Unit 8 clothes /YoNfh/ roupa computer game /YLl'UqIWL ZMl/xogo de ordenador feed /cax/ dar de comer (a), alimentar flash drive /'coæi XpOd/unidade rápida de almacenamento masivo, chave USB flip-flops /'cobucofug/ chancletas hairbrush /'kclvpji/ cepillo (para o pelo) inch /Bma/ polgada instant messaging /BmgWLmW 'lcgbbbn/ mensaxería instantánea joystick /'bqgwby/ joystick, mando keyboard /'YAVGX/ teclado location /on'ymim/ lugar map /ldu/ mapa, plano mouse pad /'lpg UDX/ alfombriña para o rato neighbourhood /'mmvlkhx/ barrio, veciñanza printer /'UpBmWL/ impresora scanner /'gydml/ escáner screen /gypam/ pantalla sunglasses /'gjmzoegbh/ lentes de sol toothbrush /'WIeVpJi/ cepillo de dentes toothpaste /'WIeUCBgW/pasta de dentes, dentífrico towel /'WPLo/ toalla travel guide /'Wpædo ZOX/ guía de viaxe trip /WpBU/ viaxe, excursión umbrella /Jl'VpCoL/ paraugas virtual reality /dkahlo pa'dolwi/ realidade virtual watch /rfa/ reloxo (de pulso) webcam /'rcvydl/ cámara web website /'rcvgow/ páxina web Unit 9 accountant /L'YPmWLmW/ contable actor /'DYWL/ actor adventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/ aventureiro/a artist /'EWBgW/ artista astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/ astronauta athlete /'DeoAW/ atleta brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a careful /'YCLco/ coidadoso/a, meticuloso/a chef /icc/ cociñeiro/a, chef clean up /YoAm 'JU/ limpar clever /'YoCdL/ intelixente, listo/a, espelido/a coach /YNWi/ adestrador/a collect /YL'oCYW/ reunir, xuntar; recoller doctor /'XFYWL/ médico/a, doutor/a engineer /CmbB'mBL/ enxeñeiro/a fashion /'cæim/ moda fashion designer /'cæim XBhOmL/deseñador/a de moda graphic artist /ZpDcBY 'EWBgW/ artista gráfico/a hairdresser /'kclxpcgl/ perruqueiro/a hard-working /kex'rkybn/(moi) traballador/a kind /YOmX/ amábel, atento/a, bo/a land /odmx/ aterrar (un avión) lazy /'ocbhi/ lacazán/ana, preguiceiro/a messy /'lcgi/ desordenado/a neat /maw/ pulcro/a, ordenado/a newspaper reporter /'mqihumul pbugwl/ reporteiro/a / xornalista de periódico nursery school teacher /mkgpi gyio 'WAaL/ profesor/a de (educación) infantil / preescolar 5

6 glossary powerful /'UPLco/ poderoso/a; forte pull out /UHo 'PW/ sacar, tirar scientist /'golmwbgw/ científico/a shelter /'icowl/refuxio singer /'gbnl/ cantante space /gumg/ espazo spaceship /'gumgibu/ nave espacial technology /WCY'mFoLbi/ tecnoloxía vet /dcw/ veterinario/a writer /'powl/ escritor/a 6

7 SPEAKING GUIDE INTRODUCTION UNIT Greetings and introductions Hi, I m (Dan). /ko Ol ('XDm)/Ola, son (Dan). This is my friend (Lisa). /fbg Bh lo cpcmx ('oagl)/esta é a miña amiga (Lisa). We re from (Liverpool). /rr cpll ('obdluio)/ Somos de (Liverpool). Nice to meet you. /mog WL 'law qi/ Encantado/a de coñecerte. We re in Year (9). /rr Bm qr ('mom)/estamos en (2º de ESO). I m (fourteen) years old. /Ol ('cgwam) qrh NoX/ Teño (catorce) anos. Classroom language Read the text. /pax fl 'WCsW/Le o texto. Answer the questions. /EmgL fl 'YrCgWiLmh/ Contesta as preguntas. Please be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Calade, por favor. Listen and repeat. /'obgm DmX pbuaw/ Escoita e repite. Practise the dialogue with your partner. /UpæYWBg fl 'XOLoFZ rbf qg UEWmL/Practica o diálogo co teu compañeiro. Sit down and open your books. /gbw XPm DmX 'NULm qg VHYg/Sentade e abride os libros. Write the words in your own language. /pow fl rkxh Bm qg Nm 'odnzrbb/escribe as palabras na túa lingua materna. Complete the sentences with the correct verb. /YLlUoAW fl 'gcmwlmgbh rbf fl YLpCYW dkv/completa as frases co verbo axeitado. Please write the answers on the board. /UoAh pow fl 'EmgLh Fm fl VGX/Por favor, escribe as respostas no encerado. Ask and answer questions about the picture. /EgY DmX EmgL 'YrCgWiLmh LVPW fl UBYaL/Fai preguntas sobre a imaxe e respóndeas. What does the word (computer) mean? /rfw XJh fl rkx (YLl'UqIWL) lam/que significa a palabra (computer)? Do you understand the homework? /XI qi JmXLgWDmX fl 'knlrky/ Entendes os deberes? What s this in English? /rfwg fbg Bm 'BnZoBi/Como se di isto en inglés? What page are we on? /rfw 'UCBb E ri Fm/En que páxina estamos? How do you spell (schoolbag)? /kp XI qi guco ('gyiovdz)/como se escribe / soletrea (schoolbag)? Unit 1 Expressing preferences I like (art). It s (fun). /O ooy ('EW) BWg ('cjm)/ Gústame (o debuxo). É (divertido). I prefer (maths). /O UpBcK ('ldeg)/ Prefiro (as matemáticas). I love (history). It s (interesting). /O ojd ('kbgwpi) BWg ('BmWpLgWBn)/ Encántame (a historia). É (interesante). I hate (geography). It s (boring). /O kmw (bi'fzplci) BWg ('VGpBn)/ Odio (a xeografía). É (aborrecida). My favourite school subject is (science). /lo 'ccbdlpbw gyio gjvbbyw Bh (golmg)/a miña materia favorita é (ciencias). Describing routines He gets up at (half past seven). /ka ZCWg JU LW (kec UEgW 'gcdm)/érguese ás (sete e media). I never get up at (six o clock). /O 'mcdl ZCW JU LW (gbyg LYoFY)/Nunca me ergo ás (seis). I sometimes (have a shower in the afternoon). /O 'gjlwolh (kld L ipl Bm fl EcWLmIm)/Ás veces (dúchome pola tarde). 7

8 speaking guide Unit 2 Describing actions What is he doing right now? /rfw Bh ka 'XIBn pow mp/que está a facer agora mesmo? He s (sleeping). /kah ('goaubn)/ Está (a durmir). Are (they running)? /E (fm 'pjmbn)/ Están (a correr)? Guessing the person She looks (happy). /ia ohyg ('kæui)/ Parece / Semella (leda). Unit 3 Buying a CD Can I help you? /Yæm O 'kcou qi/podo axudarte? Can you recommend anything? /Yæm qi pcyl'lcmx CmieBn/ Pódesme recomendar algunha cousa? Where are the (CDs)? /rcl E fl (ga'xah)/onde están os (CD)? What type of music does she like? /rfw WOU Ld 'lqihby XJh ia ooy/que tipo de música lle gusta? Talking about the past There were (people at the beach). /fcl rl ('UAUo LW fl VAWi)/Había (xente na praia). It was (very crowded). /BW rlh (dcpi 'YpPXBX)/ Estaba (moi cheo / ateigado). I went with (my friend). /O rcmw rbf (lo 'cpcmx)/fun con (o meu amigo). We ate (ice cream). /ri MW ('Og YpAl)/Tomamos / Comemos (xeado). Unit 4 Expressing opinions How was it? /kp 'rlh BW/Como foi? It was (funny)! /BW rlh ('cjmi)/ Foi (graciosa)! Comparing past and present In the past, people (washed their clothes in the river). /Bm fl 'UEgW UAUo (rfiw fs YoNfh Bm fl pbdl)/ No pasado, a xente (lavaba a roupa no río). They didn t (wash their clothes in washing machines). /fm 'XBXmW (rfi fs YoNfh Bm rfibn lliamh)/ Non (lavaba a roupa na lavadora). Today, people (wash their clothes in washing machines). /WL'XM UAUo (rfi fs YoNfh Bm rfibn lliamh)/ Hoxe en día a xente (lava a roupa na lavadora). Unit 5 Describing the weather What was the weather yesterday? /rfw rlh fl 'rcfl qcgwlxm/ Que tempo foi onte? What was the temperature yesterday? /rfw rlh fl 'WClUpLaL qcgwlxm/ Que temperatura foi onte? What s today s forecast? /rfwg WL'XMh cgyegw/ Cal é o prognóstico para hoxe? It was (rainy and cold). /BW rlh ('pmmi DmX YNoX)/Estaba (chuvioso e ía frío). Describing a picture What do you see in the picture? /rfw XI qi ga Bm fl 'UBYaL/Que ves na imaxe? There are (two ambulances). /fcl E (WI 'DlVqLoLmgBh)/ Hai (dúas ambulancias). 8

9 speaking guide Unit 6 Asking permission Can I have some (soup)? /Yæm O kld gll ('giu)/podo tomar un pouco de (sopa)? Sure. /ihl/claro / Abofé que si. That s a good idea. /fdwg L ZHX O'XBL/É unha boa idea. I m afraid not. /Ol L'cpCBX mfw/ Sospeito que non. No problem. /mn 'UpFVoLl/ Non hai problema. Sorry, there isn t any (pudding). /'gfpi fcl BhmW Cmi (UHXBn)/ Síntoo, non hai (pudin). Planning a party We should (buy some balloons). /ri ilx (VO gll VL'oImh)/ Deberiamos (mercar globos). Let s (order pizza). /ocwg (GXL 'UAWgL)/(Imos pedir / Pidamos pizza). How about (making a cake)? /'kp LVPW (lcbybn L YMY)/Que tal se (facemos unha torta)? Unit 7 Describing animals Look at the (shark)! /ohy LW fl ('iey)/mira a (quenlla)! It s very (frightening). /BWg dcpi ('cpowmbn)/(dá / Mete moito medo). It s (two) metres tall. /BWg ('WI) lawlh WGo/ Mide (dous) metros de altura. It s (five) metres long. /BWg ('cod) lawlh ofn/ Mide (cinco) metros de longo. Making comparisons It s (smaller) than a (cow). /BWg ('glgol) flm L (YP)/É (máis pequeno) ca unha (vaca). Unit 8 Making suggestions Let s (go to China). /ocwg (ZLH WL 'WiOmL)/(Imos / Vaiamos a China). How about (going to Alaska)? /'kp LVPW (ZLHBn WL LoDgYL)/Que tal se (imos a Alasca)? Why don t we (fly to England)? /ro XLHmW ra (coo WL BnZoLmX)/Por que non (voamos a Inglaterra)? Maybe we (can land in Peru). /'lmvi ra (Yæm odmx Bm ULpI)/Talvez / Se cadra (poidamos aterrar en Perú). Discussing plans I m going to go to (the beach). /Ol 'ZLHBn WL ZLH WL (fl VAWi)/Vou ir a (a praia). What are you going to do there? /rfw E qi ZLHBn WL 'XI fcl/que vas facer alí? I m taking (a sweater). /Ol WMYBn (L 'grcwl)/ Vou coller (un xersei). What are you taking? /rfw E qi 'WMYBn/Que vas coller? Unit 9 Making predictions I like (singing). /O ooy ('gbnbn)/ Gústame (cantar). I am good with (animals). /O Ll ZHX rbf ('DmBloh)/Dánseme ben (os animais). Maybe I ll be (an athlete). /'lmvi Oo VA (Dm DeoAW)/Talvez / Se cadra serei (atleta). Making recommendations I think you should (volunteer). /O ebny qi ilx (dfolm'wbl)/coido que deberías (ofrecerte como / facer de voluntario). If you get this job, you ll (play with children). /Bc qi ZCW fbg bfv qio (UoM rbf 'WiBoXpLm)/Se aceptas / consegues este traballo (xogarás con nenos). You ll like (helping there) because (you re kind). /qio ooy (kcoubn fcl) VBYFh (qhl 'YOmX)/Gustarache (axudar alí) porque (es bo). 9

10 Grammar Appendix introduction to be have got Empregamos o verbo to be para describir cousas, expresar feitos xerais e indicar a idade. Lembra que, ao falar, am, is e are contraen co pronome suxeito. I am her sister. (Son a súa irmá.) It s Monday today. (Hoxe é luns.) The mice are under the bed. (Os ratos están debaixo da cama.) En negativa engadimos a partícula not, que con is e are contrae en isn t e aren t. She isn t my friend. (Ela non é a miña amiga.) Para preguntar invértese a orde do suxeito e o verbo. As respostas curtas levan só os pronomes suxeito e o verbo to be sen contraer en afirmativa, ou contraído en negativa. Are the children in the garden? Yes, they are. / No, they aren t. (Os nenos están no xardín? Están. Si. / Non.) O verbo have got significa ter e expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. Empregamos have to con I, you, we e they, mais has got con he, she e it. We have got two bathrooms. (Temos dous cuartos de baño.) Harry has got a small house. (Harry ten unha casa pequena.) En negativa engadimos not a have e has, pero úsanse máis as formas contraídas haven t e hasn t. Jim hasn t got a brother. (Jim non ten un irmán.) En interrogativa poñemos have ou has + o suxeito + got. Nas respostas curtas empregamos só os pronomes suxeito e have / haven t ou has / hasn t, sen got. Has Tom got any sisters? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn t. (Tom ten irmás? Ten. Si. / Non.) 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be. are 1. The boys at school. 2. I (not) angry. 3. you at home? 4. Fred short. 5. Jenny (not) my friend. 6. Donna from England? 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of have got or has got. has got 1. Jill two brothers. 2. Jane a blue schoolbag? 3. Tom (not) a computer. 4. I a new friend. 5. They (not) a dog. 6. you brown eyes? Check Yourself! Circle the correct answers. 1. Tom am / is / are in my class. 2. Pam and Andy have got / has got white shirts. 3. Mike have got / has got two sisters. 4. The boys am not / isn t / aren t at school. 5. Have / Has they got a pet cat? 6. Am / Is / Are you in Year 8? 7. The car am not / isn t / aren t red. 8. My mother haven t got / hasn t got a car. Answers, see page 30 10

11 There is / There are GRAMMAR APPENDIX There is e there are significan hai. There is indica que hai unha cousa. Vai seguido dun substantivo contábel singular ou dun non contábel. There are indica que hai dúas cousas ou máis. Só se emprega con substantivos en plural. There is a cupboard in the kitchen. (Hai unha lacena na cociña.) There s some fruit on the table. (Hai froita enriba da mesa.) There are some apples. (Hai algunhas mazás.) A negativa fórmase engadindo not ou a contracción n t a is e are. There isn t a lamp next to the sofa. (Non hai unha lámpada xunto ao sofá.) There isn t any fish. (Non hai [nada de] peixe.) There aren t any chairs. (Non hai cadeiras.) Para preguntar, comézase con is ou are. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Is there a computer in the classroom? Yes, there is. (Hai un ordenador na clase? Hai. Si.) Is there any water? No, there isn t. (Hai auga? Non.) Are there any oranges? No, there aren t. (Hai laranxas? Non.) O plural irregular Hai substantivos de plural irregular porque non engaden -s nin -es ao singular: uns non cambian: fish fish outros cambian un pouco: man men e outros cambian moito: person people child children 3 Circle the correct answers. 1. There is / There are some fish in this lake. 2. There isn t / There aren t a book on the table. 3. Is there / Are there any children in the library? 4. There are / There aren t any men in this shop. 5. There is / There are a cat on the table. 6. Is there / Are there a train to London? 4 Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets. 1. I ve got two white (mouse). 2. Those (woman) are tall. 3. Has the baby got two new (tooth)? mice 4. He s got long (foot). 5. There are ten (person) in the room. Check Yourself! Complete the sentence with the correct form of There is or There are. 1. a mouse under the chair. 5. a car in the garage? 2. people in the library. 6. (not) a sofa in our living room. 3. any new students in the class? days in August. 4. (not) any notebooks on the floor. 8. two sweaters on the bed? Answers, see page 30 11

12 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 1 O Present Simple O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, oponións e horarios. A forma afirmativa é a mesma que a forma base do verbo, agás na 3ª persoa do singular, á que engadimos un s. He reads books. (El le libros.) Porén, aos seguintes verbos engádeselles -es: Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x: pass passes wash washes catch catches fix fixes Os rematados en o: do does Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso cambia o y por un i: study studies A negativa fórmase poñendo don t / doesn t diante do verbo. I don t eat at school. (Non como no colexio.) Jack does not often listen to the radio. (Jack non escoita a radio a miúdo.) Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito + do / does o don t / doesn t, segundo corresponda. Does your father cook every day? Yes, he does. (Teu pai cociña todos os días? Cociña. Si.) Does your mother study English? No, she doesn t. (Túa nai estuda inglés? Non.) Repara nas expresións de tempo e nos adverbios de frecuencia que máis se empregan co Present Simple: always, never, sometimes, on Fridays, in the morning 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple affirmative or negative. studies 1. Jenny (study) English every day. 2. My friends (not speak) French. 3. My mother and father often (work) at home. 4. The baby (not sleep) in the afternoon. 5. Joe always (catch) the ball. 6. We (not go) to the sports centre every Saturday. 2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple. 1. the children / study / art / at school Do the children study art at school? 2. your mother / cook dinner / every night 3. you / eat / meat 4. Dave / work / at the library 5. your brothers / like / pizza Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the Present Simple. 1. Our music lesson (finish) at two o clock. 2. The boys (not wash) the dishes every morning. 3. your grandmother (visit) you every weekend? 4. I often (listen) to music in the afternoon. 5. you always (have) dinner with your parents? 6. Tommy usually (carry) his books to school. 7. Donna (not dance) three times a week. 8. My friends never (buy) things on the Internet. Answers, see page 30 12

13 GRAMMAR APPENDIX As partículas interrogativas As partículas interrogativas aparecen só en preguntas que non poden se contestar cun si ou cun non : Who? = Quen? What? = Que? Cal? Where? = Onde? When? = Cando? Why? = Por que? How often? = Con que frecuencia? Repara en canto se asemellan ás preguntas que se responden cun si ou non en Present Simple que viches na páxina anterior. Has your brother got a lesson now? (O teu irmán ten algunha clase agora?) Where has your brother got his lesson? (Onde ten o teu irmán a súa clase?) Do you have cereal for breakfast? (Tomas cereais para almorzar?) What do you have for breakfast? (Que tomas para almorzar?) 3 Match the questions in A to the answers in B. A 1. When do the children play tennis? a. Larry. 2. Who knows the answer? b. In England. 3. How often do you go to the library? c. My books and my pencils. 4. Where does your grandmother live? d. Because her house is near the school. 5. What do you carry in your schoolbag? e. Every Friday. 6. Why does Jodi walk to school? f. Once a week. Check Yourself! Complete the questions according to the answers. 1. do you live? In Paris. 2. do you study maths? Four times a week. 3. does Tina have art lessons? On Wednesdays. 4. eats salad every day? Barbara. 5. do you do after school? Play football. 6. does your mother usually cook for dinner? Chicken and rice. 7. do they buy their clothes? At the big shopping centre. 8. does Pete do homework in the library? Because he hasn t got a computer at home. 1 B Answers, see page 30 13

14 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 2 O Present Continuous O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período de tempo presente. Por iso adoita ir coas expresións now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora), at the moment (neste intre) e today (hoxe). Fórmase con to be en presente + un verbo rematado en -ing. The children are crying. (Os nenos están a chorar.) En negativa engádese not ás formas am, is, are ou a contración n t a is e are. Dad isn t sleeping now. (Papá non está a durmir agora.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas ponse o pronome suxeito seguido de am, is ou are en afirmativa ou seguido das formas contraídas en negativa. Are you doing your homework? Yes, I am. / No, I m not. (Estás a facer os deberes? Estou. Si. / Non.) Para engadir -ing a un verbo cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas: Se remata en e mudo, perde esa letra: ride { riding drive { driving come { coming Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: get { getting run { running sit { sitting 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous. teach write read sit play are playing 1. The girls tennis at the moment. 2. My friend a funny book. 3. Wendy and Dave on their chairs right now. 4. My English teacher us the Present Continuous. 5. I with a pencil. 3 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Continuous. 1. you / use / your atlas / at the moment Are you using your atlas at the moment? 2. your friends / ride / their bikes / now 3. your mother / do / laundry / right now 4. your sister / cry / right now 5. your brothers / sing / at the moment 2 Change the words in bold to make negative sentences. Use the words in brackets. 1. He is feeding the cat. (dog) He isn t feeding the dog. 2. The children are eating cake. (salad) 3. My father is watching a basketball game. (football) 4. Dan and Ben are doing English homework. (geography) 5. I am talking to Kate. (Claudia) 14

15 Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the Present Continuous. 1. We (not listen) to music now. 2. My father (drive) me to school right now. 3. you (run) because you are late? 4. I (not hit) my brother! 5. Bob (win) the match? 6. Laura (chat) on the phone with her friend. 7. Kyle and Dean (make) their beds at the moment. 8. the children (do) their homework? GRAMMAR APPENDIX Answers, see page 30 EXTRA! Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous O Present Simple fala de accións habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no momento en que se está a falar. She usually walks to school, but today she is going by bus. (Polo xeral vai andando ao colexio, mais hoxe vai en autobús.) Lembra que as expresións temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro. Write sentences with the words below. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Simple. 1. Sam and Paul / play / computer games / every day /. Sam and Paul play computer games every day. 2. the teacher / shout / at the students / right now /. 3. you / like / my new jacket /? 4. Jodi / not want / any pizza / right now /. 5. your friends / hold / their books / at the moment /? 15

16 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 3 There was / There were Son as formas de pasado de there is e there are polo tanto, significan había / houbo, aínda que en inglés haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural. There was vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en singular ou un non contábel. There were vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en plural. There was a mosquito in my bedroom. (Había un mosquito no meu cuarto.) There was some milk in the fridge. (Había un pouco de leite na neveira.) There were a lot of kites. (Había moitos papaventos.) En negativa engádese not ou a contracción n t a was / were. There wasn t a party at my school. (Non houbo ningunha festa no meu colexio.) There weren t any tomatoes. (Non había tomates.) Para preguntar comézase con was ou were. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Was there also a restaurant? Yes, there was. (Había un restaurante tamén? Había. Si.) Were there any jazz CDs in the music shop? No, there weren t. (Había algún CD de jazz na tenda de música? Non.) 1 Complete the sentences with there was, there were, there wasn t or there weren t. there weren t 1. At Jill s party last night, (not) any boys. 2. a mouse in our classroom yesterday. 3. (not) a cake on the table. 4. a calculator on my desk. Where is it? 5. two teachers on the bus this morning. 2 Complete the questions with Was there or Were there. Were there 1. any saxophones in the band? 2. two sofas in the living room? 3. a book on the table? 4. a science museum in the city? 5. any pencils in his pencil case? Check Yourself! Circle the correct words. 1. There was / There were hundreds of people at the concert. 2. There wasn t / There weren t any water to drink. 3. There were / There weren t some pictures in the classroom. 4. Was there / Were there any girls at the party? 5. There wasn t / There weren t many things to do. 6. Was there / Were there two answers to the question? 7. There were / There weren t any cinemas in that town. 8. There was / There were a desk in his room. Answers, see page 30 16

17 GRAMMAR APPENDIX O Past Simple en afirmativa O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado. Last night, I stayed at home and watched TV. (Esta noite quedei na casa e vin a tele.) Lisa went to the disco and danced with her friends. (Lisa foi á discoteca e bailou cos seus amigos.) Adoita empregarse con expresións temporais que sinalan cando ocorreu a acción. Yesterday, we went to a concert. (Onte fomos a un concerto.) O Past Simple dos verbos regulares fórmase engadindo -ed á forma base do verbo. Para iso cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas: Se remata en e mudo, engadimos só o d: like { liked save { saved Se é monosílabo e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dobra esa consoante: plan { planned stop { stopped Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: cry { cried study { studied Os verbos irregulares non engaden -ed e, polo tanto, cómpre que os saibas de memoria. Podes atopar a listaxe nas páxinas Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple affirmative. cried 1. The baby (cry) for two hours last night. 2. Tom and Gina (play) basketball yesterday. 3. My parents (work) in our garden last week. 4. Jill (dance) in the school show. 5. We (enjoy) the party. 6. Pamela (love) your new dress. 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple affirmative. give eat wear win see wore 1. Ron a red jacket at the party last night. 2. Lisa the tennis match last week. 3. We two pizzas yesterday. 4. They their teacher at the sports centre. 5. I you that book a month ago. Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple affirmative. 1. We (listen) to my new CD three times yesterday. 2. I (study) for the history test last night. 3. Mrs Jones (hug) her daughter. 4. Our teacher (buy) new shoes. 5. My friends (make) a party for my birthday. 6. My father (stop) the car. 7. Brian and I (run) two kilometres last week. 8. The band (sing) their new song at the concert. Answers, see page 30 17

18 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 4 O Past Simple en negativa e interrogativa A negativa do Past Simple fórmase poñendo didn t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas. I didn t know the answer. (Non sabía a resposta.) He didn t study geography. (Non estudou xeografía.) Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito e did ou didn t, segundo corresponda. Did you go to the cinema? Yes, I did. / No, I didn t. (Fuches ao cinema? Fun. Si. / Non.) 1 Change the words in bold to make negative sentences. Use the words in brackets. 1. Dan walked to school. (home) Dan didn t walk home. 2. Jackie and Pete played computer games. (football) 3. My mother bought me a new sweater. (T-shirt) 4. I saw a horror film. (romance) 5. The children listened to rock music. (classical) 6. We read a fantasy story. (biographical) 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple affirmative or negative. not take buy not study go not do speak went 1. I to the cinema last week. 2. My father geography when he was young. 3. My mother on the phone with my teacher yesterday. 4. We any sandwiches with us. 5. She the laundry yesterday. 6. He some jeans at the shopping centre. 18

19 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 3 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Simple. 1. Greg / read / the book / for school Did Greg read the book for school? 2. your parents / give / you / that electronic dictionary 3. Keith / sing / in the concert / last week 4. you / watch / the science fiction film / on TV / last night 5. Lorna and Richard / visit / the history museum / in New York 6. Sandra / put / the food / in the microwave 4 Complete the questions with the words in brackets. Use the Past Simple. did 1. Where your parents (go) last night? 2. When you (buy) that T-shirt? 3. Why he (walk) to school this morning? 4. When they (eat) the cake? 5. Where your friends (play) football yesterday? go Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the Past Simple. 1. you (speak) to Tom last night? 2. We (not like) that adventure film. 3. The cat (sleep) next to the fireplace. 4. your brothers (wash) the dishes? 5. When he (write) this book? 6. The students (study) for the test yesterday. 7. My sister (not take) the train last week. 8. Where you (put) the milk? Answers, see page 30 19

20 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 5 O Past Continuous Emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado. Fórmase con was / were + o verbo principal rematado en -ing. As regras para engadir esa terminación víchelas na unidade 2. It was snowing last night. (Esta noite estivo a nevar.) En negativa engádese not (ou n t) a was e were. Ian wasn t talking to Sam. (Ian non estaba a falar com Sam.) En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas empréganse os pronomes suxeitos e was / were ou wasn t / weren t. Were you walking on the beach? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn t. (Estabas a camiñar pola praia? Estaba. Si. / Non.) As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só hai que poñelas ao comezo. What were you looking at? (Que estabas a mirar?) Co Past Continuous empréganse expresións temporais como at + unha hora, yesterday afternoon, this morning, e as que levan last e ago. 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use the Past Continuous. rain study listen swim play watch were watching 1. We a romance film at ten o clock last night. 2. The boys in the ocean at eight o clock this morning. 3. I the piano at four o clock yesterday afternoon. 4. It all night. 5. My parents to classical music at eleven o clock last night. 6. Tom for a test all last week. 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous negative. At 8.00 pm last night: weren t doing 1. The girls (do) their homework. 2. Sarah (ride) her bike. 3. It (snow). 4. We (run). 5. The dog (eat) its food. 6. Our teacher (teach). 20

21 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 3 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous. 1. you / write / an / an hour ago Were you writing an an hour ago? 2. your mother / watch / TV / at eight o clock this morning 3. your friends / play / football / yesterday 4. Andy / eat / ice cream / five minutes ago 5. the dogs / run / in the park / a few minutes ago Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the Past Continuous. 1. The rabbit (jump) in the garden yesterday afternoon. 2. We (not ride) our bikes at seven o clock in the morning. 3. they (read) their history textbooks? 4. I (have) a shower at ten o clock last night. 5. it (rain) at eight o clock in the evening? 6. My grandmother (not cook) dinner at four o clock in the afternoon. 7. We (sit) in the classroom all morning. 8. Lynn (cry)? Answers, see page 30 EXTRA! Contraste entre o Past Simple e o Past Continuous O Past Simple emprégase para indicar que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous sinala o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado. Os dous empréganse xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when (cando) e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as (mentres) e o verbo en Past Continuous. I was walking home when she called me. (Ía andando cara á casa cando me chamou.) She called me while I was walking home. (Chamoume mentres ía andando cara á casa.) Se as dúas accións son longas e simultáneas, tamén empregamos while. While I was playing with my new dog, my mum was watching a film. (Mentres eu xogaba co meu novo can, miña nai estaba a ver unha película.) Choose the correct answers. 1. We drove / were driving to the shopping centre when the car stopped. 2. My friend was eating ice cream when I saw / was seeing him. 3. My parents called while I slept / was sleeping. 4. Dean didn t swim / wasn t swimming when we arrived at the sports centre. 5. The students were talking / talked when the teacher walked into the classroom. 21

22 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 6 Os modais Can, could, must y should son modais. Estes verbos: - sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base: I can sing. - non engaden -s na 3ª persoa do singular: He must clean up. - forman a negativa só con not ou a contracción n t: They shouldn t come. - forman a interrogativa poñendo o suxeito detrás do modal: Could you help me, please? Can significa saber, ser quen de, dar + participio cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo e poder cando expresa posibilidade. En interrogativa emprégase para pedir permiso ou un favor. A forma negativa máis común é can t, aínda que ás veces se emprega cannot. Our teacher can dance very well. (O noso profesor sabe bailar moi ben.) I m sorry, I can t go with you. (Síntoo, non podo ir contigo.) Could é o pasado de can, de xeito que expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. A forma negativa é couldn t e en interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso, pero de xeito máis educado ca con can. I couldn t wash the dishes. (Non puiden lavar os pratos.) Could I borrow your pencil? (Poderías emprestarme o teu lapis?) Must significa deber e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo. En negativa, mustn t expresa o que non debemos facer porque non está ben ou porque está prohibido. We must finish our exam right now. (Debemos rematar o exame agora mesmo.) We mustn t eat noisily. (Non debemos xantar facendo ruído.) Should é o modal co que damos consellos e significa deber / ter que. A forma negativa é shouldn t e significa non deber / ter que. You should eat more vegetables. (Deberías comer máis verduras.) You shouldn t drink a lot of coffee. (Non deberías beber moito café.) 1 Circle the correct answers. 1. Babies can / can t talk. 2. Jacques is from France. He can / can t speak French. 3. Donna can / could play the violin when she was five years old. 4. My friends can / could take beautiful photos. Look at these. 5. They could / couldn t go on a picnic yesterday because it was raining. 2 Write questions with the words below. Use can or could. 1. I / have / some ice cream Can I have some ice cream? 2. you / ride a bike / five years ago 3. your parents / speak / English 4. my friends / sleep / at our house / tonight 5. your father / drive a car / twenty years ago 22

23 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 3 Complete the sentences with must or mustn t. must 1. You take a test before you can drive. 2. I finish this project. My teacher wants it tomorrow. 3. You take that cup. It isn t yours. 4. We listen to our parents. 5. We shout. We are in the library. 6. They come after nine o clock. Their lesson begins at nine o clock. 4 Complete the sentences with should or shouldn t. shouldn t 1. You go swimming after a big meal. 2. He take a jacket. It s cold outside. 3. I clean the house, but I m very tired. 4. We eat a lot of chocolate. It isn t good for us. 5. You play tennis. It s a great sport. 6. Wendy hurry. They are waiting for her. 7. You push the other children. Check Yourself! Circle the correct answers. 1. Should / Must I buy that shirt? It s beautiful but it s very expensive. 2. The film is starting. You can / must be quiet. 3. Steve can t / couldn t go to the party yesterday. 4. You mustn t / can t write in this book. It isn t yours. 5. Dogs can / should be great pets. 6. Alan can t / couldn t swim. He s only two years old. 7. Can / Must I have a sandwich? I m hungry. 8. You shouldn t / can t talk with food in your mouth. Answers, see page 30 23

24 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 7 O comparativo Para formar o comparativo cómpre reparar en se o adxectivo é curto ou longo. Son curtos os monosílabos (tall, short, fast, nice...) os bisílabos rematados en -y (happy, pretty, busy); e longos, os de dúas ou máis sílabas (famous, popular, interesting, expensive...). Todos os adxectivos comparativos van seguidos de than. Un adxectivo curto en grao comparativo fórmase deste xeito: adxectivo + -er + than. Lions are faster than snakes. (Os leóns son máis rápidos ca as serpes.) Gorillas are stronger than cats. (Os gorilas son máis fortes ca os gatos.) Para engadir a terminación -er cómpre seguir estas regras ortográficas: - Se remata en e mudo, só engade r: wide { wider - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: thin { thinner - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: pretty { prettier Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more e detrás than. Japanese is more difficult than English. (O xaponés é máis difícil ca o inglés.) Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo e cómpre aprendelos de memoria, o mesmo que pasa en galego: good better (bo - mellor) bad worse (malo peor), etc. 1 Complete the chart. 2 Complete the sentences with the adjectives Adjective Comparative 1. happy happier than 2. short 3. intelligent 4. thin 5. big 6. exciting 7. good 8. bad below. Use the comparative form. colourful nice old bad dangerous worse than 1. A mark of 60 is a mark of Butterflies are frogs. 3. Your grandparents are your parents. 4. Sharks are dolphins. 5. I like Lisa. She is Sue. Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the adjectives in brackets. Use the comparative form. 1. Yesterday, it was (warm) it is today. 2. Jill is (short) her mother. 3. The book is (exciting) the film. 4. My English is (good) my friend s. 5. Josie is (pretty) her sister. 6. Giraffes are (tall) gorillas. 7. For some students, maths is (difficult) science. 8. Tigers are (frightening) elephants. Answers, see page 30 24

25 GRAMMAR APPENDIX Artigos e cuantificadores Lembra que a / an se emprega con substantivos contábeis en singular, e some e any con contábeis en plural e non contábeis; some só en oracións afirmativas e any en negativa e interrogativas. She has got a computer. (Ela ten un ordenador.) John is buying some toys. (John está a mercar algúns xoguetes.) I need some water. (Preciso [un pouco de] auga.) They haven t got any CDs. (Non teñen ningún CD.) Have you got any soup? (Tes [algo de] sopa?) Empregamos the diante de substantivos contábeis e non contábeis cando falamos de algo concreto ou que se nomeou antes, mais nunca cando falamos das cousas en xeral, sexan contábeis ou non. The teacher is speaking. (concreto) (A profesora está a falar.) Don t shout! The baby is sleeping. (concreto) (Non berres! O bebé está a durmir.) Dogs are great pets. (xeral) (Os cans son unhas mascotas estupendas.) Time is money. (xeral) (O tempo é ouro.) How much? (Canto/a?) vai seguido de substantivos non contábeis e How many? (Cantos/as?) de substantivos contábeis en plural. How much sugar is there? (Canta azucre hai?) How many sports do you do? (Cantos deportes fas?) How much emprégase co verbo to be para preguntar canto custa algo: How much is the ticket? (Canto custa o billete?) 3 Complete the sentences with a, an, some, any or the. any 1. Bobby hasn t got shoes on his feet. 2. There is blue car in front of your house. 3. Can I have orange juice, please? 4. I put onion in the salad. 5. house is clean. Did you clean it? 4 Complete the sentences with many, much, How many or How much. much 1. There isn t milk in the house. 2. CDs have you got? 3. There are butterflies in the garden. 4. My parents have got friends. 5. bread do you eat? Check Yourself! Circle the correct answers. 1. How many / How much water do you drink every day? 2. My mother doesn t want some / any sugar in her coffee. 3. Can I have a / an apple, please? 4. There weren t much / many people at the concert. 5. I haven t got much / many time to talk to you. 6. Let s have some / any fruit! 7. How many / How much subjects do you study? 8. Have you got a / an canary in your house? Answers, see page 30 25

26 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 8 be going to En afirmativa fórmase co presente de to be + going to e un verbo na forma base, e significa ir + infinitivo. Como expresa os nosos plans e intencións, adoita levar algunha expresión de futuro que indique cando faremos a acción (soon, two days from now, etc.). We re going to visit Rome next summer. (Imos visitar Roma o vindeiro verán.) En negativa engadimos not ou n t ao verbo to be. I m not going to travel by plane. (Eu non vou viaxar en avión.) As preguntas comezan con am, is ou are, e nas respostas curtas só repetimos estas formas de to be, sen contraer en afirmativa e contraídas en negativa. Is Helen going to speak? Yes, she is. / No, she isn t. (Vai falar Helen? Vai. Si. / Non.) 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to. is going to have 1. Rita (have) a party tomorrow. 2. We (not watch) TV later. 3. The babies (sleep) this afternoon. 4. I (go) to the supermarket in ten minutes. 5. Annie (not meet) her friends at the weekend. 6. I (not buy) this shirt. It s very expensive. 2 Write questions with the words below. Use be going to. 1. the children / play / in the park / later Are the children going to play in the park later? 2. Danny / meet / Lynn / this afternoon 3. Pam / clean / her room / this weekend 4. you / have dinner / at that restaurant 5. Ben and Steve / study / for the exam together Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to. 1. I (sing) a new song for you. 2. we (study) French next year? 3. He (play) football tomorrow. 4. she (watch) TV tonight? 5. We (not go) swimming after school. 6. you (do) the laundry? 7. They (eat) seafood for dinner tonight. 8. She (not use) the printer. Answers, see page 30 26