What you can t hear can hurt you!
|
|
- Beverly Greene
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 What you can t hear can hurt you! All sound is not created equal, and we must make distinctions. Joe Gierlach ~ Vice President, Technical Training and Support TEGG Corporation ~ Pittsburgh, PA ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic testing has been around for many years throughout different disciplines and industries. With its unique ability to detect high frequency emissions well above the human range of hearing, it has allowed many to benchmark and identify problematic areas in many venues. Although no one system typically works without the other in most commercial and industrial facilities, there is a common component that is universally present, and loss of it would result in EVERY system in a facility to cease. Electricity! Without it, nothing works, generally speaking. Despite beliefs that there are no moving parts in electrical systems, in fact, depending on where you are located, there are movements that occur 50/60 times every second! This creates stresses on components, and can cause deterioration of conductors and insulators on low, medium, and high voltage items. Let s take a look at a few examples of where this technology has identified deficiencies in systems and prevented the loss of electrical supply. We will also examine the necessary training to identify characteristic footprints of these deficiencies through spectral analysis. INTRODUCTION: Reliability! This is the name of the game in industry today if companies want to remain competitive on a global scale. Aside from production and manufacturing, there are also the needs for data processing, banking, internet service providers, radio and television broadcasting, educational facilities, call centers, health care facilities and places of public assembly. The one commonality within all of these arenas is the absolute need for constant electrical supply. Without it, nothing will work, and the consequences range from lost revenue, lost customer loyalty, increased maintenance budgets due to cost of failed components, and credibility damage within your discipline. Because many components make up the electrical distribution system, they are often overlooked in contingency planning where maintenance is concerned. Many planners operate under the pretense that if it isn t broke, doesn t fix it, and this allows a perceived option to exclude attention to most of the electrical system. Many types of facilities listed above typically have redundancy built into the electrical system to ensure a reliable supply of power in the event of an interruption for short or long periods of time. This is a prudent approach given the mission of any given facility; however, it can provide a false sense of security in respect to an uninterrupted supply of electricity. Consideration is seldom given to component failures in either the normal or standby power systems, where a lack of preventive measures to ensure equipment health could very well result in an interruption or failure of some sort. Even those facilities that do have the foresight to be proactive with electrical system maintenance tend to address it only half-heartedly. This is to say, in many cases, there may be an annual shutdown where the in-house maintenance staff or contracted personnel goes through all the gear to clean, vacuum, tighten and torque all the connections; however, this approach could also create some unintended consequences. Deficiencies can be created simply by the task of torquing connections beyond the recommended specification, causing a degradation of that connection point once the system is restored.
2 Some facilities that cannot shut down employ the use of infrared thermography as a tool and technology in an effort to identify hot spots within the system components. To find problems before they materialize, there are many organizations throughout the world providing these services, but the infrared cameras are just one tool that can effectively be used on today s electrical systems. The complexities in today s systems mandate that personnel performing this service are trained and knowledgeable of the construction and operation of the electrical equipment, and trained on the safety hazards involved. There are many idiosyncrasies within the systems that only a trained eye will detect. Many deficiencies are overlooked by untrained personnel using even state-of-the-art infrared imagers. This paper looks at some past examples where ultrasound has proved effective in identifying issues when other technologies have failed. We also discuss the differences on 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems, what is problematic, and what is normal. This is taking place in many corners of the globe, as you will see, and illustrates an unconventional approach to maintenance programs. Case History #1 It all starts with transformers in any facility, whether it is commercial, industrial or residential occupancies. Transformers reduce utility supplies to usable voltages for distribution throughout a facility. A failure or malfunction with the transformer will affect everything downstream. In a properly operating transformer, one would expect a number of basic observations using several testing technologies. Listed below are several of these benchmarks: 1) Even and uniform thermal patterns when viewed with an infrared camera on the vessel, insulators, mechanical lugs, and windings (if visible, dry type unit) 2) A characteristic hum audibly with signature spectrums in both frequency and time domain 3) Balanced supply voltages and currents on the primary side 4) Balanced distribution voltages and currents on the secondary 5) No evidence of leaks with respect to insulating oil 6) No discoloration of conductors and insulators When we think of infrared, a properly functioning unit should exhibit a consistent, uniform pattern in the camera as mentioned above. A couple of examples of this are seen below in Figure 1 and Figure 2: Figure 1
3 Figure 2 In the infrared world, this is a typical pattern one would hope to see if there were no critical issues internally which would result in localized temperature increases that dissipate very quickly due to the indirect nature of the measurement. With respect to ultrasonic analysis, the spectrums that are atypical for the same unit are illustrated below in Figure 3 and Figure 4: Figure 3
4 Figure 4 As you can see, the frequency spectrum (Figure 3) indicates the 60 Hz peaks with little to no noise content in between each peak, which is a key indicator for electrical anomalies. Additionally, the time domain (Figure 4) displays a typical broadband of white noise in the middle, with the amplitude of each excursion having little to no variation throughout the spectrum. These examples show clearly what a normal unit should look like in the ultrasonic world. Finally, the amplitude of either frequency or time domain, or even on the instrument itself when recording, should NEVER be used as a gauge for severity. This only represents how close one is to the source of the emission. Reciprocally, there can be tell-tale signs in these analysis tools that DO indicate when an issue is present. In one example, a service transformer supplying power to a major university did have a problem that was only identified by the use of ultrasonic testing. The key on this was the time series as you see below: Figure 5
5 EXCURSIONS BROADBAND WHITE NOISE Figure 6 The frequency spectrum shows a classic response for a 50 Hz (Australia) transformer that is in operation. The time series, on the other hand, indicates something different. The classic broadband of white noise is displayed in the yellow box. However, there are pronounced excursions of varying amplitude at different points throughout the recording, which indicate electrical discharges associated with an arc. Two are vastly deeper than the rest, providing the exculpatory evidence necessary for an accurate analysis (see red arrows). The spectrum above was recorded on a liquid-filled transformer with an 11 KV primary supply voltage and a 400 volt secondary voltage. The primary feeders were encapsulated in a tar resin, making airborne measurements ineffective. Contact measurements were taken near the junction box, and the determination was made that the emission was originating internally on one of the stud connections to the bushing. At this point, an oil sample was necessary to determine dissolved gas in oil content where levels of certain combustible gases would support the analysis. A digital image of these types of transformers is below: Figure 7 Figure 8
6 Of course there are other items visible in this digital illustration which would need attention, such as the leaking insulating oil. It is never good for a cooling medium to run low and affect the capacity of such an important piece of equipment. Case History #2 Even on much smaller devices, there can be problems internally which do not show up solely using infrared thermography. The indirect nature of measurements makes the effectiveness of cameras limited at best, particularly when we are dealing with smaller, lightly-loaded devices, or much larger devices where the thermal resistance is increased by mass. During a visit to Manchester, England in 2005, we had the opportunity to test our theories on several items in which panel covers may or may not have been removed due to access limitations. In both instances, the ultrasonic technology proved invaluable in identification of issues that would have otherwise been overlooked. The prime example surrounds a 32 amp, single pole circuit breaker feeding a critical circuit in a high occupancy hotel. During the application of the service, it was determined that the device was running well below its rated capacity at 17 amps, and the infrared image displayed nothing that would have been cause for alarm. (See the infrared and digital images below for perspective and location.) Figure 7 The infrared image indicates what one would expect from a device that has approximately 45% of its rated current flow, and no localized anomalies that would raise a red flag prompting further investigation. Using contact ultrasonic measurements, however, told a different story. Not only was the sound suspect, but the definitive proof was again in the frequency and time domain analysis. Using comparisons to known samples of tracking, we observed the characteristic frequency spectrum which had fundamental 50 Hz fault, along with the first several harmonics of 50 Hz; then further out on the spectrum, no discernable faults that were multiples of the fundamental frequency. Additionally, it was not quiet in between the faults, as the frequency noise noted is indicative of tracking type discharges inside this circuit breaker. This was not all that was necessary to make the determination, though, as one must also use time domain to ascertain if the signature of this type of problem is also present. Aside from the characteristic broadband of white noise mentioned earlier, a tracking recording would have excursions above and below the middle band as the discharges occur and generate the ultrasonic emission.
7 These would also have a pattern that is non-uniform in nature and amplitudes that vary throughout the recording. An example of this is seen below. Figure 8 The recorded sample, indicated in red, is very similar to the known sample. As mentioned above, there are several harmonics of the fundamental frequency and then few as you move toward the higher end. Noise content is also evident in the recorded sample as well. This type of frequency spectrum is common in electrical with many different noises one might hear, and could be mistaken without the use of the time domain; although this is a starting point to make the determination of is it electrical, mechanical, vibration, problematic, etc For this reason, you must use both tools and attempt to identify the footprints that would be present on tracking in this case. In the illustration below, this is the case: Figure 9
8 Clearly, the band of white noise is seen with excursions occurring throughout the recording and amplitudes of no discernibly similar intensities. Also noteworthy, the gauge for severity of electrical issues comes not from the decibel level of the recording, but in the frequency content of faults and the frequency of the discharges in the time domain. This means the more compact the excursions appear; the more frequently the discharges are occurring. Once again, ultrasonic emissions identified a potential problem that could have been overlooked. Case History #3 Another example of how ultrasound is used would be to disprove the presence of an apparent problem. As there are many sounds that are naturally occurring in electrical equipment, one must be able to discern what is to be passed over and what should be addressed. In this next case, we have a transformer from the United Kingdom in which audible and ultrasonic sounds were intermixed, and the question was do we have a problem? In the recorded wave files, one can hear normal 50 cycle hum, which is expected with transformers. Additionally, there were other elements in the recording that raised suspicion that a deeper problem may be present. Once the proper analysis was conducted, there could be no mistaking what was present. Figure 10 Figure 11
9 As you can see in the FFT display, each 50 Hz harmonic is present across the entire spectrum with little to no frequency content in between each peak. This is characteristic of a normally functioning transformer; however, in this case, the recorded sound contained something different in the audible qualities, which raised suspicion that it was not normal. The time domain also supported the notion that all was OK. This required a closer look at the FFT, and through this observation, there was in fact an additional element in the frequency display that was consistent with the difference in the sound quality. There was also a 25 Hz harmonic which is not common with electrical related deficiencies. In fact, this is key in making the correct determination that the additional elements in the recording were mechanical in nature, and ultimately were identified as core delamination. See below for the illustration: 25 Hz Fault Fundamental 50 Hz Elements The revelation of this 25 Hz harmonic allowed for a precise diagnosis on this particular unit. Although there were no indications with the infrared camera that the vibrations within the unit core were causing any adverse heating effects, this was identified early enough to develop an action plan to coordinate an outage with the customer and appropriately make adjustments and repairs to the iron core. Familiarity with the equipment you are performing maintenance on and knowing the signatures or footprints of what is expected and what is out of place is crucial to making proper judgments in real life situations. It can make the difference as to whether or not a unit will continue to function properly, fail due to a missed deficiency, keep a budget within plan, or just as importantly, either increase or damage YOUR credibility with the customer or maintenance staff.
10 Case History #4 The last example in this paper is from several years back, but it is too good not to share once again for the benefit of those who may have missed the story. A mall complex in Milwaukee, WI had a distribution set-up of a north and south feeder loop for redundancy to ensure a constant supply of power. Additionally, there were two twin bank towers 12 stories each on either end of the mall complex. The feeder loops entered each tower into junction boxes which provided an interface with the puffer switches used for selecting which loop would supply power at any given time. In the north tower, the main electric room was in the basement, and when we entered to perform our maintenance, the sight was something to behold: Figure 12 In the photo above, the junction box cover is to the left of the exposed feeder loop conductors, and for a supply voltage of 4160 volts, it is not a safe situation by any stretch of the imagination; not to mention that there is seepage from the conduits, which are run over 800 feet underneath a parking lot between the tower and the main mall complex. The bucket which is in the image was placed there with a plastic valve and Teflon tubing to drain the water from the box to a floor drain in the corner.
11 Looking at the infrared image below, you can see there is nothing alarming about the thermal patterns that are visible. On both of the cables, there is even, uniform and load related energy which does not exceed 60 degrees Celsius, well within the insulation rating of the cable. Figure 13 Any knowledgeable thermographer could agree that this is exactly the type of pattern one would expect on a cable of this type with moderate load demand present. The insulation has an absolute rating of 90 degrees Celsius, and is in no jeopardy of damage with this operating condition. While conducting the routine service of the equipment in the room, the safety ultrasonic scan was conducted with the airborne module, instrument set at 40 khz, and maximum sensitivity. During the survey of the puffer switch, which is physically located to the left of the junction box, an unusual sound was detected with the probe. The quality of the sound suggested a mix of arcing and tracking, but we could not be sure unless recorded and analyzed with the Spectralyzer. As you can see in the FFT display, the characteristics of tracking appear with the first couple of 60 Hz harmonics, elevated noise content between the peaks, and similar to the known sample of tracking shown in white.
12 The time domain was a bit dicey, as the signal was overloaded at the time of recording, and there was a chopping of the wave form at each peak, making an assessment of severity by comparison of the differences in amplitude a bit difficult. The signature band of white noise is again present throughout the recording. The excursions are present, but not necessarily exhibiting a uniform level or spacing, which was preserved in the original recording. Based on this and coupled with the analysis of the frequency content, it was determined that tracking was occurring on the cable insulation between the outer jacket and the semi-conductive layer underneath.
13 This situation was sure to deteriorate further and ultimately cause a failure of the insulation system, resulting in the cable failure. It was also likely that the neighboring cable would have been exposed to the effects of such a failure, and in all probability, would have resulted in a failure of that cable. This is the key to a preventive mindset and the approach to identify and address problem areas before a failure stage. SUMMARY: When it comes to equipment operation and health, no one can afford to be complacent. To minimize operation and maintenance costs, as well as remain competitive in whatever arena one may participate, a well-administered program is certain to pay dividends and provide peace of mind. With all the available tools and test equipment at the disposal of personnel today, it would be foolish to rely on any one technology and put all the eggs in one basket. Infrared thermography, for example, has been around for many years and has gained markedly increased notoriety over the last decade. This is a fantastic tool, but we must keep perspective and realize that it is just that, one tool. Notwithstanding the limitations of a single technology methodology, a preventive maintenance program would be incomplete at best without using all of the tools available. It would be like taking a vehicle in for a full-service oil change and having only 2 quarts of oil replaced instead of 5 quarts, or inflating 2 tires with the recommended 35 PSI and the other 2 with only 10 PSI. Ultrasound provides an excellent augment to infrared that cannot be overstated. There are too many limitations with infrared regarding line of sight, access, and many other variables present in electrical systems and components. In order to have the most comprehensive assessment of a system s health, there is no other option than to, at a minimum, keep these two instruments attached at the hip when selecting a course of action. Finally, with the increased attention to electrical arc flash, why would anyone risk performing maintenance on any piece of equipment without first listening to see if something could be lurking behind closed doors that, when opened, could explode with a fury not seen by most people. About the author: Mr. Gierlach has worked in the maintenance electrical arena as a journeyman electrician for over 20 years. He has been involved with many industries, including the U.S. Air Force, naval destroyer and cruiser construction and commissioning; phosphate, chemical, fertilizer and co-generation plants; steel and titanium mills; and most recently with TEGG Corporation in Pittsburgh, PA. Mr. Gierlach is responsible for the Technical Training and Support Department, and has been intimately involved with the development, implementation, and application of preventive maintenance programs of electrical distribution systems. He has presented at numerous technical conferences, authored technical articles, and participates in the development of standards in the US. and abroad. He is an ITC Level III certified thermographer, a Level II certified ultrasonic inspector, and possesses several other certifications in state-of-the-art technologies utilized in electrical preventive maintenance services.
BY ADRIAN MESSER, UE Systems, Inc.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY WITH ULTRASOUND AND INFRARED BY ADRIAN MESSER, UE Systems, Inc. Ultrasound and infrared technologies are a perfect match when conducting inspections of electrical equipment.
More informationUsing Ultrasound and Infrared Technologies for Metal-Clad Switchgear Inspections
Using Ultrasound and Infrared Technologies for Metal-Clad Switchgear Inspections Adrian Messer, Manager of US Operations UE Systems, Inc. Ph: 864-224-4517 Cell: 914-282-3504 Web: www.uesystems.com Email:
More informationMethods of Inspection to Determine the Presence of Potential Arc Flash Incidents
Methods of Inspection to Determine the Presence of Potential Arc Flash Incidents Mark Goodman, Author Doug Waetjen, Presenter UE Systems, Inc. 14 Hayes Street Elmsford, NY 10523 Ph: 914-592-1220 Fax: 914-347-2181
More informationEnhanced Diagnostics through Ultrasound Imaging
Enhanced Diagnostics through Ultrasound Imaging Mark Goodman, VP Engineering Presented by: Adrian Messer UE Systems, Inc. Ph: 914-592-1220 / 800-223-1325 Fax: 914-347-2181 Web: www.uesystems.com Email:
More information220KV EHV NETWORK AT RELIANCE JAMNAGAR REFINERY COMPLEX
220KV EHV NETWORK AT RELIANCE JAMNAGAR REFINERY COMPLEX JAMNAGAR 220KV CABLE NETWORK: 2 2. DESIGN 2A. NETWORK: 220 KV NETWORK DESIGN IS DESIGNED WITH 100% REDUNDANCY FROM 220 KV BUS TO LOAD. THIS IS ACHIEVED
More informationCorona and Tracking Conditions in Metal-clad Switchgear Case Studies
Corona and Tracking Conditions in Metal-clad Switchgear Case Studies By James Brady, Level-III Certified Thermographer Brady Infrared Inspections, Inc. 935 Pine Castle Court, Stuart, FL 34996 (772) 288-9884
More informationINSTRUCTION DE SÉCURITÉ SAFETY INSTRUCTION Mandatory as defined in SAPOCO/42 FIRE PREVENTION FOR CABLES, CABLE TRAYS AND CONDUITS
CERN INSTRUCTION DE SÉCURITÉ SAFETY INSTRUCTION Mandatory as defined in SAPOCO/42 Edms 335813 TIS IS 48 Edited by: TIS/GS Publication Date: June 2001 Original: English FIRE PREVENTION FOR CABLES, CABLE
More informationReciprocating Machine Protection
Reciprocating Machine Protection Why You Should Be Monitoring the Needle Instead of the Haystack By: John Kovach, President, Riotech Instruments Ltd LLP Frank Fifer, Director of Operations, Peerless Dynamics,
More informationAn Introduction to Vibration Analysis Theory and Practice
An Introduction to Vibration Analysis Theory and Practice An overview of Various Maintenance Methods Breakdown Preventive Predictive Reliability centered (Proactive) Vibration analysis What is machine
More informationELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT
ELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT A & B OUTERWEAR LTD. Plot # 29-30, CEPZ, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Factory List: 1. Inspected by: Al-Amin Report Generated by: Al-Amin Inspected on March 7 th 2015 SUMMARY
More informationIncorrect Temperature Measurements: The Importance of Transmissivity and IR Viewing Windows
Incorrect Temperature Measurements: The Importance of Transmissivity and IR Viewing Windows Abstract IR viewing windows save lives. Most Thermographers today are thankful to perform their scans without
More informationGESTAMP CHATTANOOGA, LLC CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
GESTAMP CHATTANOOGA, LLC CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE April, 2013 Infrared Inspection Report Gestamp Chattanooga, LLC Company Contact Emil Richards Project: 06020413 2605 CHARTER OAK DRIVE, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72227
More informationAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Interface Practices Subcommittee AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/SCTE 108 2018 Test Method for Dielectric Withstand of Coaxial Cable NOTICE The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) / International
More informationFORENSIC CASEBOOK. By Bob Huddleston, Eastman Chemical Co. One of the most common. reasons for marriage failure
The Case of the Energized Cable Cutting Incident How miscommunication leads to an electrical helper slicing through live 13.8kV cable and miraculously walking away to tell about it By Bob Huddleston, Eastman
More informationOperating instructions
108183 2017-05-17 Page 1 0359 Operating instructions TPPL-EX series Hazardous environments luminaires Please read the instructions carefully before starting any works! Content: 1. Safety instructions 2.
More informationELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT. MTM Garments Ltd.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT MTM Garments Ltd. 15934/16004, Chanpara, Medical Road, Uttarkhan, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Factory List MTM Garments Ltd. Inspected by: Hemlal Dahal Report Generated by: Hemlal
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P220-3 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 200 220 kw 160 176 kva - - kw - - Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P165-5 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 150 165 kw 120 132 kva 168.8 187.5 kw 135 150 Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationP88-3. Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P88-3 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 80 88 kw 64 70.4 kva 90 100 kw 72 80 Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 150 165 kw 120 132 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings technical
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P150-5 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 135 150 kw 108 120 kva 150 165 kw 120 132 Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 180 200 kw 144 160 kva 200 218.8 kw 160 175 Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output
More informationP65-5. Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P65-5 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 60 65 kw 48 52 kva 68.8 75 kw 55 60 Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings
More informationELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT
ELECTRICAL SAFETY INSPECTION REPORT A PLUS INDUSTRIES LIMITED. Plot-28, Milk Vita Rd., Section-07, Mirpur, Dhaka Factory List: 1. A Plus Industries Ltd. Inspected by: Yoon Report Generated by: Nezar Inspected
More informationLINK-MI LM-WHD05B. Wireless HDMI AV Transmission System. User Manual
LINK-MI LM-WHD05B Wireless HDMI AV Transmission System User Manual Table of Contents 1.Important Information... 3 1.1 Safety Precautions... 3 1.2 Declaration of Conformity... 4 1.3 Trademark Information...
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
#DEALER_LOGO P275-5 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400/230V, 50 Hz 480/277V, 60 Hz kva 250 275 kw 200 220 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationwww.greenelectricalsupply.com MaxLite 6 & 8 Commercial Downlight Retrofit General Safety Information To reduce the risk of death, personal injury or property damage from fire, electric shock, falling parts,
More informationRatings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings technical data section for specific generator set outputs per voltage.
- P2000/P2250E #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 2000 2250 kw 1600 1800 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output ratings
More informationP1000P1/P1100E1 50Hz
- P1000P1/P1100E1 50Hz #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 1000 1100 kw 800 880 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the output
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
#DEALER_LOGO P660-3 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400/230V, 50 Hz 480/277V, 60 Hz kva 600 660 kw 480 528 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationP800P1/P900E1. Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
#DEALER_LOGO P800P1/P900E1 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400/230V, 50 Hz 480/277V, 60 Hz kva 800 900 kw 640 720 kva 844 938 kw 675.2 750.4 Ratings at 0.8 power
More informationP Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
#DEALER_LOGO P400-3 #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400/230V, 50 Hz 480/277V, 60 Hz kva 350 400 kw 280 320 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationHow to Implement PoE in Your Harsh Industrial Environment
Produced by: Engineering 360 Media Solutions July 2018 How to Implement PoE in Your Harsh Industrial Environment Sponsored by: Quabbin Wire & Cable Co., Inc. There is little doubt that the internet of
More informationP1350P1/P1500E1 50Hz
- P1350P1/P1500E1 50Hz #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency Prime Standby 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz kva 1350 1500 kw 1080 1200 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More information3 Cleaning. 4 Technical data
EXC+ EXC- Sig- SIG+ SEN- SEN+ 2.4 Attaching cable to the analog board Attaching cable of the weighing cell to the system solution Connect the cable to the appropriate terminal strip of the Ex1 system solution
More informationHSME-C400. Data Sheet. Side-Fire Mono-Color Surface-Mount ChipLED. Features. Description. Applications
Data Sheet HSME-C400 Description The HSME-C400 is a side-emitting surface-mount chipled. This chipled is available in industrial popular package footprint of 3.2 mm 2.55 mm. This product comes with integrated
More informationPOET-1 P.O.E. TEST PORT MEASUREMENT TOOL INSTRUCTION BOOK
POET-1 P.O.E. TEST PORT MEASUREMENT TOOL INSTRUCTION BOOK IB6386-01 9-1-2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS DESCRIPTION 2 HOW TO CABLE THE POET-1 2 HOW TO TAKE A MEASUREMENT 3 EASE OF USE 3 APPLICATIONS 3 CARE AND
More informationP550-3L. Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P550-3L Optional LS Upgrade #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz Prime Standby kva 500 550 kw 400 440 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationFlygt Submersible Motor Cables
Flygt Submersible Motor Cables This brochure contains an overview of the Flygt motor cable assortment. The cables are especially designed for submersible use and made of carefully selected materials. The
More informationPelletizer Motor Bearing Damage Detection Based on Vibration Data. John J. Yu Carl Feng Wang Tony Wei Zhou Nicolas Péton Haibo Lin Jun Quan
Pelletizer Motor Bearing Damage Detection Based on Vibration Data John J. Yu Carl Feng Wang Tony Wei Zhou Nicolas Péton Haibo Lin Jun Quan Authors John J. Yu, PhD, ASME Fellow - Senior Technical Manager
More informationCASE HISTORY#3 COOLING TOWER GEARBOX BEARING FAULT. Barry T. Cease Cease Industrial Consulting
CASE HISTORY#3 COOLING TOWER GEARBOX BEARING FAULT Barry T. Cease Cease Industrial Consulting ceasevibration@icloud.com (843) 200-9705 1 COOLING TOWER GEARBOX BEARING FAULT A series of ten cooling tower
More informationELECTRICAL INCIDENT REPORT BUSHFIRE NEAR 22 NUKKLGUP LOOP YALLINGUP WESTERN AUSTRALIA 5 JANUARY Report prepared by: EnergySafety WA EIS
ELECTRICAL INCIDENT REPORT BUSHFIRE NEAR 22 NUKKLGUP LOOP YALLINGUP WESTERN AUSTRALIA 5 JANUARY 2015 Report prepared by: EnergySafety WA EIS2015-0009 12 June 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY... 3 2. EXAMINATION...
More informationP400-3L. Output Ratings. Dimensions and Weights. Prime Rating
- P400-3L Optional LS Upgrade #FGWILSON_GENSET_IMAGE Output Ratings Voltage, Frequency 400V, 50 Hz 480V, 60 Hz Prime Standby kva 350 400 kw 280 320 kva kw Ratings at 0.8 power factor. Please refer to the
More informationSlot-type Photomicrosensor with connector or pre-wired models (Non-modulated) *1. configuration. Dark-ON/Light-ON
Slot-type Photomicrosensor with connector or pre-wired models (Non-modulated) * EE-SX/6 Photomicrosensor with 0- to 00-mA direct switching capacity for built-in application. Series includes models that
More informationDynatel Advanced Cable Locator 2250
3 Dynatel Advanced Cable Locator 2250 Quickly and Accurately Identify Underground Assets Pinpoint exact cable path and depth quickly and easily with this lightweight, easy-to-handle unit The 3M Dynatel
More informationOPERATING AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS for DIGITAL TEMPERATURE CONTROLS (PLSM SERIES)
user instructions 711 HULMAN STREET PO BOX 2128 TERRE HAUTE, IN 47802 812-235-6167 FAX 812-234-6975 OPERATING AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS for DIGITAL TEMPERATURE CONTROLS (PLSM SERIES) Models: 104A PLSM112;
More informationA. Introduction 1. Title: Automatic Underfrequency Load Shedding Requirements
DRAFT 6 V4 Standard PRC-006- RFC-01 01/11/11 A. Introduction 1. Title: Automatic Underfrequency Load Shedding Requirements Deleted: Deleted: 10 Deleted: 20 9 2. Number: PRC 006 RFC 01. Purpose: To establish
More informationSTATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SUPPLEMENTAL SPECIFICATION 872 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE TRAFFIC SIGNAL LAMP UNITS JULY 19, 2002
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SUPPLEMENTAL SPECIFICATION 872 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE TRAFFIC SIGNAL LAMP UNITS JULY 19, 02 872.01 Description 872.02 Prequalification 872.03 Material Requirements
More informationPanelView 1400e CRT Maintenance
Release Note PanelView 1400e CRT Maintenance Maximizing the life of your PanelView 1400e, CRT Terminals To maximize the life of a CRT, the following is strongly recommended: Adjust the external brightness
More informationBenefits. Applications
COINlight Pro - CP51 Preliminary Data Sheet Benefits Fits in MR16 luminare fixtures Usage without additional heat sink possible - 3.6 W with 50,000h @L70/Ta=25 C - 7.5 W with 25,000h @L70/Ta=25 C Life
More informationPhono Amplifier brinkmann «EDISON» Manual.
Phono Amplifier brinkmann «EDISON» ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Manual Preface We congratulate you on the purchase of our «EDISON» phono
More informationOperating Instructions 07/2007 Edition. SINAMICS G130/G150 Line harmonics filter. sinamics
Operating Instructions 07/2007 Edition SINAMICS G130/G150 Line harmonics filter sinamics s Safety information 1 General 2 SINAMICS SINAMICS G130/G150 Operating Instructions Mechanical installation 3 Electrical
More informationCustomer Responsibilities. Important Customer Information. Agilent InfinityLab LC Series Site Preparation Checklist
Agilent Site Preparation InfinityLab Checklist LC Series Thank you for purchasing an Agilent instrument. To get you started and to assure a successful and timely installation, please refer to this specification
More informationCambria County Association for the Blind and Handicapped 175 Industrial Park Road Ebensburg, PA Prepared for: Prepared by:
Cable Management in Solar PV Arrays: A Review of Requirements in the National Electrical Code and how CAB Cable Rings and Saddles Meet These Requirements Prepared for: Cambria County Association for the
More informationSphinx II. Owner s Manual. Tube Hybrid Integrated Power Amplifier. Rogue Audio, Inc. 3 Marian Lane Brodheadsville, PA Issue date: 08/01/16
Sphinx II Tube Hybrid Integrated Power Amplifier Owner s Manual Rogue Audio, Inc. 3 Marian Lane Brodheadsville, PA 18322 Issue date: 08/01/16 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) Introduction 2 2) Unpacking the Sphinx
More informationAging test: integrated vs. non-integrated splices shield continuity systems.
Aging test: integrated vs. non-integrated splices shield continuity systems. George Fofeldea Power Engineer, 3M Canada November 2018 Abstract To maximize long-term splice performance, the implications
More informationMASTR II BASE STATION 12/24V POWER SUPPLY 19A149979P1-120 VOLT/60 Hz 19A149979P2-230 VOLT/50 Hz
Mobile Communications MASTR II BASE STATION 12/24V POWER SUPPLY 19A149979P1-120 VOLT/60 Hz 19A149979P2-230 VOLT/50 Hz CAUTION THESE SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY QUALI- FIED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO
More informationDetailed Design Report
Detailed Design Report Chapter 4 MAX IV Injector 4.6. Acceleration MAX IV Facility CHAPTER 4.6. ACCELERATION 1(10) 4.6. Acceleration 4.6. Acceleration...2 4.6.1. RF Units... 2 4.6.2. Accelerator Units...
More informationTHE EFFECT OF LOOSE CONNECTORS ON SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
THE EFFECT OF LOOSE CONNECTORS ON SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS Asheridge Communications (A Teleste PLC Company) has undertaken a study to further understand the issues of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)
More informationTRF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER USER MANUAL
TRF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER USER MANUA www.ventilation-system.com 2013 ! WARNING The present operation manual consisting of the technical details, operating instructions and technical specification applies
More informationRoots * RAS-J Air & RGS-J Gas Blowers. GE Energy
GE Energy Roots * RAS-J Air & RGS-J Gas Blowers Wide range of performance for pressure and vacuum applications on air or gas service for both dry and wet (liquid injection) conditions. GE Energy s Roots
More informationDigital output modules
Appendix 374 Digital output modules Order number Figure Type DO 8xDC 24V 2A DO 16xDC 24V 1A DO 16xDC 24V 2A DO 16xDC 24V 0.5A manual operation General information Note - - - - Features 8 outputs, in groups
More informationMonitor QA Management i model
Monitor QA Management i model 1/10 Monitor QA Management i model Table of Contents 1. Preface ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2.
More informationTVAC20000 User manual
TVAC20000 User manual Version 01/2010 Original English user manual. Keep for future use. 10 Introduction Dear Customer, Thank you for purchasing this product. This product meets the requirements of the
More informationSINAMICS G130. dv/dt filter plus Voltage Peak Limiter. Operating Instructions 03/2013 SINAMICS
SINAMICS G130 Operating Instructions 03/2013 SINAMICS s dv/dt filter plus Voltage Peak Limiter Safety information 1 General 2 SINAMICS SINAMICS G130 Operating Instructions Mechanical installation 3 Electrical
More informationLITE-ON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
Features * Lead (Pb) free product RoHS compliant. * Low power consumption. * High efficiency. * Versatile mounting on p.c. board or panel. * I.C. compatible/low current requirement. * Popular T-1 diameter.
More informationAmerican National Standard for Lamp Ballasts High Frequency Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
American National Standard for Lamp Ballasts High Frequency Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved: January 23, 2017 American National Standards Institute,
More informationAPPLICATION OF POWER SWITCHING FOR ALTERNATIVE LAND CABLE PROTECTION BETWEEN CABLE LANDING STATION AND BEACH MAN HOLE IN SUBMARINE NETWORKS
APPLICATION OF POWER SWITCHING FOR ALTERNATIVE LAND PROTECTION BETWEEN LANDING STATION AND BEACH MAN HOLE IN SUBMARINE NETWORKS Liyuan Shi (Huawei Marine Networks) Email: Huawei
More informationSINAMICS G130 / G150. Line harmonics filter. Operating Instructions 05/2010 SINAMICS
SINAMICS G130 / G150 Line harmonics filter Operating Instructions 05/2010 SINAMICS s Safety information 1 General 2 SINAMICS SINAMICS G130 / G150 Operating Instructions Mechanical installation 3 Electrical
More information3M Super 23 Electrical Tape
WEATHERPROOFING S CHEMICALS ET 3M SUPER 23 Features: Premium all-weather black electrical tape Remains conformable at -18 C /0 F 7mm thickness UV resistant Part # Size ET 3M Super 23 19mm x 9.15m WEATHERPROOFING
More informationTeSys contactors. Model d. Type of contactor LC1- LC1- LC1- LC1- LC1-D115 & D09 D18 D25 D38 D40 D50 D95 LC1-D150 DT20 & DT25 DT32 & DT40
Characteristics Type of contactor LC- LC- LC- LC- LC-D & D09 D8 D2 D38 D40 D0 D9 LC-D0 DT20 & DT2 DT32 & DT40 Environment Rated insulation voltage (Ui) Conforming to IEC 947-4-, overvoltage category III,
More informationJul03 Rev C EC
Product Specification Coaxial BNC Solder Receptacle Connector 108-12079 10Jul03 Rev C EC 0990-0940-03 1. SCOPE 1.1. Content This specification covers the performance, tests and quality requirements for
More informationModel PSKIT-H540 Ultrasonic Power Supply Kit 40 khz 500 Watts
Model PSKIT-H540 Ultrasonic Power Supply Kit 40 khz 500 Watts INSTRUCTION MANUAL Sonics & Materials, Inc. 53 Church Hill Road Newtown, CT 06470 USA 203.270.4600 800.745.1105 203.270.4610 fax www.sonics.com
More informationReliability Guideline: Generating Unit Operations During Complete Loss of Communications
Reliability Guideline: Generating Unit Operations During Complete Loss of Communications Preamble It is in the public interest for the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to develop
More informationExploratory Analysis of Operational Parameters of Controls
2.5 Conduct exploratory investigations and analysis of operational parameters required for each of the control technologies (occupancy sensors, photosensors, dimming electronic ballasts) in common commercial
More informationSECTION MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE INSTALLATION. 1. Section Underground Ducts and Manholes.
SECTION 33 71 49.23 MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE INSTALLATION PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE A. Work included in this Section: Medium Voltage Cable (4 kv and 12 kv) Installation and Termination. Removal and return of
More informationChildren cannot always recognize potential hazards properly. This 5.1 system is not designed for operation in a heavy industry environment.
5.1 FLAT PANEL SPEAKER SYSTEM WITH POWERED SUBWOOFER Table of Contents: SAFETY AND SERVICE... 2 Operational Safety... 2 Location... 2 Ambient Temperature... 3 Electromagnetic Compliance... 3 Service...
More informationHD-CM HORIZON DIGITAL CABLE METER
HD-CM OFF! Max RF i/p = +17dBm 75Ω Max AC/DC i/p = 120Vrms MENU INPUT ON HORIZON DIGITAL CABLE METER Horizon Global Electronics Ltd. Unit 3, West Side Flex Meadow Harlow, Essex CM19 5SR Phone: +44(0) 1279
More informationTECHNICAL GUIDE 95.5% AFUE SINGLE STAGE RESIDENTIAL GAS FURNACES MULTI-POSITION MODELS: TG9S
TECHNICAL GUIDE 95.5% AFUE SINGLE STAGE RESIDENTIAL GAS FURNACES MULTI-POSITION MODELS: TG9S NATURAL GAS 40-130 MBH INPUT Due to continuous product improvement, specifications are subject to change without
More informationHYL-035D0850G103. Constant current LED driver DALI Dimmable. LED Driver. Product description. Benefits. Interfaces.
Constant current LED driver DALI Dimmable Product description Dimmable Independent constant current Adjustable output current between 350 and 1,050mA via DIP switch Max. output power 35 W Up to 88 % efficiency
More informationToronto Hydro - Electric System
Toronto Hydro - Electric System FIT Commissioning Requirements and Reports Comments and inquiries can be e-mailed to: FIT@torontohydro.com Customers without e-mail access can submit through regular mail
More informationSATFINDER4 INTRODUCTION USER GUIDE AND CERTIFICATE OF GUARANTEE
SATFINDER4 INTRODUCTION USER GUIDE AND CERTIFICATE OF GUARANTEE CONTENTS : General Safety...... 3 Basic Properties.... 4 Front Panel Keys... 5 Back Panel Details 5 Charger Adapters.. 6 Utilization of Satfinder4......
More informationSITOP power supply. Technical data, April SITOP Power Supply. Answers for industry.
SITOP power supply Technical data, April 2010 SITOP Power Supply Answers for industry. SITOP reliable power supply Efficient operation of a machine or plant requires a reliable, constant power supply.
More informationStudent Services & Classroom Addition
SECTION 260513 - MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CABLES PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section includes cables and related cable splices, terminations, and accessories for mediumvoltage (2001 to 35,000 V) electrical distribution
More informationLED MODULES READYLINE DL
LED MODULES READYLINE DL BUILT-IN MODULE LED-MODULE READYLINE DOWNLIGHT DL WU-M-538 / WU-M-539 / WU-M-540 Typical Applications Downlights Replacement for CFL DIRECT MAINS CONNECTION REDUCED FLICKER HIGH
More informationENGINEERING COMMITTEE
ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Interface Practices Subcommittee SCTE STANDARD SCTE 63 2015 Test Method for Voltage / Spark Test of Outer Jacket NOTICE The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) Standards
More informationELECTRICAL SAFETY FOLLOW UP INSPECTION REPORT (8th) Factory Name Address Factory ID
Factory Name Address Factory ID Shirir Chala, Bagherbazar 11705 Electrical Safety dates Initial Date 09/07/2014 30/10/2016 Date of 5 th Follow Up Report Received Date 24/08/2014 02/01/2017 Date of 6 th
More informationKRF EMC Filters Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual
KRF EMC Filters Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual KRF EMC Filters limit high frequency noise, as well as: Reduce interference Protect sensitive equipment Eliminate drive cross-talk Meet FCC
More informationACADEMIC SUCCESS CENTER THE COLLEGE AT BROCKPORT STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PROJECT NO
SECTION 270536 - CABLE TRAYS FOR COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division
More informationAtlas SCR. User Guide. Thyristor and Triac Analyser Model SCR100
Atlas SCR Thyristor and Triac Analyser Model SCR100 User Guide Peak Electronic Design Limited 2004/2008 In the interests of development, information in this guide is subject to change without notice -
More informationHD/SD-SDI Over Fiber Transmitter and Receiver Extender Kit. User Manual L-1SDI-SFE-TX/RX
HD/SD-SDI Over Fiber Transmitter and Receiver Extender Kit User Manual L-1SDI-SFE-TX/RX Table of Contents Table of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
More informationHitachi Kokusai Electric Comark LLC
Hitachi Kokusai Electric Comark LLC TRANSMIT TER OF THE FUTURE Solid State. Broadband. Affordable. The future has arrived. With rapid changes in solid state RF device technologies and design techniques,
More informationOPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL SERIAL NUMBER CUSTOMER: SALES REP.: CONTENTS Mixer Installation / Assembly / Dimension Drawings Safety... 1 Customer Service Contact... 1 Initial Inspection... 2 Installation...2
More informationHEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL Title: Grounding Conductor Program Approved by: Greg Savoy Rev. 4/1/08 1 Purpose/Scope: The purpose of this program is to provide requirements to reduce employee potential for
More informationAmphenol. Amphenol-Tuchel Electronics GmbH. C 112 Series M12 - Connectors
Amphenol Amphenol-Tuchel Electronics GmbH C 112 Series M12 - Connectors We connect con The company Amphenol-Tuchel Electronics is a worldwide leader in electrical connectors and contacting devices. Our
More information3.5 TFT LCD CCTV Service Viewer with Wristband
User Manual 3.5 TFT LCD CCTV Service Viewer with Wristband LCD35SV It can proved the 12V DC power to camera for easy trouble shoot. LCD35SV is a type of product that summarizes views of first-line safety
More information2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Panduit Network Infrastructure Essentials Chapter 8 Tools of the Trade Learning Objectives Learn about common tools used in the telecommunications cabling
More informationReport on Comments June 2013 NFPA 70
10-1 Log #1392 NEC-P10 Dennis Darling, Stantec Consulting Ltd. 10-5 Delete text to read as follows: Localization of an overcurrent condition to restrict outages to the circuit or equipment affected, accomplished
More informationHow to migrate a DCS without a plant shutdown? whitepaper
How to migrate a DCS without a plant shutdown? whitepaper Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 3 Definition: Hot Cutover... 3 2. Four reasons why you should consider a hot cutover!... 4 Less downtime,
More informationTHE X-RAY ADVANTAGE Pros and cons X-ray and Gamma
THE X-RAY ADVANTAGE Pros and cons X-ray and Gamma NDTMA - February 12, 2015 NILS HASE Sales Manager IXT 1 THE COMET GROUP COMET, AG is a 65 year- old Swiss company and a leading supplier of advanced system
More information