THINK: Design Faculty Academic Writing Guide Billy Blue College of Design CATC Design School

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1 THINK: Design Faculty Academic Writing Guide Billy Blue College of Design CATC Design School Table of Contents Table of Contents... 1 Key Words... 2 Part 1: Academic Study Skills... 5 What is expected of me?... 5 Where do I start?... 5 Part 2: The Process of Academic Writing... 5 Analyse the question and identify the aims of the work... 6 Critical analysis... 6 Marking criteria... 6 Common instructions and their meanings... 7 Brainstorm and draft a first plan... 9 Conduct your reading and research... 9 Using the Library/Resource Centre for Research... 9 Further plan the structure of an assignment Some appropriate text types/genres and their uses Write a first draft Reflect and gain feedback on the first draft Revise and check final draft Check referencing Submitting your assignment Part 3: Referencing guide In-text referencing Directly quoted text or idea (book or journal) Indirect quotation from a book or journal Articulating an author s argument indirectly Variations To refer to authors with the same surname who have published in the same year To refer from newspapers To quote from a privately obtained interview or other personal communication Secondary Sources References including a range of sources Website Referencing Film, video, and television or radio program Verbal quotes, tapes or lecture notes unpublished lecture notes) should also be referenced, along with statements made in audio or video tapes Reference list A sample reference list Quick Referencing Guide Page 1

2 Key Words Academic Integrity Refers to valuing honesty in learning, submitting assignments and exams that are a student s own work, except where appropriately referenced, and not facilitating other students to cheat on assignments and exams. Academic Misconduct Refers to student behaviour that undermines the academic integrity of the learning and assessment processes, including (but not limited to): plagiarism, collusion, and failing to properly acknowledge sources; taking unauthorised material into exams; permitting another student to copy answers in an examination; exchanging notes in an exam; inappropriately obtaining prior knowledge of an exam s contents. Academic Writing Written work that you are required to produce by your lecturers or tutors as part of your assessment, in your chosen field of study. This includes essays, assignments, reports and projects. Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Assessment Assessment is the process of gathering a range of evidence and forming a judgement as to whether a student has achieved a specified level of knowledge, skill and competency in clearly identified outcome in a unit of study/competency. Brief The instructions or outline of information provided by your lecturer, that you are required to follow for your assignment. Citing/Referencing The accurate acknowledgement of the sources used in the preparation of your academic writing. Citations and references must be accurate and in the appropriate format, providing the reader with information they can use to get the source they need. Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Page 2 Last Updated 30 May 2012

3 Cohesive Writing Writing that is cohesive holds together well because there are links between sentences and paragraphs. Writing which is cohesive works as a unified whole, is easy to follow and keeps the reader 'on track. Ask your Academic Skills tutor for assistance with using cohesive structures in your text. Course of Study Refers to a course which leads to the granting of an academic award once all requirements are met. Critical Thinking A disciplined process of thinking actively and asking questions about what you see and hear while evaluating, categorising, and finding relationships between different aspects of a topic. Digital Resources Resources and databases available online which contain a range of different types of material, such as journal articles, electronic books, web pages, or authored Internet pages. Essay An essay is an example of academic writing that is formally structured around an introduction, the main body and a conclusion. A reference list will also be required on a separate page after the conclusion of your essay. Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Genre Genre categorises and describes text structures and language features which are used in an academic community to achieve different purposes (i.e. writing an essay, a consultation report or a reflective journal). In-text References The acknowledgement of the source of information you have used in the body of your essay. Language and Academic Support (LAS) Refers to the additional support services available to students who may require assistance with their study program. The support services assist students to address areas such as academic skills, presentation skills, note-taking skills, researching, and English language skills. Learning strategies The ways in which learners try to understand and remember new information e.g. techniques for learning new vocabulary in a field of study. Periodicals/Serials Publications that are produced at regular intervals, such as magazines, journals and newspapers. Page 3 Last Updated 30 May 2012

4 Plagiarism The representation of another person s work as your own without correct acknowledgment of the source. This means that if you submit the work of someone else as your own or take written material off the web and submit it without acknowledging the source then you will be penalised for plagiarism. Students should refer to the Academic Integrity Policy in order to understand consequences of plagiarism. (Think: Education Group, 2011). Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Presentation A talk that is delivered by a student or a group of students to a lecturer and other students on a prepared topic that is often assessed (marked) as part of the total grading of the subject. Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Reference list A list of all the sources of information from which you have quoted or paraphrased in the text of your report or assignment. These sources (e.g. books, articles or other information) are listed in alphabetical order at the end of your assignment or report as per the instructions contained in this guide under Referencing. Refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Report A report aims to inform as clearly and succinctly as possible. Exactly what you include in your report and how you present it will vary according to your discipline and the specific purpose of the report. Refer to your lecturer for detailed instructions on the report writing style appropriate to your college and refer to the Academic Skills section in the Learning Portal. Self-directed learning A process in which individuals take the initiative in formulating learning goals, identifying human and material resources for learning, choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies and evaluating learning outcomes. Text types Used to explain the different genres in written Academic English. Refer to the section on text types in this guide. Page 4 Last Updated 30 May 2012

5 Part 1: Academic Study Skills What is expected of me? The award of a degree is based on the demonstration of knowledge. However, the emphasis at tertiary level education is NOT on the simple reproduction of knowledge, but rather on: understanding; thinking critically; applying knowledge; academic integrity. This must be shown in your academic performance, particularly in your academic writing. At undergraduate level, it is expected that your academic writing should be: clearly focused on the set topic and deal fully with its central concerns; the result of wide research and critical thinking; a reasoned argument (when required); competently presented; all your own work. Adapted from Ballard, B. and Clancy, J Teaching Students, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne. Where do I start? For each piece of written work, it is recommended that you follow these steps: 1. analyse the question and identify the aims of the work 2. brainstorm and draft a first plan 3. conduct the necessary reading/research 4. further plan the essay or report structure 5. write a first draft 6. reflect on and get feedback on the first draft 7. revise the first draft 8. check final draft for both content and referencing 9. submit the assignment Each of these steps is now discussed in more detail in Part 2. Part 2: The Process of Academic Writing It is important, from the outset, to understand that academic writing at the tertiary level requires particular skill and as such it needs to be learned and improved upon. Like any other skill, it is something that needs practice and constant reflection. Please take every opportunity to get feedback from your lecturers and academic support staff, as well as using these notes as your guide to the process of submitting written work for assessment at your college. Page 5 Last Updated 30 May 2012

6 Analyse the question and identify the aims of the work It is important, when starting an assignment, to have a clear idea of what is to be achieved. This can best be done by analysing the brief or instructions provided to you. The correct understanding of the aims of the assignment will influence your overall approach and provide you with a checklist, to ensure that you have achieved all of the aims. If in doubt, ask your lecturer. An accepted way of confirming the aims of an assignment is to briefly describe the scope of the essay in the introduction. This confirms the goals of the assignment. Additionally, in a research or project report you list the aims near the beginning of the report. When analysing questions, you will encounter a number of common instructions that you will need to interpret correctly. Remember that the question words may be qualified by words that follow; and therefore, the emphasis may be changed in the question. Also remember that question words may have different meanings depending on the discipline in which they are used. Look at the list of key words that appear frequently in assignments, reports and essays. Critical analysis When analysing the brief or assignment, you may need to: clarify any assumptions that you are making or carrying forward; explore the subject from different angles; question the findings of your research to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the subject area; ensure that critical elements to the subject are defined; support all of your conclusions with the evidence on which they are based; outline your conclusions to the aims set out in the introduction. Marking criteria The general list below outlines the criteria taken into account when an assignment is marked at your College. The weighting of each of these may vary depending on the subject and type of assignment. Please discuss the specifics with your lecturer. Marking criteria may include: answering the question; breadth/level of research; depth of understanding; in-text referencing and reference list; critical analysis and critical thinking; expression and style; spelling and grammar; adherence to word count; quality of introduction and conclusion; other elements specific to a given subject. Page 6 Last Updated 30 May 2012

7 Common instructions and their meanings Question Word Meaning Account for Argue Assess Calculate Characterise Classify Comment on Compare Consider Contrast Critically analyse Criticise Critically evaluate Deduce Define Demonstrate Describe Design Determine Devise Differentiate between Discuss Distinguish between Elaborate Elucidate Enumerate Estimate Give reasons for, explain Consider the subject from one point of view and present and analyse considerations for this point of view Decide the importance and give reasons Determine, weigh reasons carefully, work out Describe the qualities and features Arrange into groups Explain the importance of Describe similarities Think about carefully, weigh the pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, take into account Describe differences Divide, describe, discuss, examine, explain, identify components and the relationship between them, draw out and relate implications; discover essential features or meaning Discuss and point out faults, weaknesses/gaps and areas for improvement Weigh arguments for and against something, assessing the strength of the evidence on both sides. Use criteria to guide your assessment of which opinions, theories, models or items are preferable. To come to a conclusion through a process of considering general principles and available information State the precise meaning of a word or concept, or describe the nature or basic qualities of something (e.g. define the role of the counsellor) Show clearly by giving proof or evidence Give a detailed account of the characteristics of a subject, say what something is like Plan a system including information on its use and function Find out something, calculate, make decision To work out, to plan Find out how something is different, identify the distinguishing features, characteristics between 2 or more items Consider the subject from different points of view, and present and analyse considerations for and against Describe the differences between Discuss in detail with reasons and examples Explain and make clear Name and list, and explain Calculate, judge, predict Page 7 Last Updated 30 May 2012

8 Question Word Evaluate Examine (critically) Explain Express Give an account of Hypothesise Identify Illustrate Indicate Infer Interpret Justify List Mention Name Observe Outline Propose Prove Quantify Reflect on Relate Review Show Speculate State Suggest Summarise To what extent Trace Verify Meaning Consider the good and bad features of a subject and give your opinion of its value Act as a judge or critic and give an opinion, look at carefully, consider Give details, make clear, stating the why and how and using examples Show, describe, explain Describe To propose a supposition which can be used as a basis for testing conclusions Point out and describe Give examples, use diagrams, statistics etc to support and explain the points that you are making in your answer Show, explain Conclude something from facts or reasoning To make clear the meaning of something and its implications Provide the reasons for your conclusions, explain satisfactorily Put in sequence, catalogue, mention Describe briefly Identify Watch closely and give an account of events Give a short description of the main points To suggest a plan, idea or action for people to think about and decide on To show by logical argument Express or measure the amount or quantity of To think carefully, analyse and evaluate Give an account of, emphasise the relationship between two things To survey and critically examine a subject Indicate, give evidence of, make clear, demonstrate, illustrate Form an opinion without having complete knowledge, suggest Express carefully, fully, clearly Mention as a possibility, state as an idea for consideration, propose Give the main points of a given topic Consider how far something is true, or contributes to a final outcome. Consider also ways in which the proposition is not true. Follow the order of different stages in an event or process Make sure that something is accurate or true; check Adapted from Jordan, R.R Academic writing course, Nelson ELT, London; and Cottrell, S The study skills handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Page 8 Last Updated 30 May 2012

9 Brainstorm and draft a first plan After deciding what the purpose of the assignment is, start collecting ideas related to the topic, write them down in no particular order, and afterwards group ideas. Conduct your reading and research Assignments are set by lecturers in order to assess the extent to which you have understood part of the course. As such, it is reasonable to expect a lecturer to have covered the skills and knowledge necessary for a student to complete and pass an assignment. However, you are expected to collect and study information about the subject from numerous sources in addition to studying the material presented in lectures. Indeed, this extra studying is normally what distinguishes between an excellent and ordinary final result. It is important that you ask your lecturers for help and advice with assignments, particularly if any of the following situations apply: you feel that the central concept or idea has not been adequately explained in a lecture or in the Learning Portal the required format or structure of the assignment is unknown to you or it has not been adequately specified Reading and research should, therefore, only take place when: 1. the question has been analysed, and/or 2. you have asked the lecturer for clarification, and/or 3. the aims of the assignment are completely understood. Starting your research before this could result in you wasting a lot of time. Using the Library/Resource Centre for research Your Library/Resource Centre provides services and resources to support and enhance your research and learning on campus and by flexible delivery. In addition to book collections at each campus, online library resources including journal databases are available via the student portals. The Library staff at each campus is a valuable source of advice for your research and can assist you in locating relevant books and journals and other resources. The wider your research, the more informed your assignment, and the arguments within it, will be. Students have access to the GALE, EBSCO and PROQUEST online databases which provide access to a large number of full text journals, newspapers, and other materials. Workshops in these databases are available through the library. Please contact your Librarian for more detail on these workshops, or general database questions. Further information is also available on your Learning Portal on The Library page under the link Database Collections. Page 9 Last Updated 30 May 2012

10 Further plan the structure of an assignment Within Think: Colleges there are nine main purposes of a written academic assessment and these are outlined in the table below. Each one has a particular text type or genre (format/style) that should be followed. These text types are the ones referred to during our Academic Skills tutorials. The following table outlines which text type is used for the various types of written assessment (model examples of these text types will be given in the Academic Skills tutorials). Some appropriate text types/genres and their uses Purpose Text type/genre Used regularly? 1. To tell what happened. To document a sequence of events and evaluate their significance in some way. RECOUNT Yes 2. To tell how to do something. PROCEDURE Yes 3. To construct a pattern of events with a problematic and/or unexpected outcome that entertains and instructs the reader or listener. NARRATIVE Yes 4. To present information about something. REPORT Yes 5. To tell how and why things occur. EXPLANATION Yes 6. To argue a case. EXPOSITION Yes 7. To look at more than one side of an issue; to explore various perspectives before coming to an informed decision. DISCUSSION Yes 8. To evaluate a literary text. RESPONSE No 9. To explain a historical event. ACCOUNT No 10. To evaluate leaning experiences. REFLECTIVE JOURNAL Yes 11. To synthesise and critically evaluate findings and evidence from credible sources related to the topic under consideration. LITERATURE REVIEW Yes Page 10 Last Updated 30 May 2012

11 At an early stage in your written assessment, you should identify the appropriate text type required, by analysing the question. These text types determine the most appropriate style of writing for the assignment. The structure of each text type is influenced by a particular combination of factors including the relationship between reader and writer and the use of appropriate grammar and vocabulary. AtThink: Colleges, your lecturer will give you appropriate models or examples of these text types. They will go through the structure and development of chosen genres and give advice as to the best ways to begin structuring your work. Write a first draft You should not look upon the first attempt as being the perfectly formed, final submission. A draft is a way in which you can develop the delivery of the required information and arguments to satisfy the criteria of the assignment in the relevant text type/genre. You will find that during the process you will be constantly adding and removing information, moving paragraphs within the text, changing your arguments and conclusions. The aim is to continually refine and improve your submission and just as importantly, you should always think, analyse and learn. As a guide it is good to do the following when writing a draft: keep the aims in mind by working on your introduction. Remember the introduction should tell the reader what is trying to be achieved here; give each main point or new idea a paragraph of its own; explain each point; back up each explanation with evidence of research that you have done; always explain how each point is related to your major aims/arguments; check that you have not moved away from the original aims of the assignment. Reflect and gain feedback on the first draft Do not do this immediately. Go back to your assignment after a 12 or 24 hour period and you may see it in a completely different way. Errors in content or structure will become immediately obvious to you. Do not be afraid to show your work to a lecturer or a member of the academic skills staff, as they will be more than happy to offer advice in their areas of expertise. Page 11 Last Updated 30 May 2012

12 Revise and check final draft Based on the feedback, the relevant changes should be made and your final submission will start to take shape. Once the revisions are completed, you should check that you have done the following: 1. Have you met the aims of the assignment? 2. Are the aims reflected accurately in your introduction? 3. Is everything that you have included relevant? 4. Have you provided evidence for all of the points that you are making? 5. Does your argument/presentation of information progress in a logical order? 6. Is all spelling and grammar correct? 7. Are all sources correctly referenced? Check referencing Referencing is used for three reasons: 1. to indicate to the reader the sources of your information and background ideas 2. to show that your argument/s is/are properly supported 3. to avoid plagiarism There are many systems of referencing and the THINK Design Faculty use the Harvard system which is outlined below. Each of the following sections refers to a different source of information and the appropriate rules should be followed for each. This Harvard system requires you to reference in two ways: 1. within the text (in-text referencing) and 2. by giving a list of references at the end of your work (reference list) Submitting your assignment To submit your assignment, please follow these college procedures: 1. ensure that the assignment is submitted by the due date and time specified. On-campus students must submit their assignment on the due date and within College office hours. Online students must submit their assignment via the portal by 11.55pm on the due date. Failure to do so may lead to a reduction in marks. Refer to your lecturer if you are unsure. Always ask do not just assume; 2. if you require more time to complete your assignment, consult your lecturer well before the due date to enquire about an extension of time; 3. follow the written procedures for the required presentation of your assignment. Remember, marks can be easily lost by submitting work that does not follow the guidelines of your college. Refer to your lecturer or LAS advisor if you are unsure. Page 12 Last Updated 30 May 2012

13 Part 3: Referencing guide Referencing acknowledges the thoughts and ideas expressed by other people within your paper. To meet recognised academic standards, material for all assignments must be referenced to identify the source. There are a number of forms of referencing but THINK: Education, Design Faculty requests that students comply with the following standardised format. In-text referencing In the text of your paper, source material is to be acknowledged in brief. This directs the reader to the reference section at the end of the paper. This in turn directs the reader to the actual texts for verification of what has been written or to read more fully an author s argument. There are two types of referencing that need to be kept in mind as you write your paper direct and indirect. Direct referencing refers to what is commonly called a quotation. It is the exact use of an author s own words (including quoted facts, figures and graphical information) and must be placed in quotation marks. Indirect referencing, in contrast, refers to what is commonly called paraphrasing. This means the rephrasing of an author s ideas using your own words and sentence structures without changing the original meaning. Direct and indirect references are provided when referring to information from both published and unpublished works. Directly quoted text or idea (book or journal) A direct quotation is the exact use of an author s words from a publication or from a speech, such as a lecture. Short quotations A short quotation is incorporated into a sentence without disrupting the flow of the text, and quotation marks are used. It will include the author/s surname, the year of publication and the page number/s, as demonstrated in the following examples. Author at introduction of sentence Messaris (1997, p.137) claims that in advertising the indexical aspect of photography is often a principal factor influencing the viewer s response. OR Author at the end of the sentence It is often claimed that in advertising the indexical aspect of photography is often a principal factor influencing the viewer s response (Messaris 1997, p. 137). Page 13 Last Updated 30 May 2012

14 Long quotations A long quotation (at least three lines) is set out as a block quotation, using a separate indented paragraph. Single spacing is used for the block even if (as is usually the practice) the rest of the text uses wider spacing. You may use italics if you wish to highlight it as a quote, but you do not need quotation marks if you have indented it. Make sure all quotations are grammatically linked with the words that precede them. The reference follows the quotation with the author, year of publication and page number/s in brackets. The goal of visual communication is to persuade an audience to adopt a new belief. However, this necessitates a reference to existing beliefs through formal devices. In developing an argument a designer does not have a choice of referencing beliefs or not referencing beliefs (Tyler 1992, p.29). Note: pp is the abbreviation for pages, and p is the abbreviation for page. Note: The full stop comes after the brackets at the end of the quote. Indirect quotation from a book or journal Indirect referencing, or paraphrasing, refers to using an author s ideas but without an exact quotation. You must still give the correct reference. The author and year of publication must be provided for any idea you express which has come from a source other than your own creation. Reference to an author within the sentence: According to Tucker (1991), graffiti is usually seen as vandalism, no matter what the words look like, they are usually painted over in dull colours (p.45). Reference to an author at the end of a sentence: Since graffiti is usually seen as vandalism, no matter what the words look like, they are usually painted over in dull colours (Tucker 1991, p. 45). Note: Page numbers are also required for an indirect quote Page 14 Last Updated 30 May 2012

15 Articulating an author s argument indirectly If you wish to outline somebody s argument or describe his or her study but do not wish to quote word for word, leave no doubt what you are doing. Fruzzetti (2006, pp.18-24) makes the point that and he suggested that Corey (2005, p.184) made a useful distinction between Make sure your words make it clear that you are paraphrasing, condensing or otherwise giving a modified version of someone else s work. If possible indicate where it ends and where your own material begins, as the following example demonstrates. Following on from the Corey reference above However, it could be argued that Corey (2005) did not consider the following points Note that the page number is not necessary in this reference to Corey, as you are now evaluating his ideas. Note: Never paraphrase without acknowledging the source and always make it clear when you are summarising someone else s text. Variations We have tried to include all variations to the above referencing procedures. However, with new media constantly growing, this list may not be exhaustive. The following guidelines can be used for both indirect and direct referencing. No author When a work has no author or if the author is anonymous, the in-text citation consists of the first few words of the title, followed by the year and page number. Italicise the title. Direct quotation where author is anonymous In Seven Ways to Successful Therapy (1999, p.13), the author states, the technique of creative visualisation has been found to be particularly efficacious in the treatment of depression. Indirect quotation where author is anonymous The power of creative visualisation has been put forward as one treatment for depression (Seven Ways to Successful Therapy, 1999, p.13). Page 15 Last Updated 30 May 2012

16 Two or three authors If there are two or three authors, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page and place an and between the last two authors. Note that all authors need to be named in the References List at the end of the paper as well as the first time you refer to them within your paper. Two authors Sontag and Paglia (1987) assert that Three authors Fish, Weakland & Segal (1982, p.15) contend that, how life is being handled on a behavioural level is what is important, for then we can analyse the interactive context of the behaviour Note: If you use a direct quote, but leave out a section within a sentence or between sentences, use a series of three dots (called an ellipsis) to indicate a section is missed. This is demonstrated in the preceding example. More than three authors If there are more than three authors, use all authors names the first time you cite this reference. Thereafter, the in-text citation shows only the name of the first author, followed by et al. (meaning and others ). Some degree of ambiguity in diagnosis is still inevitable, despite the increase in reliability made possible by the use of diagnostic criteria (Spitzer et al.1994, p.xii). Note: All authors need to be named in the Reference list, and they must also be named the first time you refer to them in the body of the text. More than one work by the same author If you are referring to more than one publication by the same author in different years, reference in date order. Corey (2001, p.37, 2005, p.39). If the same author has published two or more works in the same year, then distinguish these by attaching a lower-case letter of the alphabet to the publication date. The order is determined by the alphabetical order of the titles, ignoring words such as the. Referring to creative visualisations, Roberts (2002a, p.5) states that In the author s further research of creative visualisations, Roberts (2002b, p.65) proposes the aim of visualisation is to To refer to authors with the same surname who have published in the same year Use their initials to indicate different people: The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, A. K. 1979) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith, J. A. 1979) Page 16 Last Updated 30 May 2012

17 To refer from newspapers If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number: (Sydney Morning Herald 7 March 1994, p.8) If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article: (Peters 2000) To quote from a privately obtained interview or other personal communication Include the abbreviation pers. comm. in your reference: (Daly, B. 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug) Secondary Sources Secondary sources refer to the work of one author being cited in another author s work. If you read an author s work in another publication, you must reference the source from which you have read the material. This ensures you have made it clear that you have not read the original work. Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that because students are aware of their tutor s mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all (Gibbs 1981, p.39, cited in Bowden 1985, p.35). Note: It is Bowden that will appear in your reference list and not the reference for Gibbs. References including a range of sources References may include a range of sources, where you have read similar ideas/theories. Note that in the following example the authors are listed in date order; also note that page numbers are not required, as no indirect quotation is being made. Several studies in past decades have sought to explain the same point (Jones 1956; Harring 1969; Saunders 1976; and Johnson 1988). Note the semi-colons between references. Website Referencing In-text citations usually require page numbers, but Internet documents rarely contain them. Information should include author name(s) (the person or the organisation responsible for the site) and the date created/revised: (Winston 1999) Or (United Nations 1999) If the author s name is unknown, cite the website page, tile and date (Land for sale on moon 2007) Page 17 Last Updated 30 May 2012

18 The author or website must be included in your reference list with the date you accessed the site at the end or your assignment Film, video, and television or radio program Include the full title and year of release. (Three Colours Red 1995) (Good Will Hunting 1997) Verbal quotes, tapes or lecture notes unpublished lecture notes should also be referenced, along with statements made in audio or video tapes Statements made in lectures (or or DVDs. Direct quote Reed (2011) has stated: Gestalt is a form of therapy that Indirect quote According to Dobbs (2011), personal growth is an important part of becoming a therapist. Please note: If a lecturer provides material in a class from other authors, then you reference the authors and not the lecturer. Page numbers are not required for direct quotes from web references, lectures or recordings, as there may be no (official) pages. Reference List A Reference List should be included as a separate page/s at the end of any assignment to which source material has been referred. It should contain all texts/media that have been referred to in the body of your assignment. It should be arranged alphabetically by author and include all punctuation marks as demonstrated in the examples. At the end of an assignment you will always need to provide a list of sources used. This will take the form of a reference list. Important Rules 1. Book references should include: Surname of author(s) Initial(s) Year of publication Title of book (in italics) Publisher Place of publication Commas and full stops MUST be used correctly. For example: Chiplin, J Hospitality core units, Hospitality Books, Sydney. Smith, M.G Photography: a practical guide, 3 rd ed, Routledge, London. Page 18 Last Updated 30 May 2012

19 2. Articles or chapters in edited works should include: Surname of chapter author(s) Initial(s) Date of edited work Title of chapter or article (in normal font) Title of book (in italics) Initial(s) of book editor(s) Surname(s) of book editor(s) (eds) to signify that they are the editors Publisher Place of publication Optionally, page numbers of a chapter or article are added after the title of the edited work. Prior to the name(s) of the editor the word In is inserted to link all of the sub-parts together. For example: Slee, R Institutional approaches to discipline. In M. Lovegrove and R. Lewis, (eds) Classroom Discipline, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne. 3. Journal article references should include: Surname of article author Initial(s) Date of the journal/periodical Title of article Title of journal/periodical (in italics) Volume or issue number of journal/periodical Page numbers of the article If an issue number is available as well as a volume number, it is placed in parentheses after the volume number. For example: Cho, B An analysis of the Korean youth tourist market in Australia. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 3 (2), Note that for journal articles, page numbers are specified without accompanying abbreviations (p. or pp.) 4. Digital Publications Bibliographic details are arranged in the following sequence: Author(s) of journal article Year of publication Article title Title of journal (italics) Volume of journal Page 19 Last Updated 30 May 2012

20 Issue number of journal Article pages or indication of length Available statement: supplier/database name/identifier or number if available/item or accession number Access date Digital publications follow the conventions for print-based publications. The main additional elements of information required are: the type of online service used to access the information and the date on which the information was accessed. World Wide Web document Beckleheimer, J How do you cite URL S in a bibliography? Available: (accessed 13 January 2006) World Wide Web document (no publication date): Prizker, T.J. n.d. An early fragment from central Nepal. Available: (accessed 4 April 2005) Online journal or periodicals Von Urff, C.A Information systems: Agents for change, Journal of Excellence in Higher Education, 1(1). Available: (accessed 3 July 1999) Government report Review of Engineering Education Steering Committee Educating engineers for Australia, exposure draft report (Prof. P. Johnson, Chair). Available: (accessed 28 August 1998) Conference proceedings Willis, S Interface to interact: Technologies and techniques, paper presented at the Australian Computers in Education Conference, Available: (accessed 28 August 1997) Newspaper: Author identified Davies, P Key mistake stopped MFP, The Australian, 18 June. Available: (accessed 12 August 2005) Newspaper: Author not identified Dodson predicts culture of resentment The Australian, 1 September. Available: (accessed 1 September 1996) Page 20 Last Updated 30 May 2012

21 Radio program transcript Smith, H Medicine in Chaucer s time, Ockham s Razer, ABC Radio National transcripts. Available: (accessed 1 September 1998) CD-ROM publications Treat the main title like a videotape of an individual program. Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book. Show the medium and the computer platform after the title. Cameroon: Chronology World Reference Atlas. [CD-ROM Macintosh] Version 1, Dorling Kindersley, London. Page 21 Last Updated 30 May 2012

22 A sample Reference List Bartlett, A The Bartlett diaries, weblog. Available: (accessed 22 May 2007). Chilvers, I Funk art. In The Oxford dictionary of 20 th century art, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p Chiplin, J Hospitality core units, Hospitality Books, Sydney. Cho, B An analysis of the Korean youth tourist market in Australia. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 3(2), Coult, D.J Optical thin film design. In J.B. Watchtman & R.A. Haver, (eds) Ceramic films and coatings, William Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Knovel. Davies, P Key mistake stopped MFP, The Australian, 18 June. Available: (accessed 12 August 2005). Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs The Department of immigration and multicultural and indigenous affairs, Canberra. Available: (accessed 14 March 2004). Derham, F Art for the child under seven, 7 th ed, Australian Early Childhood Association, Watson, ACT. Dr Brain thinking games CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California. Forshaw, R Digital image manipulation the hard way, Design Graphics, no. 119, Freud and science. An essay evolves, wiki article, March Available: (accessed 20 May 2007). Gajski, D.D., Vahid, F., Narayan, S. & Gong, J Specification and design of embedded systems, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Hughes, R The shock of the new: art and the century of change, British Broadcasting Corporation, London. Making an issue out of violence [radio program], Women on the line, 3CR, 10 August. Mp3-mac.com 2003, What is Mp3? Available: is Mp3.html (accessed 15 October 2003). Online resources, publications, training Australian Copyright Council, Redfern, NSW. O Sullivan, S Discussion on citation and referencing. [Letter] (Personal communication, 5 June 2003). Seah, R. n.d. Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Shapiro, E Metro design studio. Communication Arts, 347, September/ October, Von Urff, C.A Information systems: Agents for change, Journal of Excellence in Higher Education, 1(1). Available: (accessed 3 July 1999). Wallis, R , 24 April, rwallis@swin.edu.au Wang, Y., Qualls, W Towards a theoretical model of technology adoption in hospitality organization. International Journal of Hospitality, 26, References Ballard, B. & Clanchy, J Teaching students from overseas. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne. Knowles, M. S The modern practice of adult education, Associated Press, New York. Style manual for authors, editors and printers th edn. Revised by Snooks & Co. AGPS, Canberra. Page 22 Last Updated 30 May 2012

23 Quick Referencing Guide BOOKS Basic format for books: Author s surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication. Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list Book with single author Chiplin (2001, p. 65) argues that Chiplin, J Hospitality core units, Hospitality Books, Sydney. Book with 2 or 3 authors According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2002, p. 23) Book with more than 3 authors As suggested by Gajski et al. (1994, p. 20) Book with no author Book with no date Book sponsored by an institution, corporation or other organisation One author citing another author Book with government department as author (Use the title of the work) As shown in Networking essentials plus (2000, p. 76) This has been pointed out by Seah (n.d.,p. 87) when Deni Green Consulting Services (2001, p. 98) has compiled (Acknowledge both sources in your text) Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985, p. 63) reported According to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2002, p. 42) 2 nd or later edition of a book Several characteristics support this (Derham 2001, p. 46) and Cooper, G.S., Krever, E. & Vann, R.J Income taxation: commentary and materials, 4 th ed, Australian Tax Practice, Sydney, NSW. Gajski, D.D., Vahid, F., Narayan, S. & Gong, J Specification and design of embedded systems, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. (Use the title of the work) Networking essentials plus Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Seah, R. n.d. Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Deni Green Consulting Services Capital idea: realizing value from environmental and social performance, Deni Grenn Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria. (Give details of the citing author) Liazos, A Sociology: a liberating perspective, Allyn and Bacon, London. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia-China: a photographic record: to commemorate the 30 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Australia and the People s Republic of China: , Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra. Derham, F Art for the child under seven, 7 th ed, Australian Early Childhood Association, Watson, ACT. Page 23 Last Updated 30 May 2012

24 Books Basic format for books: Author s surname, Initial(s). Year of publication. Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication. Example Edited (ed.), revised (rev.) or compiled (comp.) book If you want to cite the entire book, refer to the editor(s) of the collection in the text To cite authors with the same family name who have published in the same year, use their initials to indicate different people To cite an author who published more than one work in the same year, attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the year To cite a work reproduced in a book (image, poem, painting etc), refer to the work in the text, then include book author, date, page number Chapter in an edited book Encyclopaedia or dictionary - with author Encyclopaedia or dictionary-no author An example of an in-text reference Walpole (ed. 2001, p. 32) questions whether (Hudson & Bolton 1997) The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, A.K. 1979, p. 21) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith, A.J. 1979, p. 12). Dawkins (1972a, p. 21, 1972b, p.23) completed a number of studies on De Kooning s 1952 painting Woman and Bicycle (Hughes 1980, p. 295) is an example of In conclusion, Slee (1991, p.43) states Chilvers (1988, p. 225) demonstrates that The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines drafting as a process by which The entry in the reference list Walpole, M. (ed.) Tax administration in the 21 st century, Prospect Media, St Leonards, NSW. Hudson, W. & Bolton, G. (eds) Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Each source will require a separate reference list entry. Each source will require a separate reference list entry. (List the book containing the image) Hughes, R The shock of the new: art and the century of change, British Broadcasting Corporation, London. Slee, R Institutional approaches to discipline. In M. Lovegrove and R. Lewis, (eds) Classroom Discipline, Longman Chesire, Melbourne. Chilvers, I Funk art. In The Oxford dictionary of 20 th century art, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Macquarie dictionary th Ed, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW. Page 24 Last Updated 30 May 2012

25 JOURNALS Basic format for journal articles: Author s surname, Initial(s). Date of the journal/periodical. Title of article. Title of journal/periodical, Volume and/or issue number of journal/periodical, Day/Month/ Season-if applicable, page numbers of the article. Example Journal article with single author An example of an in-text reference Cho (1996, p. 16) acknowledges The entry in the reference list Cho, B An analysis of the Korean youth tourist market in Australia. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 3(2), Journal article with two or three authors Journal article with no author Journal article from an electronic journal Journal article accessed using an electronic database The designers at Metro follow identity guidelines based on (Shapiro 2006, p. 40). Wang and Qualls (2007) maintain (p.562). Such a strategy is already in use (Building human resources instead of landfills 2000, p. 54) and According to Von Urff (1996, p.36) Smith and Lesure (2007, p. 360) point out Shapiro, E Metro design studio. Communication Arts, 347, September/ October, Wang, Y., Qualls, W Towards a theoretical model of technology adoption in hospitality organization. International Journal of Hospitality, 26, Building human resources instead of landfills Biocycle, 41(12), Von Urff, C.A Information systems: Agents for change, Journal of Excellence in Higher Education, 1(1). Available: (accessed 3 July 1999). Smith, R.A. & Lesure, J.D Barometer of hotel room revenue: a regular service of Smith travel research (Statistical table) (Financial report), Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 48(4), 360. Page 25 Last Updated 30 May 2012

26 DIGITAL PUBLICATIONS Basic format for digital publications Author s surname, Initial(s). year date. Title of document or website, Available: URL (date accessed). Example Electronic book An example of an in-text reference Trochim (2000) maintains that The entry in the reference list Trochim, W. M The research methods knowledge base, 2 nd ed, updated 2 August 2000, Available: (accessed 14 November 2001). Reports from online databases (Name of database provided; year the page was created or revised; URL not required; catalogue number in brackets) Articles from online encyclopedias Extract from an online book Table from an online book A World Wide Web site According to IBISWorld Australia (2004), Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2007) demonstrates Coult (1993) states According to Patnaik (2003) The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs website (2004) has details of IBISWorld Australia Taxi and other road passenger transport in Australia (I6123), 7 September, IBISWorld, (accessed 4 January 2005). Computer design Encyclopedia Britannica Online, (accessed 20 February 2008). Coult, D.J Optical thin film design. In J.B. Watchtman & R.A. Haver, (eds) Ceramic films and coatings, William Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Knovel, (accessed 5 January 2005). Thermochemical properties of inorganic chemicals [interactive table] in Patnaik, P Handbook of inorganic chemicals, McGraw Hill, Knovel. Available: (accessed 10 January 2005). Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra. Available: (accessed 14 March 2004). Page 26 Last Updated 30 May 2012