References are a list of sources
|
|
- Gwenda O’Brien’
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 66 Enhance the Value of a Research Paper: Choosing the Right and Writing them Accurately Sandeep B Bavdekar 1 Art of Writing Abstract help readers identify and locate sources used for justifying the need for conducting the research study, verify methods employed in the study and for discussing the interpretation of results and implications of the study. It is extremely essential that references are accurate and complete. This article provides suggestions regarding choosing references and writing reference list. are a list of sources that are selected by authors to represent the best documents concerning the research study. 1 They constitute the foundation of any research paper. Although generally written towards the end of the article-writing process, they are nevertheless extremely important. They provide the context for the hypothesis and help justify the need for conducting the research study. Authors use references to inform readers about the techniques used for conducting the study and convince them about the appropriateness of methodology used. help provide appropriate perspective in which the research findings should be seen and interpreted. This communication will discuss the purpose of citations, how to select quality sources for citing and the importance of accuracy while writing the reference list. Purpose of Citing of methodology. They also add support to the interpretations suggested, suppositions made and inferences drawn. 2 Properly selected references add to the manuscript s scientific prestige. In addition, editors scan reference lists to choose reviewers. help peer reviewers to evaluate the research work with greater effectiveness and efficiency. Readers use references to check on details of a method cited. Reference lists also constitute a pool of resources regarding the referenced topic and students and other readers use these lists to locate relevant material to enhance their understanding. Reference lists also bring credit to individual scientists when their work is cited. Organization of Investigators perform a thorough search for relevant literature while planning the research, writing the protocol and even while the study is going on. Once the results are analyzed and interpreted, another round of literature search is undertaken to look for relevant evidence that may have been generated in the intervening period. They cannot use all the material that has been read as citations in the manuscript. They are required to separate the most suitable and relevant sources from those that may be only remotely related. Given the restrictions on the number of references that can be cited; even all the relevant sources cannot be cited. The authors are in fact, forced to select only a few from the pool of relevant material. This selection which entails that the authors cite the most reliable and the most appropriate sources from this pool of highly relevant material is the first part of organization of references. The second level of organization is to decide which sources or references go to what section of the article. The IMRaD format clearly defines the purpose of each section of a research manuscript: Introduction section is used for providing background information so as to allow the readers to judge the need for conducting the research study, methodology section is used for describing the manner in which the study was done, results section provides the study findings and, as stated earlier help authors explain the rationale of the study and provide details 1 Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra Received: ; Accepted:
2 67 Table 1: Variability in the way references are cited in text and listed in the reference list Parameter Citing reference numbers in the text Author names in the reference list Journal details Variations The relevant reference numbers are cited as an Arabic number. However, some journals put it in plain text, while others put it in superscript. The reference number may be quoted as such, within parentheses or within square brackets. Also, some journals require that the reference number is placed after a punctuation mark, while others advise authors to do just the opposite. Journals vary in their recommendations regarding the number of authors names to be stated when the source has multiple authors. Journals request to insert et al after names of two, three or four authors Some journals subscribing to Harvard format require an abbreviated name of journal, while some require the full journal name to be included Some journals require the issue number to be included in the parentheses in addition to the journal name, volume number and page numbers. Most journals need the first and the last page nos. of an article cited. For some, stating just the first page no. of the article suffices. A few journals require the journal s name to be written in italics discussion section offers a forum to describe the interpretation and implications of the study findings. Various statements in these sections (with the exception of the results section) need to be supported with references. cited in the methodology sectionhelp clarify the laboratory methods and diagnostic criteria used in the study and sample size estimation methods, among others. Although some material clarifying methodological issues may have to be used in Discussion section to justify certain aspects of methodology, generally this is easy to decide. However, there is a great overlap between the references that may be cited in the introduction section to provide background information and those that are cited in the discussion section to compare the study findings with the observations made in previously published articles. Although there is no bar on citing the same study in two different sections or even repeatedly in the same section of the manuscript, this is generally done only exceptionally and that too for a highly relevant material. Citation and Reference Formats There are several styles for citing references. 3 The Council of Science Editors (CSE) describes three systems for documentation of the referred material. All these systems require a reference list at the end of the research paper. This list provides all the information that the readers require to track down the source. The threesystems can be broadly labeled as: citation-name, citation-sequence and name-year systems. 4 In the citation-name system, the sources are arranged alphabetically by the first author s last name in the reference list at the end of the paper. The source is cited using the number in the reference list, which is placed at the relevant sentence. In the citation-sequence system, the sources in the reference list at the end of the paper are arranged in the order in which they appear in the text. In the article, the source is cited using the number from the reference list and positioned at the relevant sentence in the text. In the name-year system, the sources are listed alphabetically in the reference list at the end of the research article. In contrast to other two systems, the sources are not numbered in the reference list and sources are cited by providing the author s last name and year of publication in parentheses. 4,5 Several reference and citation formats and styles are in vogue. These include the Vancouver, 6 the Harvard, 7 the APA (American Psychological Association), 8 the ASA (American Sociological Society), 9 the MLA (Modern Language Association) 10 the Chicago 11 and many other formats. 3 Of these, the Vancouver (an example of the citationsequence format using the consecutive numbering system) and the Harvard system (an example of the name- publication year system) are most commonly encountered. These two formats have their own merits and demerits. The Vancouver system is extensively used in medical and physical science and is considered to be simpler and easier to use, especially while revising manuscript drafts. On the other hand, the Harvard system, which is mainly used in humanities and social science literature, recognizes the contributions of individual scientists by ensuring that their names appear in the main text. However, the discussion regarding the merits and demerits of one system over the other is of limited relevance; as the choice does not rest with the author. He has to follow the format or style that the journal he has chosen to submit the manuscript to, recommends. Here, it will not be out-of-place to point out that the authors need to carefully read the guidelines provided by the journal regarding citing references and take note of the requirements of individual journals (Table 1). Authors Responsibilities It is the authors responsibility to cite the most relevant and the most appropriate references, accurately. As explained by Annesley, 2 accuracy has two components: one, the article should precisely and truthfully quote, report or paraphrase what the source has stated and two, it should provide accurately the various elements of the source such as authors names, article title and journal name, volume number, year of publication and page numbers in the reference list. The first component of accuracy implies that the author has located and read every source that has been cited in the manuscript, has understood
3 68 Table 2: Consequences of errors in citing various elements of sources in the reference list The Editor is unable to locate the sources mentioned in the reference list. Might begin to doubt the integrity and credibility of the work, hampering the chances of article being accepted for publication. The Editor is unable to use the faulty reference list to invite peer reviewers. Reviewers are unable to locate the source and check the veracity of statements attributed to sources. This has an adverse effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of the review process. Readers cannot use references to get greater details of methodology or for improving their comprehension of the cited study. [1,12] Reference does not get linked properly in the electronic databases. Authors of the source do not get the credit they deserve. [1] what has been stated and then has truthfully re-stated or reported what has been written in the original source. 1 Errors in providing elements of a source are associated with undesirable consequences (Table 2). Many authors use citation management software programs (also called reference managers) such as EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero, RefWorks to ensure that the reference list is accurate and devoid of any errors. [1] Tasks Related to These include choosing references for citation, placing the citation in the manuscript text and writing the reference list. General guidelines are listed below: A. Choosing references for citation Authors need to select the most relevant and the most appropriate references from the collected material. Every reference in a research article should be accurate and add value to the research article. 2 Although, review articles are useful in guiding readers about a body of original work, these may not reflect the original work accurately and the referenced statement may represent the opinion of the reviewer. Hence, authors should prefer to cite direct references to original research sources. 13 The guidelines provided by the Journal are of paramount importance. Authors should adhere to the advice regarding the number of references that can be cited for a research article. Authors should ensure that they are citing trustworthy sources as references by determining reliability of the data presented, analysis performed, interpretation offered and arguments made in the source documents. Articles published in reputed peerreviewed journals undergo greater scrutiny through a multi-layered editorial- and peer-review process before they are published. It is advisable to preferably cite articles published in these journals. It is better to avoid using conference abstracts as references, as these are not usually subjected to a formal peer-review process. [13] In addition, they provide only limited information 2 and one is not sure if the abstract is a fair representation of the whole data. Authors need to desist from indulging in self-citation. 13,14 Personal communications may be allowed only if they provide essential information that is not available from a public source 13 and if permitted by the person. If personal communications are cited, name of the person and date of the communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. Articles that have been accepted but not yet published should be designated as in press. Information from articles that have been submitted but not yet accepted may be cited in the text as unpublished observations. This can be done only after written permission is obtained from the source. 13 The authors may choose not to provide a reference for statements and facts which are likely to be known to the readers. 1 Given the plethora of scientific material available online, it is not surprising that online sources from the web are being frequently cited as references. They pose some peculiar challenges. For one, a single error in copying the URL (Uniform Reference Locator) can make it impossible for the readers to locate the resource material. This does not happen in case of a printed resources, as one can locate the source with the help of other elements in the reference or citation. The second issue is the non-permanence of webpage content and even websites, themselves. 15 Their disappearance could be due to failure to maintain old links or closure of the organization maintaining the website. Despite these issues, it is not correct for authors to avoid citing relevant and reliable material available online or for the journal editors to advise authors to do so. Solution may lie in archiving cited URL on the journal servers, using persistent URLs (PURLs) or employing Internet archiving systems so that such content is available on an ongoing basis. 16 At present, most journals advise authors to mention the date on which the cited webpage was accessed in the reference list. Nowadays, many articles are citing information from a tertiary source that can
4 69 be edited by anyone (for example, Wikipedia). This is a controversial issue posing different kind of challenges. Protagonists of using Wikipedia-like sources as references liken it to an encyclopedia in terms of accuracy and argue that there is a need to recognize that learning modalities are leaning more towards online sources. It is also claimed that being open to everyone and being edited by so many, material posted on Wikipedia website is being constantly reviewed. Those who do not agree, point out that tertiary sources do not satisfy the ICMJE criteria 13 that a reference should direct the readers to original research sources, whenever possible and that the Wikipedia entries are constantly changing, making it difficult for readers to check the veracity of cited material. 17 It may be prudent to suggest that authors may include tertiary sources as references only when a primary, permanent, peer-reviewed alternate source does not exist. 1 B. Inducting citations in the text Authors can summarize the material (data, information or opinion) from other articles in their own words. However, when the referenced source is cited using the same words, phrases or sentences as in the original article (verbatim); this should be indicated using double-inverted commas ( ). 1 It is imperative to follow the rules regarding the way citation is to be mentioned. These are stated in the journal s Instructions to authors. They may advise authors to place the reference numbers in the text as superscripted numbers or otherwise; in parentheses, square brackets or as plain numbers; so on and so forth. Unless specifically instructed in the journal guidelines, reference number or citation should be inserted right after the information from the source is stated. Hence, a citation might occur in the middle of a sentence or at the end of a sentence. 2 When multiple facts are reported in a sentence, it is prudent to use multiple citations and place them immediately after writing the relevant fact. For example, instead of stating that Multiple studies have reported that factors such as illiteracy of the parents, poor socio-economic status and non-availability of written instructions in doctors prescriptions, instructions in local language on the drug label and calibrated spoons are associated with dosing errors while administering medicines at home (7-13). ; it would be advisable to write the citations in the following manner: Multiple studies have reported that factors such as illiteracy of the parents (7), poor socio-economic status (8) and non-availability of written instructions in doctors prescriptions (7,9), instructions in local language on the drug label (8-10) and calibrated spoons (10-13) are associated with dosing errors while administering medicines at home. If two or more references are used to support a fact, these references may be listed in a chronological order. If two references are from the same year, they can be arranged in alphabetical order considering the last name of the first author. 2 C. Preparing the Reference List It is also necessary to carefully follow journal s instructions regarding the format of referencing, use of punctuations, italic text, abbreviated names of journals, issue number of the journal, etc. while preparing the individual items in the reference list. As the article is being written, revised and edited; portions of the manuscript text are moved. Hence, the reference numbers need to be adjusted with every revision. The reference management software can be of great assistance is ensuring that such adjustments are done precisely. The authors should take care to submit the manuscript only after checking that every citation has a corresponding reference and that every reference is cited at the right spot in the manuscript. 2 To summarize, citations play an important role in a research manuscript; not only because they appear in every section including tables and figures; but because they provide foundation for the study rationale and methodology employed in the study and help readers understand the implications and value of the study. Authors have the primary obligation to cite relevant and appropriate references accurately. Being of immense importance, even reviewers check the correctness of references and journal editors use software to ensure that references are cited in a precise manner. Although several formats for writing references exist, authors need to familiarize themselves with the format and the style adopted by the journal they intend to send their manuscript to. Inappropriate, incorrect and inaccurate referencing can mar the chances of manuscript being accepted for publication. 1. Sungur MO, Seyhan TO. Writing references and using citation management software. Turk J Urol 2013; 39(Suppl1): Annesley TM. Giving Credit: Citations and. Clin Chem 2011; 57: University Library. American University, Washington DC. Citation Style Guide. Which Style Should I Use? subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.
5 70 php?g=175008&p= [Last accessed on Oct 28, 2015] 4. The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison. The Writer s Handbook. CSE Documentation Style. wisc.edu/handbook/doccse.html [Last accessed on Oct 28, 2015]. 5. Northwest Missouri State University. BD Owen s Library. Scientific Style and Format. The CSE Manual for authors, editors and publishers. library/citing/cbe.htm [Last accessed on October 28, 2015] 6. Vancouver Reference Style Guide. VANCOUVER%20Reference%20guide.pdf [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 7. Harvard Reference Style Guide. HARVARD2009%20Reference%20guide. pdf [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 8. The University of Waikato. APA Referencing Style Guide. library/study/referencing/styles/apa [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 9. Coates Library. Trinity University. ASA Style Citations (American Sociological Society. ASA_Style_Citations_4.pdf [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 10. LIU Post. B Davis Schwartz Memorial Library. MLA Citation Style. liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citmla. htm [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 11. Purdue Online Writing Lab. english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/ [Last accessed on October 31, 2015]. 12. Masic I, Milinovic K. On-line biomedical databases- the best source for quick search of the scientific information in the biomedicine. Act Inform Med 2012; 20: International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Preparing for Submission. browse/manuscript-preparation/ preparing-for-submission.htm. [Last accessed on October 28, 2015]. 14. Barroga EF. Reference Accuracy: Authors, Reviewers, Editors, and Publishers Contributions. JKMS 2014; 29: Aronsky D, Madani S, Carnevale RJ, Duda S, Feyder MT. The Prevalence and Inaccessibility of Internet in the Biomedical Literature at the Time of Publication. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2007; 14: Habibzadeh P. Decay of references to web sites in articles published in General medical Journals: Mainstream vs Small journals. Appl Clin Inform 2013; 4: Bould MD, Hladkowicz ES, Pigford AA, Ufholz LA, Postonogova T, Shin E, Boet S. that anyone can edit: review of Wikipedia citations in peer reviewed health science literature. BMJ 2014; 348:g1585.
The appropriate use of references in a scientific research paper
Emergency Medicine (2002) 14, 166 170 Blackwell Science, Ltd Short Review Review Article The appropriate use of references in a scientific research paper David McD Taylor Director of Emergency Medicine
More informationWriting Styles Simplified Version MLA STYLE
Writing Styles Simplified Version MLA STYLE MLA, Modern Language Association, style offers guidelines of formatting written work by making use of the English language. It is concerned with, page layout
More informationHow to Cite Information From Choices Explorer
How to Cite Information From Choices Explorer How you cite material from Choices Explorer will depend on the style you have been asked to use. This document covers three styles: Chicago style Modern Language
More informationCALL FOR PAPERS. standards. To ensure this, the University has put in place an editorial board of repute made up of
CALL FOR PAPERS Introduction Daystar University is re-launching its academic journal Perspectives: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal of Daystar University. This is an attempt to raise its profile to
More informationBefore submitting the manuscript please read Pakistan Heritage Submission Guidelines.
Before submitting the manuscript please read Pakistan Heritage Submission Guidelines. If you have any question or problem related to the submission process please contact Pakistan Heritage Editorial office
More informationJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AUTHOR GUIDELINES
SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Instructions to Authors: AUTHOR GUIDELINES The JPRE is an international multidisciplinary Monthly Journal, which publishes
More informationVISION. Instructions to Authors PAN-AMERICA 23 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ONLINE SUBMISSIONS DOWNLOADABLE FORMS FOR AUTHORS
VISION PAN-AMERICA Instructions to Authors GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ONLINE SUBMISSIONS As off January 2012, all submissions to the journal Vision Pan-America need to be uploaded electronically at http://journals.sfu.ca/paao/index.php/journal/index
More informationCampus Academic Resource Program Citations in Science Writing
This handout will: Define what citations are and when they should be used. Explain the difference between quotes and paraphrasing or summarizing. Explain what information does not need to be cited. Show
More informationReferencing & Endnote
Referencing & Endnote Tâm C. Nguyen PhD Manager, Office for Research (Western Health) Honorary Senior Fellow, NorthWest Academic Centre Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences The University of
More informationJournal of Social Intervention: Theory and Practice
Author Guidelines Articles Our guidelines follow to a great extent the conventions of the American Psychological Association. If in doubt please consult: Publication manual of the American Psychological
More informationOriginal Research (not to exceed 3,000 words) Manuscripts describing original research should include the following sections:
Guide for Authors Article Categories How to Submit a Manuscript for Peer Review Author Responsibilities Manuscript Preparation Journal Style How to Submit Commentary and Letters Editorial Process The Canadian
More informationFairness and honesty to identify materials and information not your own; to avoid plagiarism (even unintentional)
Why document? Fairness and honesty to identify materials and information not your own; to avoid plagiarism (even unintentional) Authenticity and authority to support your ideas with the research and opinions
More informationRunning head: EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 1. Example of an APA Style Paper. Justine Berry. Austin Peay State University
Running head: EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 1 Example of an APA Style Paper Justine Berry Austin Peay State University EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 2 Abstract APA format is the official style used by the American
More informationAPA Documentation. A recent study of mice habitat proved interesting (Smith & Jones, 1982).
1 APA Documentation The APA documentation style is a specific documentation style developed by the American Psychological Association. It differs from other documentation styles (such as the MLA style)
More informationMla Documentation Guidelines
Mla Documentation Guidelines 1 / 6 2 / 6 3 / 6 Mla Documentation Guidelines What is MLA Style? All fields of research require certain formats of documentation for scholarly articles and publishing. MLA
More informationJournal of Undergraduate Research Submission Acknowledgment Form
FIRST 4-5 WORDS OF TITLE IN ALL CAPS 1 Journal of Undergraduate Research Submission Acknowledgment Form Contact information Student name(s): Primary email: Secondary email: Faculty mentor name: Faculty
More informationHow to write an article for a Journal? 1
How to write an article for a Journal? 1 How to write a Scientific Article for a Medical Journal Dr S.S.Harsoor, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore Formerly- Editor Indian Journal
More informationMA International Relations Style Sheet: Formal Guidelines for Seminar Papers and MA Theses
Jacobs University Bremen/University of Bremen 19 September 2017 MA International Relations Style Sheet: Formal Guidelines for Seminar Papers and MA Theses Citations in the Text Text citations: Source material
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Contents 1. AIMS AND SCOPE 1 2. TYPES OF PAPERS 2 2.1. Original Research 2 2.2. Reviews and Drug Reviews 2 2.3. Case Reports and Case Snippets 2 2.4. Viewpoints 3 2.5. Letters
More informationWhy Should I Choose the Paper Category?
Updated January 2018 What is a Historical Paper? A History Fair paper is a well-written historical argument, not a biography or a book report. The process of writing a History Fair paper is similar to
More informationWhat are MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian Styles?
Citing Sources 1 What are MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian Styles? Style, or documentation, refers to the method you use to cite your sources when writing a research-based paper. The three most common academic
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE (IJEE)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE (IJEE) AUTHORS GUIDELINES 1. INTRODUCTION The International Journal of Educational Excellence (IJEE) is open to all scientific articles which provide answers
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE CONTRIBUTORS
JOURNAL OF CONTENT, COMMUNITY & COMMUNICATION ISSN 2395-7514 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTRIBUTORS GENERAL Language: Contributions can be submitted in English. Preferred Length of paper: 3000 5000 words. TITLE
More informationAPA. Research and Style Manual. York Catholic High School Edition
APA Research and Style Manual York Catholic High School 2017-2018 Edition Introduction Over the course of their careers at York Catholic High School, students are required to research and to properly cite
More informationSearching For Truth Through Information Literacy
2 Entering college can be a big transition. You face a new environment, meet new people, and explore new ideas. One of the biggest challenges in the transition to college lies in vocabulary. In the world
More informationThank you for choosing to publish with Mako: The NSU undergraduate student journal
Author Guidelines for Submitting Manuscripts Thank you for choosing to publish with Mako: The NSU undergraduate student journal Article submissions must meet the following criteria before they can be sent
More informationApa Format Electronic Source No Author Reference List
Apa Format Electronic Source No Author Reference List How do I cite a work that has no listed author in an APA-style paper? The APA Style Blog is a helpful source when it comes to citing websites with
More informationPolitical Science Department at the College of Charleston Guide to Referencing i
Political Science Department at the College of Charleston Guide to Referencing i Scholarly sources: A scholarly source is a peer-reviewed article, typically found in academic journals, in hardcopy or online,
More informationWritten Submission Style Guide The International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
Written Submission Style Guide The International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Submission Deadline for 1 st Issue: November 15, 2016 Contact: Dr. Pam Shaw - Pam.Shaw@viu.ca 1. Overall Manuscript
More informationReferencing for COT publications: the referencing process. College of Occupational Therapists
Referencing for COT publications: the referencing process College of Occupational Therapists Contents Section 1 Introduction 2 The referencing process 3 Sources of information 3.1 Books including government
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Contents 1. AIMS AND SCOPE 1 2. TYPES OF PAPERS 2 2.1. Original research articles 2 2.2. Review articles and Drug Reviews 2 2.3. Case reports and case snippets 2 2.4. Viewpoints
More informationWriting Style and Mechanics. Student Name. Course/Number. Date. Instructor Name*
Running head: WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 1 Typically, the running head is required only for publication. Check with your instructor regarding the preference for using a running head. Doctoral students
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF A GRADUATE THESIS. Master of Science Program. (Updated March 2018)
1 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF A GRADUATE THESIS Master of Science Program Science Graduate Studies Committee July 2015 (Updated March 2018) 2 I. INTRODUCTION The Graduate Studies Committee has prepared
More informationInstructions for authors
Instructions for authors The Netherlands Heart Journal is an English language, peer-reviewed journal and is published 11 times a year. The journal aims to publish high-quality papers on a wide spectrum
More informationInstructions to Authors
The instructions to authors is divided in three sections Current Agriculture Research Journal Instructions to Authors Pre Submission information Authors are advised to read these policies How to prepare
More informationContents Chapter 1 What is MLA Style?... 3 Chapter 2 Basic Format... 5 Chapter 3 In-text Citations Print Sources Online Sources...
MLA Tutorial Contents Chapter 1 What is MLA Style?... 3 Chapter 2 Basic Format... 5 Chapter 3 In-text Citations... 6 3.1 Print Sources... 6 3.2 Online Sources... 7 3.3 Indirect Sources... 8 Chapter 4 Works
More informationThe University of Manchester Library. My Learning Essentials. Citing it right: Introducing referencing CHEAT
The University of Manchester Library My Learning Essentials Citing it right: Introducing referencing CHEAT SHEET @mlemanchester www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/learning-objects/mle/introducing-referencing
More informationGeneseo Central School Middle/High School 6-12 Student Research Guide
Geneseo Central School Middle/High School 6-12 Student Research Guide Last Updated 11/23/2015 2015 Table of Contents 2 Documentation and Plagiarism 3 Choosing Valid Sources 4 Notecards and Note Taking
More informationDefense ARJ Guidelines FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Defense ARJ Guidelines FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Defense Acquisition Research Journal (ARJ) is a scholarly peer-reviewed journal published by the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). All submissions receive
More informationCouncil Of Biology Editors Style Manual 5th Edition Formats
Council Of Biology Editors Style Manual 5th Edition Formats Biology. Council of Biology Editors. CBE Style Manual: A Guide for Authors, Washington: American Chemical Society, 6th edition, 1994. MLA Handbook
More informationJournal of Radiotherapy in Practice
Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Submission to the Journal is exclusively via Editorial Manager: http://www.edmgr.com/jrp/ A paper is accepted for publication on the understanding
More informationMIDDLE SCHOOL RESEARCH POWER MLA STYLE GUIDE
Dwyer 1 MIDDLE SCHOOL RESEARCH POWER MLA STYLE GUIDE Parenthetical Citation and Work Cited Guidelines 2009 ed. Updated with MLA 7 th ed. Madison Middle School Ms. Dwyer Media Specialist (hold) Dwyer 2
More informationWhat is a historical paper? The Basic Framework. Why Should I Choose the Paper Category? History Day Paper Formatting
What is a historical paper? A paper is the traditional form of presenting historical research. A History Day paper is not simply a biography or a book report. It is a grammatically correct and well-written
More informationStatement on Plagiarism
Statement on Plagiarism Office of the Dean of Studies (Science and Engineering S100) Revised September 1, 2013 Maintaining a scholarly environment of mutual trust is part of the mission of Union College.
More informationRunning head: APA IN COUNSELOR EDUCATION 1. Using APA Style in Counselor Education. The Ohio State University
Running head: APA IN COUNSELOR EDUCATION 1 Using APA Style in Counselor Education Darcy Haag Granello The Ohio State University September 2012 APA IN COUNSELOR EDUCATION 2 Abstract Within the field of
More informationKindly refer to Appendix A (Author s Checklist) and Appendix B (Template of the Paper) for more details/further information.
NIOSH-R09-C 1/8 The Journal of Occupational Safety and Health is covers with areas of current information in occupational safety and health (OSH) issues in Malaysia and throughout the world. This includes
More information5.1 Harvard referencing Vancouver system. 5.3 Plagiarism
5.1 Harvard referencing 5.2. Vancouver system 5.3 Plagiarism 5.1 Harvard referencing Conventions in the Main Body of the Writing Referring to another s argument, view point or ideas: Present these in your
More informationAUTHOR SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
AUTHOR SUBMISSION GUIDELINES The following author guidelines apply to all those who submit an article to the International Journal of Indigenous Health (IJIH). For the current Call for Papers, prospective
More informationCompiled by A. Baker
Compiled by A. Baker What is citing? Citing means giving credit to the source where you found your information and facts Why should I bother to cite? To give your writing credibility, to show that you
More informationDemonstrations: Journal Sections and Submission Guidelines
Demonstrations: Journal Sections and Submission Guidelines 1. Online Submissions 2. Author Guidelines 3. Copyright Notice 4. Privacy Statement 1. Online Submissions All articles will need to be submitted
More informationJournal of Diagnostic Radiography and Imaging
Journal of Diagnostic Radiography and Imaging Instructions to Authors Original articles, editorial correspondence, case reports, notices, suggestions for review articles, product reviews and so forth should
More informationThe University of Texas of the Permian Basin
The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Style Manual for the University of Texas of the Permian Basin Preparation and Filing of Master s Theses and Project Reports in the Graduate Studies Office Revised
More informationDepartment of American Studies M.A. thesis requirements
Department of American Studies M.A. thesis requirements I. General Requirements The requirements for the Thesis in the Department of American Studies (DAS) fit within the general requirements holding for
More informationINSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUTHORS FOR PUBLICATION IN BJ KINES-NATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCE
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUTHORS FOR PUBLICATION IN BJ KINES-NATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCE BJ Kines-National Journal of Basic & Applied Science is a biannually (June Dec) publication of the B.
More informationInformation for authors
In order to be submitted for publication, papers should be sent to the Editorial Department of Eä Journal of Medical Humanities & Social Studies of Science and Technology by e- mail as an attached file
More informationGUIDELINES FOR AUTHOR
(An International Peer Review Journal for Bio-Medical and Pharmaceutical Professionals) GUIDELINES FOR AUTHOR British Journal of Bio-Medical Research (BJBMR) is a Bimonthly journal which publishes original
More informationNew Jersey Pediatrics publishes the following types of articles:
New Jersey Pediatrics GUIDE FOR AUTHORS INTRODUCTION New Jersey Pediatrics, the official journal of the New Jersey Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics The Journal, is distributed statewide to the Chapter
More informationP a g e 1. Simon Fraser University Science Undergraduate Research Journal. Submission Guidelines. About the SFU SURJ
P a g e 1 About the SFU SURJ Simon Fraser University Science Undergraduate Research Journal Submission Guidelines The Simon Fraser University Science Undergraduate Research Journal (SFU SURJ) is an annual
More informationAuthor Resources Manuscript Preparation Guidelines
Author Resources Manuscript Preparation Guidelines Before you begin: Remember that we are here to answer any questions. As Editorial Project Manager, I am here to assist you and any coauthors or contributors
More informationECS Introduction to Computers Guidelines for Citation and Format of References. 1. Introduction
ECS 15 -- Introduction to Computers Guidelines for Citation and Format of References 1. Introduction As you write your term papers, it will be important for you to document where you obtained the information
More informationBulletin for the Study of Religion Guidelines for Contributors, January 2010
Bulletin for the Study of Religion Guidelines for Contributors, January 2010 Please follow these guidelines when you first submit your contribution for consideration by the journal editors and when you
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : TEXTBOOK CITATION FOR APA PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : TEXTBOOK CITATION FOR APA PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 textbook citation for apa textbook citation for apa pdf textbook citation for apa Citing PDF files is the same as how you
More informationInstruction for Authors
Volume 1 No 1 September 2018, 65-69 Aims and Scope The Aurum Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS - Au. J. Health. Sci.) is an international open access platform for basic, applied, theoretical and clinical
More informationInternational Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM)
International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM) Online Submissions The IJISM only accepts articles that have been submitted through the online submission system at www.ijism.ricest.ac.ir.
More informationISSN (printed version) ISSN (digital version)
1 Belgian Journal of Paediatrics ISSN 2466-8907 (printed version) ISSN 2566-1558 (digital version) Editorial Policy (March 2018 version) Aims and scope The Belgian Journal of Paediatrics is published by
More informationCOMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE
COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE Beth A. Fischer and Michael J. Zigmond Title Purpose: To attract readers interested in this field of study. The importance of the title cannot be overstated as it is a
More informationStyle & Substance 2018 Dissertation Forum. Will Forde-Mazrui, USF Writing Center Matt Torrence, USF Libraries February, 2018
Style & Substance 2018 Dissertation Forum Will Forde-Mazrui, USF Writing Center Matt Torrence, USF Libraries February, 2018 Part I: Citation Style Substance and Style - 2018 Dissertation Forum Citation
More informationSport and Health Sciences Referencing Guide
Sport and Health Sciences Referencing Guide 2016 College of Life and Environmental Sciences Table of Contents Academic Honesty... 2 Plagiarism...2 What is plagiarism... 2 SHS internet plagiarism policy...2
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY STYLE GUIDE FOR HONOURS THESIS WRITERS
1 DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY STYLE GUIDE FOR HONOURS THESIS WRITERS 2017-2018 In judging and grading honours theses, the Department of Anthropology evaluates style as well as intellectual content. Therefore,
More informationDelta Journal of Education 1 ISSN
Author(s) Last Name(s) Volume 7, Issue 1, Spring, 2017 1 Delta Journal of Education 1 ISSN 2160-9179 Published by Delta State University Title of Paper, size 18 NTR * font First Author a, Second Author
More informationThesis and Dissertation Handbook
Indiana State University College of Graduate Studies Thesis and Dissertation Handbook HANDBOOK POLICIES The style selected by the candidate should conform to the standards of the candidate's discipline
More informationInstructions to Authors
Instructions to Authors European Journal of Psychological Assessment Hogrefe Publishing GmbH Merkelstr. 3 37085 Göttingen Germany Tel. +49 551 999 50 0 Fax +49 551 999 50 111 publishing@hogrefe.com www.hogrefe.com
More informationAPA STYLE ACKNOWLEDGING PRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. Why Should I Reference? How Do I Reference? What Should I Reference?
ACKNOWLEDGING PRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES APA STYLE Why Should I Reference? References are used to record or document the source of each piece of information in your paper obtained
More informationAPA Citation Style. Student Academic Learning Services, SSB 204
APA Citation Style Overview This presentation will cover the following: What APA is Why you should reference What you should reference Where you should reference How you should reference Examples What
More informationApa style citation in text. Apa style citation in text.zip
Apa style citation in text Apa style citation in text.zip Sep 11, 2017 APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used format APA Citation Examples. Based on APA Publication Manual,
More informationTitle of the Paper (16 pt. Times New Roman, Bold, Centered)
Title of the Paper (16 pt. Times New Roman, Bold, Centered) AUTHORS' NAMES (Capital, 12pt Times New Roman, centered) University (10pt Times New Roman, centered) COUNTRY (Capital, 10pt Times New Roman,
More informationAs a Marketing Tool A Tight Rope Walk
Providence College Department of Marketing E-mail As a Marketing Tool A Tight Rope Walk Submitted to: Dr. A. Cemal Ekin Marketing on The Internet 10 September 2002 By Wanda B. Marketing Providence TABLE
More informationMLA FORMAT GUIDE dpp.growthpulse.com MLA FORMAT GUIDE. page 1 / 5
page 1 / 5 page 2 / 5 mla format guide pdf EasyBib Guide to MLA 8 Format. The Modern Language Association (MLA) is an organization responsible for developing MLA format, often called MLA style. MLA format
More informationGuidelines for Authors Submitting Manuscripts to the Journal of Medical English Education
Guidelines for Authors Submitting Manuscripts to the Journal of Medical English Education 1. Article categories and Journal aims The Journal of Medical English Education, the official publication of the
More informationGuidelines for submission International Research in Early Childhood Education (IRECE)
Guidelines for submission International Research in Early Childhood Education (IRECE) Checklist Send your manuscript as a Word document to edu-irece@monash.edu and ensure you have the following with your
More informationApa 6th Edition Citation In Text
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with apa 6th edition citation
More informationTHE LIBRARY OF TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN LEABHARLANN CHOLÁISTE NA TRÍONÓIDE, OLLSCOIL ÁTHA CLIATH
THE LIBRARY OF TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN LEABHARLANN CHOLÁISTE NA TRÍONÓIDE, OLLSCOIL ÁTHA CLIATH Library HITS: Citation and Plagiarism Greg Sheaf (updated by Isolde Harpur) Assistant
More informationApa 6th Edition Citation Examples In Text
APA 6TH EDITION CITATION EXAMPLES IN TEXT PDF - Are you looking for apa 6th edition citation examples in text Books? Now, you will be happy that at this time apa 6th edition citation examples in text PDF
More informationAims and scope but are not limited Instructions for authors Types of papers Manuscript submission
Aims and scope Journal of Rare Cardiovascular Diseases (JRCD) is an international, quarterly, peer-reviewed, open access journal that keeps cardiologists and non-cardiologists up-to-date with rare disorders
More informationRunning head: AN INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL APA STYLE PAPER 1. Example of an Intermediate-Level APA Style Paper. Justine Berry. Austin Peay State University
Running head: AN INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL APA STYLE PAPER 1 Example of an Intermediate-Level APA Style Paper Justine Berry Austin Peay State University AN INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL APA STYLE PAPER 2 Abstract APA format
More informationINSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS Japanese Journal of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Revised on January 1, 2013) The Japanese Journal of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Jpn J Ther Drug Monit) is devoted to the publication
More information1. Paper Selection Process
Last Update: April 29, 2014 Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis),
More informationCitations, References, and Referencing Tools
Citations, References, and Referencing Tools Sue Wainscott, Science Technology Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) Librarian Julie Longo, Technical Communications, Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering
More informationQuestions about these materials may be directed to the Obstetrics & Gynecology editorial office:
NOTICE: This document contains comments from the reviewers and editors generated during peer review of the initial manuscript submission and sent to the author via email. Questions about these materials
More informationEndNote Essentials. EndNote Overview PC. KUMC Dykes Library
EndNote Essentials EndNote Overview PC KUMC Dykes Library Table of Contents Uses, downloading and getting assistance... 4 Create an EndNote library... 5 Exporting citations/abstracts from databases and
More informationAKAMAI UNIVERSITY. Required material For. DISS 990: Dissertation RES 890: Thesis
AKAMAI UNIVERSITY NOTES ON STANDARDS FOR WRITING THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (To accompany FORM AND STYLE, Research Papers, Reports and Theses By Carole Slade. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 11 th ed.,
More informationThesis and Dissertation Handbook
Indiana State University College of Graduate and Professional Studies Thesis and Dissertation Handbook Handbook Policies The style selected by the candidate should conform to the standards of the candidate
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS The European Journal of Applied Economics is a biannual, peer-reviewed journal which publishes significant original scientific research and reviews. The Journal is devoted to the
More informationRESEARCH! WORKS CITED!! ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY!!! A Practical Guide to Successful Research And Impeccable Works Cited
RESEARCH! WORKS CITED!! ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY!!! A Practical Guide to Successful Research And Impeccable Works Cited (And, a NO Plagiarism Zone ) Created for Swope GT Magnet Students INTRODUCTION The
More information8/19/2016. APA Formatting and Style Guide. What is APA Style?
What is APA Style? APA Formatting and Style Guide The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. APA regulates: Stylistics
More informationApa 6th Edition Citation In Text
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with apa 6th edition citation
More informationTPC Journal Policy and Submission Guidelines September 26, 2012
September 26, 2012 Name of Organization: National Board for Certified Counselors and Affiliates, Inc. (NBCC) Website: tpcjournal.nbcc.org Email: journaleditor@nbcc.org tpcjournaladmin@nbcc.org I. TPC Journal
More informationAPA Formatting and Style Guide
APA Formatting and Style Guide What is APA? APA (American Psychological Association) is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences. What does APA regulate? APA regulates: Stylistics
More informationA. M. AL-REFAI LIBRARY REFERENCING STYLES GUIDE
A. M. AL-REFAI LIBRARY REFERENCING STYLES GUIDE Table of Contents What is referencing?...2 Why is referencing important?......2 When is a reference required?...2 Which style of referencing do I use?...2
More informationDissertation proposals should contain at least three major sections. These are:
Writing A Dissertation / Thesis Importance The dissertation is the culmination of the Ph.D. student's research training and the student's entry into a research or academic career. It is done under the
More information