BYZANTINE TEXT ANALYSIS

Transcription

1 M. Kissilier BYZANTINE TEXT ANALYSIS Textual and Linguistic Studies 1 The study of medieval texts, especially Greek ones, has traditionally tended to become a matter of textual criticism rather than purely of linguistic analysis. This fact may be easily explained: one should be able to read the text before analyzing it using an appropriate critical edition. The preparation of such editions still remains one of the central problems of Byzantine text analysis. The Spiritual Meadow (Pratum Spirituale or Λειµών) written by Byzantine monk John Moschos (c /34) in the early seventh century is no exception. 2 This text is available now in J.-P. Migne s edition (Migne, , T = PG). Migne didn t personally work on the numerous manuscripts, but simply compiled two earlier versions: one of Duc (Duceus, 1624) with 115 chapters and other of Cotelier (Cotelerius, 1681, pp , ) with 104. Unfortunately, this sole edition hardly meets modern expectations. It almost totally lacks any critical apparatus: while Duc does not note alternative readings and is not accurate in pointing out his emendations, 3 Cotelier, although demonstrating alternative readings (Variae Lectiones = VL), doesn t associate them with the manuscripts he makes use of. 4 Everybody is looking forward to the new critical edition, that Philip Pattenden has been working on, 5 but it still seems far from completion. This fact, I believe, should not make us loose heart and remain inactive, but actually suggests that new approaches to the Migne s text may still be found. It seems to me that one new way of analyzing linguistic peculiarities lies in comparing the 192 VL given by Cotelier. These alternative readings may be clearly grouped into six categories as follows: 1. Informative variant readings add or change factual data given in the text, for example: 1 I would like to express my gratitude to Pachomios Penkett (University of Reading), who suggested that I should transform a part of my PhD thesis into this article and helped me to do it in comprehensible English and to Dr A. Verlinskij (St. Petersburg State University) for his numerous and very important remarks, though I am the only one to be responsible for all the conclusions. 2 This work is one of the most invaluable sources of information regarding monastic life in Egypt, Palestine, and some of the major islands during the Early Byzantine period. Cf.: (Krumbacher, 1897, pp ; Simón Palmer, 1993). 3 Cf.: (Pattenden, 1975, pp ). 4 Cf.: (Pattenden, 1984, pp ). 5 John Moschos, Λειµών, ed. P. Pattenden, Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca, in progress. 1

2 (1) a)lla\ tou=to to\ e)/rgon tw=n mega/lwn e)sti\ Pate/rwn al. a)lla\ tou=to to\ e)/rgon tw=n mega/lwn e)sti\ Pate/rwn ka i \ Jeofo/r w n but it is a task for great Fathers al. but it is a task for pleasing to God great Fathers (VL 8, PG 2857C2 3) 6 (2) tou=to to\ e)/rgon tw=n mega/lwn e)sti\ Pate/rwn, tw=n peri\ to\n a)bba=n Antw/nion al. tou=to to\ e)/rgon tw=n mega/lwn e)sti\ Pate/rwn, tw=n peri to\n a)bba=n Paxw/mio n k a i\ Qeo/dwron t o \n h (giasme/n o n it is a task for great Fathers like those who were with Abba Antony al. it is a task for great Fathers like those who were with Abba Pachomios and the consecrated Theodore (VL 9, PG 2857C2 3) (3) ei)sh/negken au)to\n e i)j to\ purg i /o n au)tou= al. ei)sh/negken au)to\n e)n t%= kelli/% au)tou= led him into his tower al. led him into his cell (VL 11, PG 2860A9) 2. Phonological variant readings reflect differences in accentuation: (4) Mauritia/nwn al. Mauritianw=n (VL 19, PG 2868A6 7) (5) Farw\n al. Farw=n (VL 25, PG 2896D2) (6) Sina/ al. Sina= (VL 48, PG 2957D9) 7 or the spelling of Greek words: (7) pali/on al. palli/on (VL 18, PG 2865A11) 8 6 There are no line numbers in PG, that is why different papers dealing with the Spiritual Meadow give us rather different line numbers of the Greek text. I suggest the following rules of line-numbering: 1) The line is counted as the first one if there is a Latin letter just in front of it: D Du/o filo/sofoi pare/laben ge/ronti, kai\ e)perw/thsan (3024D1) au)to\n ei)pei=n au)toi=j lo/gon w)feli/aj. O de\ ge/rwn (3024D2) 2) The first (top) line of the page is always regarded as A1 regardless of the position of A-index. 3) If Latin letter is between two lines, the lower line is considered to be the first one: C a)polu/omen au)to/n. Ei) dia\ logarh\n ou)k a)polu/ete au) (3024B15) to\n; Do/te moi au)to\n, kai\ u(pa/gwn e(pe/tw, kai\ fe/rw (3024C1) 4) The chapter numbers, titles and Latin text are not counted. 7 It is noteworthy that variant readings of accentuation generally concern loan words. The examples given above should be treated as extra evidence for the global change in accent positioning rules by the time of John Moschos as a result of the disappearance of pitch accent in the Greek Koine. Cf.: (Allen, 1968 and 1973). 2

3 (8) pani/on al. pann[i/on] (VL 35, PG 2873C11) 9 (9) Kalxhdo/ni al. Xalkhdo/ni (VL 68, PG 3048D3) 10 and loan ones: (10) Xwziba= al. Xouziba= (VL 24, PG 2869B1) (11) Ta/dai al. Da/dai et Dadai/ (VL 56, PG 2877B1) (12) Komitw= 11 al. Komhtu= (VL 65, PG 2880C7) These examples clearly demonstrate the process of acclimatization of foreign words in the language. The appearance of alternative readings may be also influenced by phonological context: (13) to\ ijdion al. to\n ijdion (VL 12, PG 2860A12) (14) e)sfo/ggisen to\n al. e)spo/ggise to\n (VL 45, PG 2949B12 3). It is remarkable that <n is normally added in Modern Greek in front of the initial vowel or dental stops (t, d). 3. Stylistic variant readings. Some of these alternative readings are connected with semantic and structural revaluation of the phrasal forms: (15) Wntwj su\ al. Wntwj soi Truly you (Nom. Sing.) al. Truly to you (Dat. Sing.) (VL 4, PG 2857A3) The (15) demonstrates us the different demotivic stages of an expression no longer directly associated with the New Testament: 8 I believe that palli/on is a more correct form as we meet it in PG 2965A10; 2980C13 D1; 3037B7 where no variant readings are indicated (at least in PG). 9 It is noteworthy that along with: panni/% (PG 2968A5) without any variant readings we also come across pani/on (PG 2873D1). 10 The alternative readings concerning the spelling of Greek words may illustrate phonological processes that were active in Koine. For example, in sfoggi/sai al. spoggi/sai (VL 44, PG 2949B11) we see the σφ / σπ variation, frequently met in Koine and as well as in Modern Greek, cf.: (Blass Debrunner, 1971, p. 18); skni/faj al. skni/paj (VL 58, PG 3004B11) is an example of φ / π alteration widespread both in Attic (Teodorsson, 1978, pp. 49, 84) and Near- Eastern Koine (Teodorsson, 1977, pp , 238); Qalai/leoj al. Qale/laioj (VL 40, PG 2948C15) is simply a phonetic or rather graphic mistake (αι misplaces ε and vice versa), which is typical for Koine, as it results from the disappearance of the opposition between long and short vowels, on the one hand, and high and low ones, on the other. 11 Feminine name. 3

4 (16) o)/ntwj soi le/gw 12 truly I say to you The same phenomenon might be noticed (though not so evidently) in VL 30: (17) Ku=ri al. Wntwj ku=ri Master (Voc. Sing.) al. Truly master (PG 2872B9) It seems to me that preservation of vocative Ku=ri in some manuscripts and addition of o)/ntwj in others should make us regard o)/ntwj, as a marker to emphasize the address, that is, actually, as an element of elliptic, but not as an informative one. This is probably the way to treat the following example: (18) Su\, ku=ri a)delfe\, po/son xrono/n e)/xeij ei)j to\ monasth/rio/n sou; al. Soi/, ku=ri a)delfe\, po/son xrono/n e)/xeij ei)j to\ monasth/rio/n sou; You (Nom. Sing.), brother, how long have you been living in your monastery? al. And what about you (Dat. Sing.), brother, how long have you been living in your monastery? (VL 91, PG 2892B2 3) Another kind of structural revaluation of the phrasal form is met in VL 37: (19) pare/dwken t h \n yuxh/n al. pare/dwken t o \ pneu=ma surrendered his soul al. surrendered his spirit (PG 2948B7 8) I suggest, that alternative readings which reflect the tendency (widespread in the text of John Moschos) to avoid ellipsis by filling in the vacant syntactic valences should be also considered as stylistic ones: (20) sh/meron ta\ tou= a)delfou= skeu/h basta/zw al. sh/meron ta\ tou= a)delfou= mou skeu/h basta/zw today I am getting (the) brother s things together al. today I am getting my brother s things together (VL 5, PG 2857A4 5) (21) oi( patria/rxai a)llh/loij, o(/ti al. oi( patria/rxai l e /gontej a)llh/loij, o(/ti 12 The process of initial meaning loss is vividly illustrated by a number of examples, taken from chapter LXXVII: Ontwj soi Truly you (PG 2932A8) and, a little bit later: Ontwj e)gw\ le/gw u(mi=n Truly I say to you (PG 2932B2 3). The question Ontwj soi pw=j ge/gonaj tuflo/j; Truly how have you (Dat.) come to be blind (PG 2932A8 9) corresponds to Su\ pw=j ge/gonaj tuflo/j; How have you (Nom.) come to be blind (PG 2932A13 14; B2) within the same chapter. 4

5 the patriarchs to each other that al. the patriarchs saying to each other that (VL 69, PG 2884C5 6) Sometimes the addition of new syntactic elements prevents juxtaposition of two verbal forms: (22) kai\ a(rpa/san a)ne/feren al. kai\ a(rpa/san au)t o \n a)ne/feren seized (and) carried al. seized him (and) carried (him) (VL 21, PG 2868C7) John Moschos frequently makes use of enclitics in this case. 13 Some stylistic variant readings, where the addition of new elements takes place, show us differences in emotionality and expression: (23) Su\ ti/j ei)=; al. Su\ ga/r ti/j ei)=; Who are you? al. Who are you, actually? (VL 62, PG 2880A2) (24) Ekei=non to\n kairo\n al. Ekei=non o u)=n to\n kairo\n At that time al. At that very time (VL 80, PG 2885D3 4) (25) e)/an tapeinw/s$j me, a)gxo/n$ e(mauth\n u(poba/llw al. e)/an tapeinw/s$j me, e u)je/wj a)gxo/n$ e(mauth\n u(poba/llw if you disgrace me, I will hang myself al. if you disgrace me, I will immediately hang myself (VL 95, PG 2892C3 4) 4. In lexical variant readings we observe the use of synonyms or semantically close words: (26) pia/saj al. krath/saj having grasped (Part. Aor.) (VL 10, PG 2860A8) (27) tria/konta mi l i /w n al. tria/konta stad i/w n thirty miles thirty stadia (VL 48, PG 2876C1) (28) a)rxiepi/skopoj al. patria/rxhj archbishop al. patriarch (VL 76, PG 2885C1) (29) polla/ al. mega/la a lot al. much (VL 99, PG 2892C7). 5. Morphological and word-formative variant readings. These alternative readings may affect the word-form itself, i. e. a) use of different affixes in word-formation from the same stem: 13 Cf.: (Kissilier, 2003, pp. 9, 22); M. Kissilier, Κλιτικές προσωπικές αντωνυµίες στο Λειµωνάριον του Ιωάννου Μόσχου, to appear in Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference in Greek Linguistics September 2003 (Rethymnon). 5

6 (30) w)deu/samen al. diwdeu/samen we continued our way (VL 14, PG 2864B11) (31) kleidi/on al. klei/dwma lock (VL 46, PG 2876B7) (32) th\n e)mh\n a)jl io /thta al. th\n e)mh\n a)jl io su/nhn meagre ability (Acc. Sing.) (VL 75, PG 2885B3 4) b) use of different parts of speech derived from the same stem: (33) trei=j a)/n Jrakaj puro/j al. pepuraktwme/nouj three charcoals of fire (noun) al. three charcoals hardened in the fire (participle) (PG 2876C12) 14 c) variants in word-form presentation: (34) to\ goma/rin al. to\ goma/rion 15 bag (VL 28, PG 2869B14) (35) sakkoma/xion al. sakkoma/xhn rough cloak (Acc. Sing. Neutr. al. Acc. Sing. Fem.) (VL 32, PG 2925C15) d) extension of the verb-stem: (36) e)/speiren al. e)/speren he sowed (VL 25, PG 2869B8) e) the use of cases, 16 gender and number: (37) au)to\n k ama/ran poiei=n al. au)to\n k ama/raj poiei=n he made (Acc. cum Inf.) a vault (Acc. Sing.) al. he made vaults (Acc. Pl.) (VL 20, PG 2893C14) 14 Though in the text of PG the VL-index is behind the word a)/njrakaj, it definitely refers to puro/j. 15 On the same page we see the plural goma/ria (PG 2869C2, sing.: goma/rion). 16 It is generally the dative case that alternates with the others: VL 44 demonstrates the change in verb-governing dhloi= a u )t o \ n accusative along with the classical dative dhloi= a u )t % = he said to him (PG 2876B2); in VL 45 we come across a prepositional phrase with accusative instead of dative: poi/hson l o /g % tw=n a)delfw=n and poi/hson e i )j l o /g o n tw=n a)delfw=n prepare (Imperat. Aor. 2 Sing) for your brethren (PG 2876B4 5). I suppose that VL 19: e)perwth=sai a u )t % = al. e)perwth=sai a u )t o \ n to inquire him (Dat. sing. al. Acc. Sing.) (PG 2893C9) may be explained in terms of hypercorrection. 6

7 (38) Dihgh/sato de\ h(mi=n h( au)th\ a)mma\ Damianh\ kai\ tou=to, l e /gwn al. Di hgh/sato de\ h(mi=n h( au)th\ a)mma\ Damianh\ kai\ tou=to, l e /gousa The same Amma Damiana told us this as well, saying (part. masc. al. part. fem.) (VL 56, PG 2989D1 2) f) verb-forms, tenses, modes and voices: (39) ei)sin al. h(=san (they) are (they) were (VL 49, PG 2876C2) (40) ei) a)/ra ti/pot ou)n e i )/p e i al. ei) a)/ra ti/pot ou)n h)/jelen ei)pei=n if he said anything al. if he wanted to say anything (VL 30, PG 2917C5 6) 17 I am also inclined to include in this class alternative readings, in which the choice between morphological convertibility invariability of loan words is presented: (41) ei)j th\n Rai+Jou=n al. ei)j th\n Rai+Jou= (VL 13, PG 2864A4) (42) tou= makari/ou Efraimi/ou al. tou= makari/ou Efrai/m of the blessed Ephraimios al. of the blessed Ephraim (VL 70, PG 2881C9 10) in addition to the convergence of the prepositional phrase into an adjective: (43) da/krua pampolla k aj e (k a/sthj e)kxe/onta al. da/krua pampolla kajeka/sthn e)kxe/onta weeping many tears each day al. weeping many everyday tears (VL 22, PG 2896B3 4) 6. Syntactical variant readings are connected with the use of conjunction: (44) Dia\ tou=to al. Di au)tou= et Dia\ tou/tou That is why (VL 81, PG 2885D5) (45) e)/stin de\ o (/t i al. e)/stin de\ o(/te it is what al. it is when (VL 24, PG 2896B14) or general phrase-structure: (46) meta\ to\ kajelei=n Eu)fh/mion kai\ Makedo/nion tou\j patria/rxaj Kwnstantinou-po/lewj e )cw/risen au)tou\j ei)j Eu)xa/i+tan e)pi\ Po/nton 17 Subjunctive is replaced by a periphrastic construction with a modal verb. 7

8 al. meta\ to\ kajelei=n Eu)fh/mion kai\ Makedo/nion tou\j patria/rxaj Kwnstantinou-po/lewj e )co r i/sa i au)tou\j ei)j Eu)xa/i+tan e)pi\ Po/nton after he dismissed Euphemios and Macedonios, Patriarchs of Constantinople, he exiled them to Eucha ta on Pontos after he dismissed Euphemios and Macedonios, Patriarchs of Constantinople, and exiled them to Eucha ta on Pontos, (VL 87, PG 2888D2 2889A1) (47) Kai\ au)toi\ ei)=pon al. tw=n de\ ei)po/ntwn And they said al. when they said (VL 18, PG 2893C5) 18 The VL 89 seems to be particuliarly interesting: (48) ou) sunoi/da e(maut%= tou=to poih/santi al. sunoi/da e)mauto/n ti toiou=ton poih/santa I haven t realized having done such a thing (PG 3109C12) The alternative reading with accusative (sunoi/da e)mauto/n ti toiou=ton poih/santa) is likely to result from the influence of another syntactical model applied when the subject and object are not the same. Then sunoi/da/ se poih/santa and sometimes even sunoi/da/ soi poih/santa is possible together with sunoi/da/ soi poih/santi. If the subject and object coincide, we may expect either sunoi/da/ moi poih/santi or sunoi/da/ moi poih/saj (the participle is in the nominative case). 19 Definite variant readings should be attributed to the copyists mistakes or versions: (49) e(/na tw=n teixw=n tou= pu/rgou al. e(/na tw=n pu/rgwn tou= tei/xouj one of the tower walls al. one of the wall towers (VL 68, PG 2881A11 12) Not all alternative readings are equally persuasive, as I am going to demonstrate this now with the help of two morphological variant readings: in VL 29 Cotelier chooses ou)k a)kou/w se I don t listen to you instead of sou (PG 2916A2). The verb a)kou/w to listen, however, generally requires genitive after it, not only in Ancient Greek texts, but also in the Pratum: a)kou/w sou I listen to you (PG 2892B10). 20 In VL 73 there are two readings Efrai/mioj and Efrai/m (PG 18 Use/disuse of Genitivus Absolutus. 19 Cf.: (Mihev -Gabrove, 1960, p. 23). 20 It might be only the negative form, if not the copyist s mistake, which could have changed the governing of the verb. 8

9 2885A2), i. e., convertible and invariable forms. Five lines later (PG 2885A7) we face Efrai/mioj without any indication of the alternative reading, so I support Cotelier in his choice of Efrai/mioj. Cotelier s alternative readings \ N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading V 2856C7 tw=n e)kei=se a )d e l f w =n 21 Al. inser. kajhme/nwn Ibid. 2856D2 a)nepa/h Al. a)pe/janen et e)koimh/jh Ibid. 2856D7 a)pene/gkwmen Al. metete/gkwmen 2857A Ibid. 2857A3 Ontwj s u Al. soi Ibid. 2857A4 tou= a)delfou= Al. ins. mou Ibid. 2857A6 Th= ga\r d e u t e /r # a)nepa/h Al. inser. h(me/r# VII 2857C1 toiou=toj w (/s t e fronti/sai Al. ins. du/nasjai Ibid. 2857C2 3 tw=n mega/lwn e)sti\ Al. add. kai\ Jeofo/rwn Pate/rwn Ibid. 2857C3 to\n a)bba=n Antw/nion kai\ tou\j loipou/j Al. Paxw/mion kai\ Qeo/dwron to\n h(giasme/non IX 2860A8 pia/saj Al. krath/saj Ibid. 2860A9 ei)j to\ p u r g i /o n Al. e)n t%= kelli/% Ibid. 2860A12 to\ ijdion Al. to\n XVI 2864A4 ei)j th\n Rai+ Jou=n Al. Rai+Jou= Ibid. 2864B11 w)deu/samen Al. diwdeu/samen XVII 2864C1 kai\ tou=to ei)/pen o( au)to\j Al. e)/legon peri/ /ge/rwn, p e r i Ibid. 2864C2 e)n th= au)t$= l a u /r # Al. inser. tou= Abba= Pe/trou kajhme/nou XVIII 2865A5 o( a)bba=j Poluxro/nioj Al. add. o( presbu/teroj Ibid. 2865A11 pali/on Al. palli/on XX 2868A6 7 Mauritia/nwn Al. Mauritianw=n 21 Sometimes a larger context is given for the sake of clarity and the word that has VL-index is printed with extra spacing in the table (the text of PG appears as follows: tw=n e)kei=se a)delfw=n 1 e)/blepon) The line number (column 4) refers only to the word with VL-index. 9

10 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading XXI 2868B9 dihgh/sato/ m o i Al. inser. kai\ t%= sofist$= Swfroni/% Ibid. 2868C7 kai\ a(rpa/san a)ne/feren Al. inser. au)to/n XXII 2869A6 mh\ a)polimpano/menoj Al. a)fista/menoj et e)cerxo/ menoj XXIII 2869A9 e)pi\ pleuro\n k o i m h J e /n t a Al. add. mhde\ u(po/dhma fore/- santa XXIV 2869B1 Xwziba= Al. Xouziba= Ibid. 2869B8 e)/speiren Al. e)/speren Ibid. 2869B10 Xwziba= Al. Xouziba= Ibid. 2869B11 Aph/rxeto Al. Anh/rxeto Ibid. 2869B14 goma/rin Al. goma/rion Ibid. 2869C3 goma/rin Al. goma/rion XXVI 2872B9 Ku=ri 22 Al. praepon. Ontwj Ibid. 2873A4 Nesto/rion kai\ Q e o /d w r o n Abest ab al Ibid. 2873A5 Eu)tuxe/a kai\ Apolina/rion, Desunt in al. Eu)a/grion k a i \ Di/dumon Ibid. 2873A8 toi=j blasfhmou=sin thn Non sunt in al. a (g i /a n Qeoto/kon Ibid. 2873A18 e)/th i Jkana\ Al. d` XXVII 2873C11 pani/on Al. pann[i/on] Ibid. 2873C12 trei=j a )/n J r a k a j puro/j 23 Al. pepuraktwme/nouj Abest ab al Ibid. 2873D1 a)nte/pemyen t%= a)bb#= Ioulia/n%= e i )j to\ au)to\ pani/on XXVIII 2876A1 Ku/rilloj Al. Kuriako/j Ibid. 2876A6 ijatrw=n Al. a)njrw/pwn Ibid. 2876A10 En mi#= ou)=n t w =n h(merw=n Deest in al Ibid. 2876A12 Apekri/Jh o( g e /r w =n Al. add. e)k tou= ki/onoj 22 The VL-index is for some reason in front of the word it definitely refers to: 30 Ku=ri. See also footnote See also footnote

11 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading Ibid. 2876A13 a)/leson Al. a)/lhson sh=meron Ibid. 2876B1 (h)/dei ga\r o(/ti ou)de\n ei)/asen Al. non habet \ \ \ e)n t%= s i t o b o l w =n i ) Ibid. 2876B2 Dhloi= a u )t o n Al. au)t%= Ibid. 2876B4 5 poi/hson l o /g % tw=n a)delfw=n Al. ei)j lo/gon Ibid. 2876B7 kleidi/on Al. klei/dwma Ibid. 2876B10 doca/zwn to\n Q e o n Absunt ab al XXIX 2876C1 tria/konta m i l i /w n Al. stadi/wn Ibid. 2876C2 ei)sin Al. h(=san Ibid. 2876C3 e(/c m i l i /w n Al. shmei/wn Ibid. 2877A1 e)pije/menoj Al. e)pago/menoj Ibid. 2877A5 e)dh/lwsen a u )t o n Al. au)t%= Ibid. 2877A9 Seuh/rou Al. Seuhrianou= Ibid. 2877A11 kai\ d i e l u /J h Al. inser. eu)je/wj Ibid. 2877A13 a)peyu/gh Al. e)yuxra/njh XXX 2877B1 Ta/dai Al. Da/dai et Dadai/ Al. e)sti tou Ibid. 2877B2 e)stin plhsi/on t o u = legome/nou Ibid. Ibid. tou= l e g o m e /n o u Filoce/nou Al. legome/nou tou= Ibid. 2877B13 ou)k Abest ab al Ibid. 2877C8 Edramon de\ eu)je/wj Al. inser. Je/lwn \ kalu=sai Ibid. 2877D1 Jewrw= a )/n d r a Ai)Ji/opa Al. ins. w(j Ibid. 2880A2 S u ti/j ei)= Al. ins. ga/r XXXI 2880B14 a)po\ th=j s h /m e r o n Al. add. h(me/raj Ibid. 2880C4 par au)th=j a)kh/koa t a u =t a Al. add. h(=n de\ au)t$= o)/noma Mari/a XXXII 2880C7 o)/noma t$= mi#= Komitw= Al. Komhtu= Ibid. 2880C10 11 h)neginw/sketo Al. a)negi/nwsken Ibid. 2880C11 perioxh/ Al. perikoph/ 11

12 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading * Ibid. 2881A6 a(marti/an Al. a)soti/an Ibid. 2881A12 e(/na tw=n teixw=n tou= Al. pu/rgwn tou= tei/xouj pu/rgou XXXV 2884C5 6 oi( patria/rxai a )l l h /l o i j, Al. inser. le/gontej o(/ti XXXVI 2884C10 tou= makari/ou Efraimi/ou Al. Efrai/m Ibid. Ibid. Antioxei/aj Al. add. th=j mega/lhj Ibid. 2884D2 Akefa/lwn Al. ai(retikw=n; al. ai(retikw=n Akefa/lwn Ibid. 2885A2 Efrai/mioj Al. Efrai/m Ibid. 2885A12 e)gw/ te kai\ u (m e i =j Al. su/ Ibid. 2885B4 th\n e)mh\n a )J l i o /t h t a Al. a)jliosu/nhn Ibid. 2885C1 a)rxiepi/skopoj Al. patria/rxhj Ibid. 2885C7 Tou= de\ p u r o \ j peri\ w(/raj Al. inser. w(j trei=j diamei/nantoj Ibid. 2885C8 kai\ tw=n c u /l w n dapanh- Al. infer. loipo\n = Je/ntwn Ibid. 2885C11 t$= a (g i /# Ekklhsi/# Al. inser. kajolik$= XXXVII 2885D3 E k e i =n o n to\n kairo\n Al. inser. ou)=n Ibid. 2885D5 Dia\ tou=to Al. Di au)tou= et Dia\ tou/tou Ibid. 2888A5 ou)x a (/p a c Al. inser. ou)de\ di/j Ibid. 2888A14 e)rgatei/aj Al. e)gkratei/aj Ibid. 2888A15 ko/pou tou= p o l l o u Al. cu/lou Al. add. kai\ pou= u(pa/rxei po/ Ibid. 2888B3 e)rwt#=n au)to\n, po/jen te/ e)stin, kai\ to\ o)/noma a u )t o u = lewj Ibid. 2888B13 tou= o)no/mato/j mou kai\ t h =j Absunt ab al XXXVIII 2889A1 meta\ to\ kajelei=n Eu)fh/mion Al. kai\ e)cori/sai kai\ Makedo/nion tou\j patria/rxaj Kwnstantinoupo/lewj e )c w /r i s e n Ibid. 2889A2 Xalxhdo/ni Al. Xalkhdo/ni 12

13 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading XXXIX 2892A4 i({na e)pib$= Al. e)piba/ll$ Ibid. 2892B2 S u \, ku=ri a)delfe\, po/son Al. Soi/ xro/non e)/xeij Al. tosou/twn e)tw=n Ibid. 2892B6 a)pole/sai sou= t o \n ka/ma- \ ton Ibid. 2892B9 dia\ b r a x e i =a n h(donh\n Al. inser. kai\ dusw/dh Ibid. 2892B10 plh\n i jd o u a)kou/w sou= Al. inser. kai\ w(j Je/leij Ibid. 2892C3 Mh\ yeu/dou Al. mh\ me yeu/s$ Ibid. Ibid. e)/an tapeinw/s$j me, a ) g x o /- Al. inser. eu)je/wj n$ Ibid. 2892C4 u(poba/llw Al. a)polw= Ibid. 2892C5 w(j foneu\j k r i n o /m e n o j Al. krijh/s$ Ibid. 2892C6 a )p e /l J e ei)j to\ monasth/- Al. inser. e)n ei)rh/n$ = rio/n sou Ibid. 2892C7 polla/ Al. mega/la Ibid. 2892C8 monaxo/j Al. a)delfo/j Ibid. 2892C8 9 a)nanh/yaj, e)ch=ljen 25 Al. inser. eu)je/wj Ibid. 2892C9 e)ch=ljen e)k t o u gewrgou= Absunt ab al.; al. e)k tou= oi)/kou tou= , 5 26 Ibid. 2892C10 e)/balen meta/noian t%= h(goume/n% i{na Al. inser. e)ceipw\n pa/nta kai\ pareka/lei XL 2892C17 27 th=j lau/raj F a r w \ n Al. Far#= et Farw=n Ibid. Ibid. a)nh\r au)t$= t $ = a)lhjei/# au)t$= t$= desunt in al. 24 The VL-index precedes the word it marks: me, 95 a)gxo/n$. See also footnote In the text of PG this VL is as follows: C8 C9 ElJw\n ou)=n ei)j e(auto\n o monaxo\j, kai\ a)nanh/yaj 2 e)ch=ljen e)k tou= gewrgou=, kai\ a)ph=ljen e)n t%= mo- We have to admit that Cotelier was not very accurate with VL-indices. In this case we may just assume typographical inaccuracy, but sometimes it is really unclear which word or word combination VL refers to. 26 In the text of PG both VL-indices refer to one word: h(goume/n% 4, There is no D in Apparently, it is a typographical mistake (omission). 13

14 \ = N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading Ibid. 2892C21 w(j t i m w =n to\ lei/yanon Al. ti/mion Ibid. Ibid. to\ l e i /y a n o n Al. inser. au)tou= Ibid. 2892C22 ei)j to koimhth/rion Al. ei)j monasth/rion Ibid. 2893A1 Meta\ ou)=n du/o h (m e /r a j Al. En mi#= ou)=n Ibid. 2893A8 du/o h (m e r w =n Al. mhnw=n Ibid. 2893A14 Af ou(= e)ja/yate a u )t o n Al. add. e(/wj th=j sh/meron Ibid. 2893A16 par e)kei= Al. e)/ti e)kei= et parekei= Ibid. 2893B7 o( patria/rxhj Al. inser. a)bba=j Grhgo/rioj o( Ibid. 2893C2 Farw/n Al. Farw=n Ibid. 2893C5 a)gorasa/tw Al. a)ra/tw Ibid. Ibid. Kai\ au)toi\ ei)=pon Al. tw=n de\ ei)po/ntwn Ibid. 2893C10 e)perwth=sai a u )t % Al. au)to/n Ibid. 2893C14 au)to\n k a m a /r a n poiei=n Al. kama/raj XLI 2896B1 Farw/n Al. Farw=n et Farw= Ibid. 2896B4 da/krua pampolla kaj Al. kajeka/sthn e (k a /s t h j e)kxe/onta Ibid. Ibid. e)kxe/onta th=j h(me/raj Al. inser. di o(/lhj XLII 2896B14 e)/stin de\ o (/t i Al. o(/te Ibid. 2896D2 Farw/n Al. Farw=n Ibid. 2896D4 o( maka/rioj Eu)stoxi/ou kai\ Al. tou= Grhgori/ou t w =n e)n a(gi/oij su/gkelloj * Ibid. 2896D6 a)po\ Agku/rwn th=j G a l a - Al. po/lewj / ti/aj LI 2905D1 deute/raj K i l i k i /a j Kili/kwn e)parxi/aj Ibid. 2908A3 kauki/ou Al. kaukali/ou LXII 2916A2 Ou)k a)kou/w s e Al. sou= LXXVII 2917C6 ei )a)/ra ti/pot ou)n e i )/p e i Al. h)/jelen ei)pei=n 28 There is no editor s mark here. I would expect al. 14

15 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading LXIX 2920A7 ei)j t o \n LiJazo/menon Ed. to/ Al. sakkoma/xhn, kai/ LXXIII 2925C15 a)pedu/eto to\ sakko- = m a /x i o n o(\ e)fo/rei LXXV 2928B6 mageiri/on Pro mageirei=on LXXXVI 2944A12 Ai)gaiw=n Al. Ai)gw=n * Ibid. 2944B12 e)/jeken a u )t o \n Al. e(auto/n XC 2948A3 e)pa/nw o(/rouj S i n a Al. Rwssou= Ibid. 2948A14 w(j a )p h =l J o n ei)j to\ o(/roj, Al. a)nh=ljen u(pe/deicen o( a)naxwrh/thj Ibid. 2948B8 pare/dwken th\n y u x h /n Al. to\ pneu=ma XCI 2948C7 e)rgali/a Pro e)rgalei=a Ibid. 2948C9 eu(=ren ploi=on o (r m o u =n t a Al. o(rmou=n Ibid. 2948C15 Qalai/leoj Al. Qale/laioj et inf Ibid. 2949A14 KoprouJa= Al. KopraJa/ XCII 2949B7 Fasilai+/da Al. Fashlai+/da Ibid. 2949B10 kau=sai Al. u(pokau=sai Ibid. 2949B11 sfoggi/sai Al. spoggi/sai Ibid. 2949B12 13 e)sfo/ggisen to\n fou=rnon Al. e)spo/ggise XCIII 2952B4 le/gei moi o u (/t w j Al. o)/ntwj C 2957D5 Ro/ssou Al. Rwssou= Ibid. 2957D9 Sina/ Al. Sina= Ibid. 2960A1 o(/ti eu)xh\n e )/x w Al. inser. e)kei=se Al. ei)j Aleca/ndreian Ibid. 2960A10 ei)j to\n a(/gion Mhna=n Alecandrei/aj CII 2960D8 Nea/nidej xoro\n poih/sasai Pro le/gousai e)xo/reuon l e /g o n t e j CIX 2972D9 poi/a a)kti\j h(liakh\ ou)/twj Int. gh=n th\n g l w /s s a n katefw/- tisen CX 2973B9 10 e (a u t o u \ j kratou=men Al. th\n tapei/nwsin 15

16 N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading CXXIV 2988A9 a)bba=j Int. pa/paj CXXVI 2988C1 2 oi)kou=ntej Int. oi)konomou=ntej CXXVII 2989D2 Dihgh/sato de\ h(mi=n h( au)th\ Pro le/gousa a)mma\ Damianh\ kai\ tou=to, le/gwn CXXXVIII 3001A7 e)/legen h(mi=n o( diakonhth\j f. o(/ti au)tou= tou= a)bba= Sergi/ou o( a)bba=j Se/rgioj, o (/t e * CXLI 3004B10 e)/xwn tosou=ton kau/swna, Al. pa/geto kai\ tosou/touj k n i /f a j Ibid. 3004B11 tou\j s k n i /f a j Al. ta\j skni/paj CXLVII 3012B6 7 prwtosta/tou tw=n Al. prw/tou \ majhtw=n Ibid. 3012B7 O ti 29 Int. Ei) CLII 3017B3 o( l o g i s m o j e)poi/hse/n me Al. lo/goj Ibid. 3021A12 m i /m h s i n a)gajw=n Int. kth=sin CLXVIII 3036A7 filoxrhmati/a Al. polukthmosu/nh Ibid. 3036B1 w(j O l u m p i k o i / e)smen t%= sw/mati Al. pagkratistai\ kai\ pu/ktai CLXXVIII 3048B12 a)felh/j Al. a)melh/j Ibid. 3048C8 ApelJw\n ou)=n o( ge/rwn pro\j Al. add. ge/ronta diakritiko/n + a)/llon Ibid. 3048D1 o)noma/zontai ai( a (/g i a i Al. infer. oi)koumenikai/ Ibid. 3048D4 Kalxhdo/ni Al. Xalkhdo/ni CLXXIX 3049B1 2 Jewrh/sasa Al. ai)sjome/nh CLXXX 3052B5 ei)j E u )x a /i tan Al. Eu)xai+/taj Ibid. 3052B6 ei)j th\n a (g i /a n Qe/klan Al. o(sioma/rtura CXCVII 3085B4 sunefra/cato f. sunefrua/cato Ibid. 3085B8 9 sumboulh/ f. sumbolh/ 29 The VL-index refers to o(/: O 60 ti. 16

17 = = N N VL Chapter PG line PG text Alternative reading CCII 3092A10 t%= a )d e l f % sou Int. toi=j a)delfoi=j CCVIII 3100D2 3 h)rw/thsen g e /r o n t a le/gwn Al. to\n a)bba=n No/non Ibid. 3100D5 ou)k e)/xeij Al. du/n$ CCXI 3104B2 a)ll e)ljw\n, fhsi\n f. h)=ljen CCXII 3104D1 o( h(=n e)n t % krema/menon An e)nto\j vel del. vel add. kelli/% CCXVI 3108B10 o(risje/n Al. r(hje\n Ibid. 3108C5 ka)kei=noj a )n t e i =p e n Al. add. kai\ tau=ta a)kou/saj, dihlla/gh t%= a)delf%= CCXIX 3109B8 e)mnh/sjhn to\n l o /g o n tou=ton Al. tou= lo/gou Ibid. Ibid. to\n lo/gon t o u =t o n Int. tina/ Ibid. 3109B9 e)mnh/sjhn to\n lo/gon tou=ton tou= a)bba= P o i m e /n o j Al. add. tou= ai)tia=sjai e(auto\n e(/kastoj pa/ntote e)n panti\ pra/gmati Ibid. 3109B10 Kai\ th=j a )n a p a u /s e w j th=j Int. inser. kai/ e)nergei/aj au)tw=n Ibid. 3109B11 e)/sxon tina\ d i d a /s k a l o n L. dia/konon Ibid. 3109C4 mh\ suneidw\j e ))m a u t % = Al. e(mauto/n Ibid. 3109C6 Ou) sunoi/da e)maut%= tou=to Al. e(mauto/n poih/santa Ibid. 3109C11 e)pidido/nta Al. metadido/nta Ibid. 3109C12 Ou) sunoi/da e(maut%= tou=to poih/santi Ibid. 3109C14 MnhsJei\j tou/twn tw=n lo/gwn tw=n a(gi/wn P a t e /- Al. sunoi/da e)mauto/n ti toiou=ton poih/santa Al. add. le/gw de\ tou= e(auto\n ai)tia=sjai r w n, kai\ pisteu/saj au)toi=j Cotelier s Variae Lectiones grouped in the six categories: Informative: 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, 23, 31 34, 37, 38, 40 43, 47, 57, 61, 64, 75, 78, 86, 87, 92, , 110, 112, 114, 122, 127, 135, 136, 151, 153, 154, 166, 168, 169, 177, 182, 185, Numbering is given according to the table (column 1). 17

18 2. Phonological: differences in accentuation: 19, 56, 105, 120, 124, 133, 139, 142, 148, 149, 172 differences in spelling of Greek words: 18, 35, 42, 113, 133, 139, 141, 145, 146, 160, 175 differences in spelling of loan words: 24, 26, 53, 56, 65, 89, 105, 115, 134, 142, 143, 148, 170 influence of phonological context: 12, 131, Stylistic: semantic and structural revaluation of the phrasal forms: 4, 30, 72, 80, 83, 91, 99, 113, 138 filling in the vacant syntactic valences: 1, 5, 6, 15, 63, 70, 103, 108, 126 addition of new syntactic elements to prevent juxtaposition of two verbal forms: 21, 102 differences in emotionality and expression: 7, 54, 58, 62, 73, 79, 81, 94, 96, 102, 106, Lexical: 2, 10, 11, 22, 39, 48, 50, 51, 55, 67, 68, 73, 77, 84, 90, 97, 100, 101, 109, 111, 113, 116, 147, 155, 156, 159, 161, , 167, 171, 173, 174, 178, 181, 184, Morphological and word-formative: usage of different affixes in word-formation from the same stem: 3, 14, 27, 46, 76, 137, 144, 190 usage of different parts of speech with the same stem: 36, 107 variants of word-form presentation: 28, 29, 66, 128, 132 different extension of the verb-stem: 25 differences in the use of cases: 11, 44, 45, 52, 105, 118, 129, 183, 188, 189, 191 differences in gender and number: 119, 125, 152, 157, 172, 176 differences in the use of verb-forms, tenses, modes and voices: 49, 60, 66, 95, 98, 130, 137, 140, 179 morphological convertibility/invariability of the loan words: 13, 71, 74, 120 convergence of the prepositional phrase into an adjective: Syntactical: differences in the use of conjunction: 82, 123, 158,

19 differences in general phrase-structure: 88, 117, 132, 186, 188, 189, Besides, there are some variant readings that I treated as copyists mistakes or versions: 59, 69, 85, 180 Acquaintance with alternative readings certainly enriches our perception of Moschos imperfect text of PG and I can t help regretting that some other alternative readings (those not mentioned by Cotelier) still remain unknown to me. I have to admit, nevertheless, that phonological, stylistic, lexical, morphological, word-formative and syntactical variant readings add greatly to what we know about language processes in late koine without radically changing the conclusions we might have drawn in analyzing the text. This fact, I believe, allows us to start a thorough linguistic analysis of the Spiritual Meadow even before the critical edition by Pattenden has appeared. Bibliography W. S. Allen, Vox Greaca. A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek, Cambridge, W. S. Allen, Accent and Rhythm, Prosodic Features of Latin and Greek. A Study in Theory and Reconstruction, Cambridge, F. Blass, A. Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament, Chicago London, Joannes-Baptista Cotelerius, Ecclesiae Graecae Monumenta, Paris, 1681, II, pp , Fronto Duceus, Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, Paris, 1624, pp M. Kissilier, Osobennosti yazyka Ioanna Moskha (Zakon Wackernagelya i mestoimennye klitiki v tekste pozdnego koine). Abstract of the thesis, St. Petersburg, K. Krumbacher, Geschicte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des oströmischen Reiches ( ), München, Not all of these 192 variant readings could be definitely attributed just to one particular category, as they may describe differences in more than one aspect. So some of them are referred to more than once: 11 (lexical & morphological ), 42 (informative & phonological), 56 (phonological: differences in accentuation & spelling of loan words), 66 (morphological : variants of word-form presentation & differences in the use of verb-forms ), 73 (stylistic & lexical), 102 (stylistic: addition of new syntactic elements & differences in emotionality ), 105 (phonological (differences in accentuation & spelling of loan words) & morphological ), 113 (phonological & stylistic & lexical), 120 (phonological & morphological ), 132 (morphological & syntactical), 133 (phonological: differences in accentuation & spelling of Greek words), 137 (morphological : usage of different affixes & differences in the use of verb-forms ), 139 (phonological: differences in accentuation & spelling of Greek words), 142 (phonological: differences in accentuation & spelling of loan words), 146 (phonological: differences in spelling of Greek words & influence of phonological context), 148 (phonological: differences in accentuation & spelling of loan words), 172 (phonological & morphological ), 188 (morphological & syntactical), 189 (morphological & syntactical), 191 (morphological & syntactical). 19

20 J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Graeca, Paris, E. Mihev -Gabrove, tudes sur la sintaxe de Joannes Moschos, Ljubljana, P. Pattenden, The Text of the Pratum Spirituale, Journal of Theological Studies, New Series XXVI, I (1975), P. Pattenden, The Editions of the Pratum Spirituale, Studia Patristica 15.1 (1984), J. Simón Palmer, El monacato oriental en el Pratum Spirituale de Juan Mosco, Madrid, S. T. Teodorsson, The Phonology of Ptolemaic Koine, Göteborg, S. T. Teodorsson, The Phonology of Attic in the Hellenistic Period, Göteborg,