SAX5B Television Production. Units : I- V

Transcription

1 SAX5B Television Production Units : I- V

2 UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION PRODUCTION ELEMENTS OF TELEVISION PRODUCTION STAGES OF PRODUCTION VISUALISATION BROADCAST STANDARDS TELEVISION CREW DIRECTION PRODUCTION DESIGN SCENERY & PROPS FLOOR MANAGEMENT BUDGETING SAX 5B - Television Production 2

3 INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION PRODUCTION Complex creative process Consists of equipment and people Operating for specific programs TV system converts Optical images to electrical signals Sound to electrical signals Reconversion to the video signals & audio signals SAX 5B- Television Production 3

4 ELEMENTS OF TELEVISION PRODUCTION Camera Lighting Audio Switching Videotape recording Tapeless systems Postproduction editing Special effects SAX 5B - Television Production 4

5 STAGES OF PRODUCTION PRE PRODUCTION PLANNING COORDINATION PRODUCTION ACTUAL SHOOTING / RECORDING POST PRODUCTION EDITING (VIDEO/ AUDIO) EVALUATION & FEEDBACK RECORD KEEPING PRE- PRODUCTION PRODUCTION POST PRODUCTION SAX 5B - Television Production 5

6 VISUALISATION Any technique for creating images, diagrams or animations to communicate a message ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED TARGET AUDIENCE BUDGET TIME SPAN TOOLS AIDING VISUALISATION STORY BOARD PHOTO BOARD VIDEO ANIMATION SAX 5B - Television Production 6

7 BROADCAST STANDARDS Encoding or formatting standards for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals. ANALOG SYSTEM NTSC - NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE FRAMES/SEC (fps) PAL PHASE ALTERNATING LINES 25 FRAMES/SEC SECAM - SEQUENTIAL COLOUR WITH MEMORY 25 FRAMES/SEC DIGITAL SYSTEM DVB, ATSC, ISDB, DB SAX 5B - Television Production 7

8 TELEVISION CREW KEY CREATIVE DEPARENT PRODUCER Hire key personnel, initiate, coordinate, control & supervise Involved throught DIRECTOR Oversees the creative aspect Direct the performance Manage technical details SCREEN WRITER Research the story Develop the narrative Writing the screenplay SAX 5B - Television Production 8

9 OTHER DEPARENTS Camera Location Sound Grip Electrical Art Costume & make up Visual effects Post production SAX 5B - Television Production 9

10 DIRECTION Creative visualisation of script Advising, guiding and coordinating the crew Effectively communicating their vision. Director in Pre production Production Post production Director s role as An artist A psychologist Technical adviser Coordinator SAX 5B - Television Production 10

11 PRODUCTION DESIGN/ ART DIRECTION Visual concept of TV Production The look of a set or location is vital in drawing the audience into the story. Work begins at an early stage of pre production. After script reading with the director, the visual quality is assessed to create the atmosphere. Breaking down the script scenes, locations, Int/Ext, D/N, Time Research for sourcing ideas is done from books, paintings, photographs, internet etc., Mood boards/ story board Visual theme that reoccurs throughout the film. Studio Vs Location Studio controlled environment Location no control over sound and atmosphere SAX 5B - Television Production 11

12 SCENERY & PROPS SOFTWALL FLATS PLATFORM HARDWALL FLATS WAGONS HARDWALL CYC DROP SAX 5B - Television Production 12

13 FLOOR MANAGEMENT Floor Shooting Floor Floor plan A set design is drawn on the floor plan pattern Shows the floor area, the main studio doors, the location of the control room, and the studio walls. Helps in preparing the preliminary blocking of talent, cameras, and microphone booms Helps to set up the scenery and place the major set properties Aids the lighting director to design the light plot. SAX 5B - Television Production 13

14 FLOOR MANAGER Checks the sets, props and technical equipment are safe & ready to use Coordinating between the director and other production people. Passing the cues to the guests and presenters Managing the audience. Dealing with the technical problems. Coordinating rehearsals and run through. SAX 5B - Television Production 14

15 BUDGETING Planning the finance Every production has budget constraints Every item has to be listed when preparing the budget. Budget can be prepared by based on Production stages Dividing it as above the line & below the line Above the line expense for creative personnel, who are involved in conceptualisation of ideas. Below the line expenses for the production crew, equipment, studio space. SAX 5B - Television Production 15

16 UNIT II SCRIPT FORMATS PRINCIPLES OF SCRIPT WRITING PLOT STRUCTURE SCREENPLAY STORY BOARDS CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT DIALOGUE WRITING DEVELOPING A SCRIPT LOCATION SCOUTING COSTUMES & MAKE UP SAX 5B - Television Production 16

17 SCRIPT WRITING Screenplay or scriptwritten document that says what and how the audience should see and hear the event. Script formats Single column for radio Single column for television Two column for television Screenplay format SAX 5B - Television Production 17

18 PRINCIPLES OF SCRIPT WRITING STORY Incident in the life of somebody we know True life experience Heroic life of a historical character Every story has a beginning, middle and end. Progression of life events is called a plot How the main character reacts to the events A good story has a protagonist who is confronted The protagonist s ability is challenged, overcomes the odds and achieves the goal. SAX 5B - Television Production 18

19 STORY TELLING Defining what the story is about, this is called the theme. The theme is a subtle idea. The beginning of the story. Genre of the story- how the audience should feel about the story. It is very crucial for the movie experience. Creating a point of view of the character within the story - the pov character interacts with the main character throughout the story. The pov character serves as the story teller SAX 5B - Television Production 19

20 STRUCTURE Structure is the form. Screenplay has a three act structure SAX 5B - Television Production 20

21 SEQUENCES Each sequence is made up of scenes Each sequence builds upon the next sequence to create a story. Story progression occurs when the sequences build on one another in a logical way. Character conflict also propels the story forward. The sequences builds the story towards the climax. SAX 5B - Television Production 21

22 PLOT STRUCTURE SAX 5B - Television Production 22

23 SCREENPLAY content: font size 20 SAX 5B - Television Production 23

24 STORY BOARDS SAX 5B - Television Production 24

25 CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT Character research general research & specific research Character background ethnicity, social, religion, education, time period, location, occupation Naming the character- should reflect the qualities of the character. Protagonist Antagonist The character has to be consistent Character psychology Do not stereotype characters. SAX 5B - Television Production 25

26 DIALOGUE WRITING Dialogue effective tool in developing a character. Helps in the growth and evolution of the character. Effective dialogues should Move the story forward. Reveal the emotions. Reveal the conflict Create tension. Subtext is the meaning behind the words, emotions behind the words. When writing dialogue remember Character s attitude Perspective on the situation Thoughts and emotions. SAX 5B - Television Production 26

27 DEVELOPING A SCRIPT Idea Summary/outline - preliminary overview of the script. Treatment detailed description, word sketches of the main characters and some dialogues, narrative. Scene breakdown - scene by scene outline of the entire screenplay in prose form using dialogue, character development, action, etc. It's an essential way to see the entire movie before you reach the screenplay stage. Master script/screenplay setting, action, character name, dialogue, transition. Shooting script SAX 5B - Television Production 27

28 LOCATION Location - filming the actors and the dialog is recorded. Shooting on location gives a realism to the production. Location shooting greatly depends on budget Location shooting does not give control over atmosphere, sound etc., Substitute location Location manager, location scout, location assistant. Types of location Actual location Sound stage and backlot SAX 5B - Television Production 28

29 WHEN SCOUTING FOR LOCATIONS Know your script Scout at the right time Look at light Power supplies Sound check Permits and clearances Evaluate the area Taking notes SAX 5B - Television Production 29

30 COSTUMES & MAKE UP Communicate the personality of the character to the audience, Enhance, improve or alienate the appearance of the actors. Costume designers and makeup artists do research, work closely to create a perfect look to the character. They also work closely with the director and actor. The actor should look consistent and believable regardless of out-ofsequence filming. Lighting, positioning and composing should be considered when designing costumes and makeup SAX 5B - Television Production 30

31 UNIT 3 SHOT, SCENE, SEQUENCE TYPES OF SHOTS CAMERA MOVEMENTS FRAMING RULE OF THIRDS 180 DEGREE PRINCIPLE WORKING OF CAMERA TYPES OF CAMERA ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS LIGHTING FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS SAX 5B - Television Production 31

32 SHOT Continous recording of images from the time the camera is switched on until its switched off It is used to express emotion, ideas and movement Frames together make a shot Film 24 frames/ sec Television- NTSC Frames / sec PAL 25 Frames/ sec SCENE It is a narrative device Collection of shots within the same location and time frame They are mini stories that occur within a story to propel it forward Scenes will have a beginning, middle and end The scenes keeps the story interesting and engaging SAX 5B - Television Production 32

33 SEQUENCE A series of scenes that form a distinct narrative unit Connected by unity of location and unity of time The writing of sequence paradigm was developed by Frank Daniel SAX 5B - Television Production 33

34 TYPES OF SHOTS SUBJECT SIZE Extreme long shot (els) Long shot (ls) Mid shot (ms) Close up (cu) Extreme close up (ecu) Over the shoulder shot (oss) SAX 5B - Television Production 34

35 CAMERA MOVEMENTS Pan Tilt Pedestal Dolly Track Crane Zoom Tongue Crab SAX 5B - Television Production 35

36 FRAMING Framing - presentation of visual elements in an image, especially the placement of the subject in relation to other objects. Framing can make an image more aesthetically Every image shown should convey meaning and energy. To frame effective shots Rule of thirds Rule of joints Aspect Ratio proportion between the width and the height of the Screen ; 4:3, 16:9 (HDTV) Close up, Extreme close up, Closure Head room, Nose room, Lead room SAX 5B - Television Production 36

37 RULE OF THIRDS SAX 5B - Television Production 37

38 LEAD ROOM NOSE ROOM HEAD ROOM SAX 5B - Television Production 38

39 180 DEGREE PRINCIPLE content: font size 20 SAX 5B - Television Production 39

40 WORKING OF CAMERA Parts of the camera Lens Beam splitter Imaging device ccd View finder SAX 5B - Television Production 40

41 TYPES OF CAMERA content: font size 20 ENG/EFP CAMERA STUDIO CAMERA CONSUMER CAMCORDER SAX 5B - Television Production 41

42 ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS-CAMERA Aspect ratio White balance Resolution Operating light level Gain Video noise ; signal to noise ratio Electronic shutter Smear and moiré Contrast SAX 5B - Television Production 42

43 TELEVISION LIGHTING Objectives of tv lighting Helps the tv camera to produce t technically optimal pictures Helps the viewer to see well. Establish a specific mood for the audience. The purpose of good lighting also has artistic application. Lighting for studio is different from lighting for field programs. Studio lighting instruments Field lighting instruments SAX 5B - Television Production 43

44 LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS STUDIO LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS SPOT LIGHT FRESNEL SPOTLIGHT ELLIPSOIDAL SPOTLIGHT FOLLOW SPOT STUDIO LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS FLOOD LIGHT FLUORESCENT LIGHT SCOOP LIGHT SOFTLIGHT & BROAD SAX 5B - Television Production 44

45 LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS FIELD LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS SPOT LIGHT SMALL FRESNEL SPOTLIGHT HMI WITH BALLAST LIGHT SMALL FOCUSABLE SPOT FIELD LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS FLOOD LIGHT PORTABLE FLUORESCENT LIGHT V - LIGHT ENG/EFP PORTABLE LIGHT SAX 5B - Television Production 45

46 LIGHTING FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS FLAT LIGHTING CROSS KEYING SAX 5B - Television Production 46

47 LIGHTING FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS CAMEO LIGHTING LARGE AREA LIGHTING SILHOUETTE LIGHTING SAX 5B - Television Production 47

48 UNIT 4 AUDIO, CATEGORIES OF SOUND MICROPHONES ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICS SOUND GENERATING ELEMENT PICK UP PATTERN POLAR PATTERN OPERATIONAL CHARCTERISTICS OF MICS SPECIAL MICROPHONE FEATURES AUDIO RECORDING MONO, STEREO, SURROUND AUDIO EQUIPMENTS AUDIO CONSOLE AUDIO POST PRODUCTION SAX 5B - Television Production 48

49 Audio important element of tvp Electronic reproduction of audible sound. Sound provides Cognitive information related to knowledge, reasoning, memory, judgement etc., Affective information - emotion, feeling and mood Categories of sound Speech (dialogue & narration) Music Special effects AUDIO Diegetic sound & non diegetic sound SAX 5B - Television Production 49

50 MICROPHONES Transducer that converts acoustic energy into electric energy. Microphones can be classified based on Electronic characteristics Operational characteristics Pick up of live sounds is done through a variety of microphones Quality of a microphone does not depend only on the make up but also on the way it is used. SAX 5B - Television Production 50

51 Electronic characteristics Sound Generating Element Pick up Pattern Dynamic Microphones Condenser Microphones Omnidirectional Unidirectional (Cardiod) super cardioid Ribbon Microphones hypercardioid ultra cardioid SAX 5B - Television Production 51

52 SOUND GENERATING ELEMENT DYNAMIC MIC Moving Coil Mic Can be used close to the sound source Withstand high sound levels Withstand extreme temperature Ideal outdoor Mic CONDENSER MIC Sensitive to physical shock, temperature change, input overload Produces high sound quality when used at greater distance from sound source They have pre amplifier, that should be powered by battery RIBBON MIC Produces warm sound, used by singers Strictly for indoor Sensitive and high quality output. SAX 5B - Television Production 52

53 PICK UP PATTERN OMNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL CARDIOID SUPER CARDIOID SAX 5B - Television Production 53

54 POLAR PATTERN SAX 5B - Television Production 54

55 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MIC MOBILE MICS LAVALIERE STATIONARY MICS DESK HAND HANGING HEADSET STAND BOOM HIDDEN WIRELESS LONG DISATNCE SAX 5B - Television Production 55

56 SPECIAL MIC FEATURES Impedance resistance to the signal flow High impedance works with short cables Low impedance works with long cables Impedance transformer Frequency response ability of a mic to hear extremely low and high sounds ; flat response Balanced mics Three wire mic, two wires for audio signal, one wire for ground Rejects hum and other electronic interference Unbalanced mics Two wire mic,one wire for audio signal, one wire for ground Susceptible to hum and electronic noise SAX 5B - Television Production 56

57 Mono All audio signals are mixed together and routed through single channel Multiple loud speakers All listeners would hear at same audio level. Stereo Two independent audio signal Entire listening area must have equal coverage Sweet spot Surround AUDIO RECORDING Sound surrounds the listener Sound in different audio channels Enhances the perception of sound spatilisation Dolby 5.1 has 3 speakers in front and 2 at the back SAX 5B - Television Production 57

58 AUDIO EQUIPMENTS Audio console Patch bay VU meter Tape recorders (analog / digital) Tapeless recording system SAX 5B - Television Production 58

59 AUDIO CONSOLE Input- pre amplify & control the input signals Mix to combine & balance 2 or more signals Quality control to manipulate the sound characteristics Output route signals to specific output Monitor listen to sounds before or during recording/ broadcast SAX 5B - Television Production 59

60 AUDIO POST PRODUCTION It involves sound design, sound editing, audio mixing and addition of effects Dubbing - transfer or copying of previously recorded audio material from one medium to another Voice over A post-production technique where a voice that is not part of the narrative (non-diegetic) is used Mixing - the post process in recording acoustic music is often referred to as mixing. It involves equalisation, audio level compression, multi-band audio compression, and limiting. Sound effects they are artificially created or enhanced sounds, or sound processes used to emphasize artistic or other content television shows SAX 5B - Television Production 60

61 UNIT 5 EDITING & TYPES OF EDITING EDIT CONTROLLER EDITING PROCEDURE FUNCTIONS OF EDITING CONTROL TRACK & TIME CODE EDITING MODES SINGLE SOURCE EDITING SYSTEM MULTI SOURCE EDITING SYSTEM NON LINEAR EDITING TRANSITIONS GRAPHICS & TITLING PERFORMING & ACTING TECHNIQUES SAX 5B - Television Production 61

62 EDITING Video editing is the manipulation and arrangement of video shots. Video editing is used to structure and present all video information Types of editing Linear editing Non linear editing Offline editing Online editing SAX 5B - Television Production 62

63 EDIT CONTROLLER Controls the player and recorder Reads and displays time code Marks and remembers edit in and edit out points. Starts and synchronises the machines Controls record vtr s assemble and insert mode SAX 5B - Television Production 63

64 EDITING PROCEDURE Shot selection Choosing shots Preparing EDL Shot sequencing Adding transitions Audio sweetening Creating final edit master tape SAX 5B - Television Production 64

65 EDITING FUNCTIONS COMBINE Joining various video recorded pieces together, in a proper sequence SHORTEN - Cutting the available material to make the final videotape fit a given time slot or to eliminate extraneous material. CORRECT - Eliminating unacceptable portions of a scene or by replacing them with better ones. BUILD - Build a show from a great many takes SAX 5B - Television Production 65

66 CONTROL TRACK AND TIME CODE EDITING The area of the videotape used for recording the synchronization information (sync pulse). Provides reference for the running speed of the VTR, for the plac ing and reading of the video tracks, and for counting the number of frames. TIME CODE Gives each television frame a specific address (number that shows hours, minutes, seconds, and frames of elapsed tape). It is frame-accurate. Locating each frame is easy. Edit controller can locate the frame with the time code SAX 5B - Television Production 66

67 EDITING MODES Assemble mode Editing without control track on edit master Erases the previous video and records the new one The control track from source gets copied onto the edit master Advantage quick and fast Insert mode Continuous control track is laid Control track recording black recording (video & audio off) Insert audio or video without disturbing other shots Video editing can be done without disturbing the audio AB rolling/ AB roll editing SAX 5B - Television Production 67

68 LINEAR EDITING SYSTEM SINGLE SOURCE EDITING SYSTEM SAX 5B - Television Production 68

69 LINEAR EDITING SYSTEM MULTI SOURCE EDITING SYSTEM SAX 5B - Television Production 69

70 NON LINEAR EDITING Instant and random access to shots and sequences Video & audio info is stored in hard disks Techniques of NLE Capturing Compressing Storage Juxtaposing Software used Adobe premiere, apple final cutpro, corel video studio, pinnacle video, avid SAX 5B - Television Production 70

71 TRANSITIONS Cut Cutting on action Cut away Cross cut Jump cut Match cut Smash cut Fade in/ fade out Dissolve Iris Wipe SAX 5B - Television Production 71

72 GRAPHICS & TITLING Major factor in tvp Television graphics gives Specific information Nature of the show Grab attention When designing Aspect ratio 4:3, 16:9 Scanning area & essential area (safe title area) Out of aspect ratio graphics Avoid info overload Colour & brightness ( title & bg) Synthetic images entirely computer generated (still /animated) Titling software title pro, blue titler SAX 5B - Television Production 72

73 PERFORMING AND ACTING TECHNIQUES Performing techniques Performer & camera Performer & audio Performer & timing Performer & post production Floor manager cues Prompting devices Acting techniques Audience Blocking Memorizing lines Timing Director/ actor relationship SAX 5B - Television Production 73