There are 4 types of noun: Common Proper Collective Abstract Expanded noun phrases

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2 There are 4 types of noun: Common Proper Collective Abstract Expanded noun phrases

3 Colony caravan shoal nest convoy Swarm pack bouquet platoon coven Troop fleet gaggle cluster skein Host herd litter dray Quiver clutch pride constellation Bunch murder ream bundle Peal troupe congregation Flock pod choir band Batch brood orchestra grove

4 Determiners specify nouns as known or unknown. There are 4 types: articles (the, a, an) eg The home team (known) eg A good team (unknown) demonstratives (this, that, these, those) eg That pupil (known) possessives (my, your, his, her, their, our) eg Your house (known) quantifiers (some, every) eg Some big dogs (unknown)

5 Describing word Goes before a noun to modify it, makes the meaning more specific Can create compound adjectives with a hyphen eg red-brown Is complement when after verb to be eg I am happy where I is subject and happy is complement. Can you form an adjective from a noun and vice versa?

6 There are 2 types of verb: doing words eg She walks to work. auxiliary verbs To be To have I am I was I have You are You were You have He/she/it is He/she/it was He/she/it has We are We were We have They are They were They have

7 A verb must agree with its subject. I walk You walk He/she/it walks We walk They walk Beware of multiple subjects: Eg Jim walks. Jim and Sarah walk (same as they ). Each of us is not are.

8 Verbs have a tense. There are 14 types of tense: present eg He writes. present progressive (continuous) eg He is writing (takes auxiliary verb from to be and present participle). past eg He wrote. past progressive (continuous) eg He was writing (takes auxiliary verb from to be in past tense).

9 present perfect eg He has written (takes auxiliary form of to have and past participle). present perfect progressive eg He has been writing. past perfect eg He had written (takes auxiliary form of to have in past tense). past perfect progressive eg He had been writing.

10 future eg He will/is going to write. infinitive eg He wants to write (takes to before the verb).

11 modal (certainty or obligation - will, can, shall, ought, must) (possibility - may, might, could, would, should) eg He can write. eg He ought to be able to write. eg He should have written. Remember: should have not of

12 subjunctive formal eg The school requires that all pupils be honest. uncertainty eg If Zoe were elected onto the school council, things would be much better. necessity eg He demanded that we not go. I insist that he come. wish eg If I were younger, I would go. 3 rd person does not take usual s ending. Verb to be is always be not am, is, are etc. Be in past is always were not was. Not instead of don t etc.

13 active Subject, verb, object Subject = before the verb, the do-er of the sentence. Object = after the verb, shows what the verb is acting upon. eg The school arranged a visit. passive Object, verb, subject (bring end to beginning) eg A visit was arranged by the school. Verb takes auxiliary verb from to be eg was/were, is/are Subject is turned into prepositional phrase using by as its head. Can you change a sentence from one tense to another?

14 Simple present, simple past, past participle Arise Begin Bite Blow Arose Began Bit Blew Arisen Begun Bitten Blown Break Choose Do Draw Broke Chose Did Drew Broken Chosen Done Drawn Drink Drive Eat Fall Drank Drove Ate Fell Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen

15 Fly Forbid Forget Forgive Flew Forbade Forgot Forgave Flown Forbidden Forgotten Forgiven Freeze Give Grow Hide Froze Gave Grew Hid Frozen Given Grown Hidden Know Lie Ride Ring Knew Lay Rode Rang Known Lain Ridden Rung Rise See Sew Shake Rose Saw Sewed Shook Risen Seen Sewn Shaken

16 Shave Shear Show Shrink Shaved Sheared Showed Shrank Shaven Shorn Shown Shrunken Sing Sink Slay Sneak Sang Sank Slew Sneaked Sung Sunk Slain Snuck Speak Spring Steal Stink Spoke Sprang Stole Stank Spoken Sprung Stolen Stunk Strive Swear Swim Take Strove Swore Swam Took Striven Sworn Swum Taken

17 Tear Throw Wake Wear Tore Threw Woke Wore Torn Thrown Woken Worn Weave Write Withdraw Wove Wrote Withdrew Woven Written Withdrawn

18 Adverbs modify: verbs Eg Usha soon started snoring loudly. adjectives eg The match was really exciting! other adverbs eg We don t get to play games very often. whole clauses eg Fortunately, it didn t rain.

19 There are 5 types of adverb: Time (when) eg today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, soon Frequency (how often) eg sometimes, always, never, often Place (where) eg here, there, somewhere, everywhere Manner (how) eg quickly, fast Degrees of possibility eg perhaps, surely Can you form an adverb from an adjective?

20 An adverbial is a word or phrase that is used to modify a verb or clause: An adverbial can be: an adverb eg Cautiously, they climbed the ladder. a preposition phrase eg Usha went up the stairs. eg The bus leaves in five minutes. a subordinate clause eg He finished when the teacher got cross. eg She worked until she had finished. a noun phrase eg She promised to see him last night. eg He finished his work this evening. Fronted adverbial (takes a comma afterwards) eg As soon as she arrived home, she went to bed.

21 A conjunction links two words or phrases together. There are 2 types: co-ordinating conjunction (links 2 words or phrases together as an equal pair) eg James bought a bat and ball. eg Kylie is young but she can kick the ball hard. eg I could go outside or I could stay in. eg Jill was hungry so she went to the café. subordinating conjunction (introduces a subordinate clause) eg Everyone watches when Kyle does back-flips. eg Joe can t practise kicking because he s injured.

22 After nevertheless unless Although notwithstanding when As once whenever Because provided that where Before rather than wherever Despite since whether Even if so that while Even though than If that In order that though

23 In addition Additionally Also Furthermore A further point is One reason is As well as Moreover

24 However Whereas Although On the other hand Nevertheless Despite Notwithstanding Alternatively In contrast to

25 For example For instance Such as Firstly Finally In conclusion To sum up Overall In summary

26 Therefore As a result Consequently So The reason that Because

27 Firstly Until Before In the beginning After that Afterwards Following that Just then Next in due course later eventually a month later at that moment suddenly all at once meanwhile simultaneously

28 Cohesive devices are words used to show how the different parts of a text fit together/follow on from each other. There are 5 main types: pronouns eg Joe was given a bike for Christmas. He liked it very much. conjunctions eg We ll be going shopping before we go to the park. adverbs eg He saw the cat. Suddenly, it jumped up at him. reference chains eg A trip has been arranged for Year 6 to the Mountain Peaks Study Centre, leaving school at 9 am. This is an overnight visit. The facility has beautiful grounds and a nature trail. During the afternoon, the children will follow the trail. ellipsis (missing out expected words) eg Where are you going? To school? (ellipsis of the expected words I m going to school links the answer back to the question.)

29 A phrase is: A group of words that expand a single word called the head. The head could be a noun or preposition. eg She waved to her mother (noun phrase with mother as the head) eg She waved to her mother (preposition phrase with to as the head) A clause is: A group of words whose head is a verb. eg She waved to her mother (clause with verb waved as the head)

30 A main clause: makes sense on its own A subordinate clause: does not make sense on its own eg He watched her as she disappeared. eg She cried because she was tired. eg When it was home-time, she cheered. A subordinate clause can go at the beginning of a sentence with a comma afterwards, in the middle of a sentence with commas before and after or at the end of a sentence with no commas needed. Can you move a subordinate clause from the beginning to the middle of a sentence? Can you move it to the end?

31 A relative clause modifies a noun. It uses a relative pronoun to refer back to a noun or clause. Who, whoever, whosoever, whose Whom, whomever Which, whichever That eg That s the boy who lives near school. eg The prize that I won was a book. eg Tom broke the game, which annoyed Ali.

32 A preposition goes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase to link it to some other word in the sentence. Prepositions often describe positions but can describe other things such as time. eg Tom said hello to Christy with a smile. eg She ll be back from Australia in two weeks. A preposition phrase has a preposition as its head followed by a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. eg He was in bed. eg I met them after the party.

33 Some words can act either as prepositions or as conjunctions. eg I haven t seen my dog since this morning. (preposition before noun phrase) I m going, since no-one wants me here! (conjunction linking two clauses) eg I ll finish my homework before tea-time. I ll eat my sandwiches before I devour my crisps.

34 Pronouns replace nouns to stop repetition. eg Simon dropped the vase. He is the one who broke it. There are 4 types of pronoun: Personal (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) Possessive (my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs) Relative (who, which, that etc) Reflexive (myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves)

35 There are 3 sentence types: Simple/single-clause sentence eg Ali went home on his bike to his goldfish and his current library book about pets. Multi-clause sentence: compound (has a coordinating conjunction) eg She went shopping but took back everything she had bought. Multi-clause sentence: complex (has a subordinating conjunction) eg She took her shopping back because she didn t like any of it.

36 There are 4 sentence forms: Statement/Declarative eg You are my friend. Question/Interrogative eg Are you my friend? Command/Imperative (begins with a verb) eg Be my friend! Exclamation (begins with what or how ) eg What a good friend you are! Can you change a statement into the other 3 sentence forms?

37 Capital letters go: at the beginning of each sentence, proper nouns, titles, beginning of speech not for seasons or common nouns. eg I have an uncle (common noun). eg His name is Uncle John (title). Full stops go: at the end of every statement and some commands. Question marks go: at the end of every question. Exclamation marks go: At the end of every exclamation and some commands. Exclamations convey strong emotions such as fear, shock or anger. They also convey irony or sense of humour.

38 Commas have 6 main uses: to separate items in a list eg Mandy took her bucket, spade, towel and swimsuit to the beach. to separate lists of adjectives (but not the final one) eg the tall, shiny, silver statue to clarify the meaning of a sentence eg Slow children crossing and Slow, children crossing. to separate a fronted adverbial or embedded clause eg Surprisingly, she didn t eat the chocolate. eg The tall man, who was staring straight at me, walked purposefully forwards. to separate the speaker from the speech eg Julie whispered, Is it nearly over? for question tags eg He s your friend, isn t he?

39 This is a common error where a comma is used to separate two main clauses instead of a full stop, semi-colon or coordinating conjunction. eg John went to his friend s house, he stayed there until teatime. It should be either: John went to his friend s house and stayed there until teatime. John went to his friend s house. He stayed there until teatime. John went to his friend s house; he stayed there until teatime.

40 Inverted commas/speech marks go before the first word and after the last word of speech. The final punctuation goes inside the final inverted commas. This is a comma if the sentence continues. The first letter of speech is a capital letter (unless it is a continuation of earlier speech) There can be many sentences contained within one set of inverted commas if it is a long speech. Remember to check punctuation at the end of the whole sentence. New speaker, new line. Use informal language for speech and formal language for narration. Use ellipses for pauses in speech and dashes for interrupted speech. I m hungry! screamed Sally. Give me some - You re not getting anything, interrupted mum sternly, until you can ask properly. Sally looked down then asked politely, Erm please mum can I have some crisps pleease. That s better. I ll think about it, replied mum with a wry smile.

41 Direct speech uses inverted commas and relays what the character said word for word. eg I really love this school, beamed the new girl. Indirect speech does not use inverted commas and gives the gist of what a character said using that. eg The new girl beamed and said that she loved the school. Can you change direct to indirect speech and vice versa?

42 Quotation marks can be used to convey an ironic tone. eg I just love teaching grammar; it s my favourite thing, sneered the teacher.

43 A parenthesis is a word or phrase inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a sentence. It can be taken out of the sentence and the sentence will still make sense. The punctuation comes in pairs. There are 3 types of parenthesis punctuation: commas (where the information in parenthesis is of equal importance) eg The creature, which was green and spotty, slithered through the woods. brackets (where the information in parenthesis is less important) eg The creature (which I had never seen before) stood in the woods. dashes (where the information in parenthesis is more important or needs to stand out) eg The creature which had ten, enormous tentacles was reaching out for me!

44 Dashes and ellipses both show long pauses, longer than the short pause of a comma. The reader can normally work out an action that is happening during the pause. Dash also shows interrupted speech. eg I m tired of telling you what eg All of a sudden, the figure stumbled into the room then bang! (pause as figure stumbles around) Ellipsis eg Erm er p-p-pleease! (pause as takes courage/ thinks what to say) eg She took a deep breath then began. (pause as takes breath)

45 There are 3 main uses for the colon: to begin a list. There must be a main clause (that makes sense on its own) before the colon. eg There were lots of artefacts: an old vase, a statue, a necklace and a tapestry. eg The artefacts were an old vase, a statue, a necklace and a tapestry. (No colon as the artefacts were does not make sense on its own.)

46 to summarise something that has gone before (does not need to be a clause). eg She also had another task: to tidy her room before mum came home. eg He made his way into the library: long rows of mahogony shelves, each one holding dozens of dusty books. eg This was the reason she had been hired: to find out the truth at last. eg He looked at one photograph. He held up the next: a black and white picture of a Victorian family. eg It was what she had been waiting for: Christmas Day!

47 To introduce a list of bullet points (does not need to make sense of its own). eg You will need: A bucket A spade Some sand A flag.

48 There are 2 main uses of the semi-colon: to separate two main clauses instead of using a conjunction or full stop. The second clause follows on from the first one. eg I rebelled against it; I could not see the point in it. eg High in the trees the birds twittered; the woods were alive with beautiful music. eg He went to meet his friend; he hadn t seen him for ages.

49 to separate items in a list where the items are phrases not just single words. eg There were lots of artefacts: an old, silver vase with a flower design; a statue of a sailor; a diamond and pearl necklace and a Venetian tapestry.

50 There are 8 main uses of hyphens: to create a compound adjective eg The tired-looking teacher slumped at her desk. eg Mrs Jones is a mother-of-one. to join nouns of equal importance eg Our pupil-teacher relationships develop throughout the year. eg Laurence Olivier was known as actor-director. to join the tens and units in numbers from eg There are one hundred and ninety-three pupils in our school. eg She came twenty-third in the race.

51 to avoid awkward letter combinations eg The doctor prescribed anti-inflammatories. eg Foundation subjects have been deemphasised. to avoid an alternative meaning eg I resent your lies. I re-sent the letter. eg I resigned from my job. I re-signed the cheque. eg He retreated to his garden. He re-treated the grass with weedkiller.

52 to attach a prefix to a proper noun eg The ex-prime Minister left Downing Street today. eg Jumping the queue is very un-british behaviour. to create informal phrases eg Those wishy-washy colours don t suit you. eg I can t stand her lah-di-dah attitude. to split a long word into two at the end of a line of writing eg There is such a lot to do that by the weekend I am totally exhausted.

53 There are 2 uses for apostrophes: omission (showing the place of missing letters) eg You are = you re, shall not = shan t possession (read backwards with s meaning belonging to eg Hannah s bag, Alexis bag eg The doctor s bag (one doctor, one bag) eg The doctor s bags (one doctor, many bags) eg The doctors bag (many doctors, one bag) eg The doctors bags (many doctors, many bags) It s = it is, its = belonging to it eg It s raining (it is) eg The dog wagged its tail (tail belonging to it)

54 Two no s make a positive. eg I haven t done nothing wrong. Should be: I haven t done anything wrong or I have done nothing wrong. eg There s not nothing to worry about. Should be: There s nothing to worry about or There isn t anything to worry about. eg There aren t no presents left to open. Should be: There aren t any presents left to open or There are no presents left to open. eg We haven t never seen a tornado that big. We have never seen a tornado that big or We haven t ever seen a tornado that big.

55 eg The hospital won t allow no more visitors. Should be: The hospital won t allow any more visitors or The hospital will allow no more visitors. eg That attitude won t get you nowhere. Should be: That attitude won t get you anywhere or That attitude will get you nowhere. eg You can t see no one in this crowd. Should be: You can t see anyone in this crowd. eg Nobody with any sense isn t going. Should be: Nobody with any sense is going or Anybody with any sense isn t going.

56 Use I when it is the subject of a sentence, otherwise, use me. When listing yourself and someone else, put yourself last. If you are confused, miss out the other person and see if I or me sounds right. eg Susanne, Derek and I went to the park. eg Susanne went to the park with Derek and me. (If unsure, take out Derek. Susanne went to the park with me is correct.)

57 Same rule as when deciding whether to use I or me. Who refers to the subject, whom refers to the object. If you can replace the word with he, use who; if you can replace it with him, use whom. eg Who would like to go on holiday? (He would ) eg Who made these delicious cakes? (He made ) eg To whom was the letter addressed? (The letter was addressed to him) eg Whom do you believe? (Do you believe him?) eg Whom should I talk to? (Should I talk to him?) eg I was deciding with whom I will go to the party. (I will go to the party with him.)

58 Which introduces non-restrictive clauses. It refers to all types of the noun. These clauses take commas. That introduces restrictive clauses. A restrictive clause restricts/limits the meaning of the noun. It is referring to a particular type of the noun. eg The classrooms, which were painted over the summer, are bright and cheerful. (All the classrooms were painted.) The classrooms that were painted over the summer are bright and cheerful. (Not all of the classroom were painted, only the painted ones are bright.) Eg Her car, which is red, is fast. (She has one car.) Her car that is red is fast. (She has more than one car; only the red one is fast.)

59 When using the infinitive version of verb, do not put other words between the to and the verb. eg To go boldly not to boldly go. eg The girl began to sing beautifully not The girl began to beautifully sing.

60 Synonyms: have the same or similar meanings eg talk/speak, old/elderly Antonyms: have opposite meanings eg hot/cold, light/dark

61 Well done!