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1 FEEDBACK TUTORIAL LETTER 1 ST SEMESTER 2017 ASSIGNMENT 2 LANGUAGE WITH TECHNOLOGY [LAT511S] May

2 COURSE: LANGUAGE WITH TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: LAT511S MARKER TUTOR: MRS EDO EDITH ASSIGNMENT 2 FEEDBACK COURSE TITLE LANGUAGE WITH TECHNOLOGY LAT511S DOMAIN Bachelor in Communication OBJECTIVES The objective of this assignment are to: define and list types of references style differentiate between citation and reference explain the different between citation and citation style site deferent APA styles and its purpose explain how to handle In-Text citations in APA format Define and give example of the word classes, that is; Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition 1

3 Conjunction Interjection define Fallacy and sight / bring example(s) of fallacy from article of any source ASSIGNMENT 2 NAME OF TUTOR EDO-OMUFO EDITH Observation The question says Define referencing 70% of students wrote, Referencing is a standardised method of formatting the information sources you have used in your assignments or written work This is very correct but in addition to that, you could as well acknowledge the purpose referencing research in detail. Example: Allows the reader to trace the source of your ideas be it books, journal articles, websites, and so forth. acknowledges the source, and it is important to reference sources correctly. It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to create a solid argument It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and research findings It shows the reader how your argument relates to the big picture Failure to properly acknowledge sources is called plagiarism and it can carry significant academic penalties. 2

4 NOTE: Plagiarism is easy to avoid by following a few basic principles as highlighted in your study guide. Whenever an assignment uses words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other sources, that source must be referenced. Referencing is needed when; you have copied words from a book, article, or other source exactly (quotation). You have used an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven't used their exact wording (paraphrasing and summarising). The only exception to this is when the information is common knowledge which is something that anyone is likely to know. If you are uncertain whether to reference something or not, it is better to reference it. Misconception of citation and reference There are two elements used in referencing: A citation inside the body of the assignment An entry in a reference list or bibliography at the end of the assignment The citation contains only enough information for the reader to find the source in the reference list. Usually, this is the name of the source's author and the year the source was published. For example: When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Edward, 2002). 3

5 In this example, (Edward, 2002) tells the reader that this information has come from a source written by Edward, which was published in This is a signpost, pointing the reader to the reference list. The reference list is a list of all the sources used (and cited) in an assignment. It is usually alphabetized according to the names of the authors. Each entry in the reference list contains detailed information about one source. This can include the author's name, the year of publication, the title of the source, and other publication details. Although, many students find referencing quite intimidating at first especially when the department ask a style in particular because different colleges and departments may ask you to use different styles. Oxford style, for example, uses footnotes instead of in-text citations and a bibliography instead of a reference list. In our University Namibia University of Science and Technology, American Psychological Association (APA) format style is adopted. APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences. The APA style originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bulletin that laid out the basic guidelines. Example of citation: The underlined are citations: A citation(s) are inside the body of the assignment The oral or spoken language seems to be that aspect of language that is inevitable to any living man. This can be seen in the fact that the illiterate member of the human society 4

6 < survives with only the listening and speaking skills which are racy skills. The perception of what language is, as given by Bolinger (1968: 12): Human language is a system of vocal-auditory communication, using signs composed of arbitrary pattered sound units and assembled according to set rules, interacting with the experiences of it users. Further underscores the primary and priority speech over writing. Bolinger, here, emphasises sound units because he believes that the medium of language is sound. This affirms the view-point that language is primarily spoken and secondarily written. (Oderinde; 2005 and Amore; 2004) Oderinde (2005) submits that, to a large extent human language transmission, teaching and learning even in a second or foreign language situation should prioritize the oral or spoken medium. This may however, explain the basic philosophy of English language teaching in the Nigerian school system i.e to develop functional competence in it, given the dominant linguistic status that the English language enjoys in Nigeria. (Adeola, 2000; Amore, 2009). Example of references; An entry in a reference list or bibliography at the end of the assignment for example: ABSTRACT Most students read without comprehending the subject content. Therefore, lack of comprehension leads to memorization not only in English or related linguistic subjects but other fields of study including sciences. Hence, it results to mass failure. This study 5

7 intends to establish if those who read really understand what they read, if not, the study will also find out factors that militate against reading without comprehending what has been read. The paper will provide solutions or recommendations that can aid Reading Comprehension. The paper will also ascertain the teaching-learning activities of teachers and students in Reading Comprehension. The Pre-reading, While-reading and Post reading activities are measures of how Reading Comprehension could be more effectively handled. It is the desire of the researcher that this dissertation will contribute to the numerous findings in the area of Language Education and Reading Comprehension in particular. The results of this study will also help the educational planners and curriculum designers on how best Reading Comprehension can be handled in our secondary schools. Key words: Pre-reading, While-reading, Post-reading, Educational planners, Curriculum designers, Reading Comprehension. REFERENCES Akere F. (1990) Comprehension English for Senior Secondary School, NERDC, Book 2 pp 3-4 Cairney, T.H (1990) Teaching Reading Comprehension, Open University Press. Buckingham U.S.A Guy, L. (1990) Teaching the Child to Read: The Macmillan Comp. New York. Pp

8 Hughes, O.J. (1985) Practical Problems of Organising a Reading Programme For Primary School Children in Pleatue State in Unoh S.O., R. A. Omojuwa and E. A. Abe (eds) Literacy and Reading in Nigeria Vol. 3 Zaria: Institute of Edu, ABU in Association with the Reading Association of Nigeria. Balogun I.O.B (1979) Reading in the Content Area. Pp Nduka, D. M. (1991) Teacher perception of Reading Comprehension And Comprehension Tasks at the Pre-University Level. Unpublished. Ph.D Thesis U.I Ibadan. Obah T. Y. (1981) Some Psycholinguistic Factors Affecting Reading Performances. A study of Nigerian University Students in Unoh S.O. Journal of Language Arts and Comm. Vol. 2. Obianika U. B. (1981) the Relative Effectiveness of Two Methods of Inculcating Reading Skills Unpublished Ph.D Thesis U.I. Odebunmi, A. E. (1999) A study of Approaches, Methods and Techniques Of Teaching Reading Comprehension in Some Selected Senior Secondary Schools in Ibadan Metropolis Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis U.I. Oyetunde T. O. (1987) Teaching of Reading in Nigeria Secondary schools, A preliminary Investigation in R.A. Omojuwa, E.A. Abe (eds). Literacy and Reading in Nigeria. Institute of Edu., ABU., Vol.3 Oyetunde T. O. (1998) Teaching Reading in Primary Schools, Lecaps Publishers Jos Nig. Vol.1 Unoh S.O. (1980) Reading Problems in Secondary Schools. Some 7

9 Observations on Research Findings Journal of Language Arts and Communication. Vol.1 Mabekoje O. (2009) Comprehensive Language and Communication Studies. Ijebu-Ode: Tunigraphic Prints. Oluwole Akinbode (1998) Modern English Usage Reference Text for Schools and Colleges. Abeokuta: Goad Educational Publishers. Question 1b: List referencing Styles. 80% of students listed the following as their referencing styles; - In-text citation - Reference list citation - Bibliography - Paraphrasing - Books reference list - Journal Articles reference list As explained above, different reference style should rather be; - APA Style - MLA Style - Oxford Style - Chicago Style - Harvard Style - Turabian Style - IEEE Style 8

10 Other referencing guides and tools Research and documentation Online Shows when and how to use different referencing styles Citation Machine A website that formats your citations in different styles for you. WebCite(R) Allows users to archive webpages, etc., that they have cited, preventing future readers from encountering error messages when following up web references. The service is free There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. For example: APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts Misconception of citation and citation style A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, and location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier). 9

11 A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting. Most student misunderstood APA Format In-Text Citation with citation How to Handle In-Text Citations in APA Format As you are writing your paper, it is important to include citations in your text identifying where you found the information you use. Such notations are called in-text citations, and APA format dictates that when citing in APA format the text of your paper, use the author's name followed by the date of publication. For example, if you were to cite Sigmund Freud's book The Interpretation of Dreams, you would use the following format: (Freud, 1900). The extended information on the source should then appear in your reference section. APA Format style include the following - Font Times New Roman - Font size 12 - Font colour Black - Margins Normal - Line Spacing Double - Paragraphing 1.5 or 2 - Orientation Portrait - Paper size A4 10

12 - Order of page Title page (An APA format title page should include a title, running head, author line, institution line, and author's note).... Abstract page (page 2) Text or body of research paper (start on page 3) Reference List. Page for tables (if necessary) Page for figures (if necessary Title Page : Your title page should contain a running head, title, author name, and school affiliation. The purpose of your title page is to let the reader quickly know what your paper is about and who it was written by. Abstract: An abstract is a brief summary of your paper that immediately follows your title page. According to APA format, your abstract should be no more than 150 to 250 words although this can vary depending upon the specific publication or instructor requirements. The Main Body: For something like an essay, the main body of your paper will include the actual essay itself. If you are writing a lab report, then your main body will be broken down into further sections. The four main components of a lab report include an introduction, method, results and discussion sections. References: The reference section of your paper will include a list of all of the sources that you used in your paper. If you cited any piece of information anywhere in your 11

13 paper, it needs to be properly referenced in this section. One handy rule of thumb to remember is that any source cited in your paper needs to be included in your reference section, and any source listed in your reference section must also be mentioned somewhere in your paper as well. There is an in-text citation in APA forma different from referencing. For example, the intext citation is a short citation that refers the reader to the full reference at the end your paper anytime you paraphrase or quote someone else s words or ideas within the body of your paper you must give credit to the original author. A basic in-text citation will commonly include the author s last name year of publication and the page number. When quoting an author s exact words place quotation marks around the text then include your in-text site citation begin with the authors last name, comma the year publication, comma and the page number preceded by the letter P surround in parentheses and followed by a period. If you summarize an author s idea using your own words this is a paraphrase a paraphrase still requires an in-text citation. When paraphrasing you do not include quotation marks begin your in-text excitation with the author s last name comma, the year publication, comma and page number, surround in parentheses, and complete with a period. There are many ways to introduce a quotation or paraphrase when writing a paper. 12

14 If you refer to the author in a sentence as this example shows always include the date of publication next to the author s name place the page number at the end of your sentence to complete your in-text citation you do not need to repeat the author s name or date. For two authors use an ampersand after the first author s name. For three to five authors place a comma after each author and include an ampersand before the last author is listed. For 6 or more authors follow the first author s name with et al meaning and others. If there is no known author include a shortened title in place at the author s name. APA Format Reference Citation Website 13

15 Important Tips for Reference Pages Your references should begin on a new page. Title the new page "References" and center the title text at the top of the page. All entries should be in alphabetical order. 14

16 The first line of a reference should be flush with the left margin. Each additional line should be indented (usually accomplished by using the TAB key.) While earlier versions of APA format required only one space after each sentence, the new sixth edition of the style manual now recommends two spaces. The reference section should be double-spaced. All sources cited should appear both in-text and on the reference page. Any reference that appears in the text of your report or article must be cited on the reference page, and any item appearing on your reference page must be also included somewhere in the body of your text. Titles of books, journals, magazines, and newspapers should appear in italics. The exact format of each individual reference may vary somewhat depending on whether you are referencing an author or authors, a book or journal article, or an electronic source. It pays to spend some time looking at the specific requirements for each type of reference before formatting your source list. Helpful Resources If you are struggling with APA format or are looking for a good way to collect and organize your references as you work on your research, consider using a free APA citation machine. These online tools can help generate an APA style referenced, but always remember to double-check each one for accuracy. Purchasing your own copy of the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is a great way to learn more about APA format and have a 15

17 handy resource to check your own work against. Looking at examples of APA format can also be very helpful. While APA format may seem complex, it will become easier once you familiarize yourself with the rules and format. The overall format may be similar for many papers, but your instructor might have specific requirements that vary depending on whether you are writing an essay or a research paper. In addition to your reference page, your instructor may also require you to maintain and turn in an APA format bibliography. Kudos! 75% of students gave comprehensive definition and suitable fallacies illustrations from magazine, new paper, article etc. Although, the word class was not explained in details and as such most student scored below average. As an undergraduate students, it is required of you to give a comprehensive note with examples. Noun is a naming word, then list types of noun and example. Common Noun Proper Noun Abstract Noun Concrete Noun Collective Noun Countable Noun 16

18 Uncountable Noun Compound Noun Verbal Noun etc. Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb, expressing; manner, place, time, degree etc. Preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. It s detailed in; Preposition of time Preposition of place Preposition of manner Preposition of direction or Movement Rather than following the example given in the class most student gave brief definition with examples, because a lot of them were not present for the tutorial classes in April last month. These was how some did theirs; i. Noun is a naming word, a noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The car belongs to Daniel. 17

19 ii. A pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun s antecedent. It s his cup of tea. iii. Verb is an action word; it tells us what is being done. She is playing. iv. Adjective are words that describe nouns or give more information about something. The car is blue. v. Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb. (e.g. gently, here, now, very ) vi. Preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you'll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs. vii. Conjunction a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if). viii. Interjection an abrupt remark, especially as an aside or interruption. A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. 18

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