AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN EDENSOR NOVEL BY ANDREA HIRATA A GRADUATING PAPER

Transcription

1 AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN EDENSOR NOVEL BY ANDREA HIRATA A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga By: M SULKHAN HABIBI ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA 2016 i

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5 MOTTO Do not blame your past, because the past will never change Every successful person must have a failure. Do not be afraid to fail because failure is a part of success v

6 DEDICATION This graduating paper is dedicated to: 1. My God Allah SWT who always gives his blessing. 2. My beloved parent, my Mother Sobariyati and my Father Salman, who teach me to love Allah SWT and knowledge, thank for your sacrifices. 3. My beloved sisters Rofiqotul Asna and Mazida Afia, thanks for your motivation, kindness, and love. vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillaahirrabil aalamiin, All praise due to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful because of His wonderful blessing and His Mercy, the writer was finished this graduating paper succesfully. The incredible blessing made realized that nothing is impossible in the eyes. Thanks for your will and blessing in my life. Peace and salutation always be given to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW that we hope his blessing in Judgment day. However, this success would not be achieved without the support, guidance, advice, help and encouragement from individuals and instituions. Therefore, the writer would like to express the deepest gratitude to: 1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. 2. Suwardi, M. Pd as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty. 3. Noor Malihah, M.Hum, Ph.D., as the Head of English Department and also as the Counselor, who has allowed me to conduct this research and guided me patiently in the process of accomplishing this graduating paper. 4. All of my friends in English Department Thank also to all sides who help me, it is impossible for me to mention one by one here, for the help, suggestion and guidance. vii

8 Finally, this graduating paper is expected to be able to provide useful knowledge and information to the readers. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb. Salatiga, March 12, 2016 The Writer M SULKHAN HABIBI viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE...i DECLARATION...ii ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES...iii STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION...iv MOTTO...v DEDICATION...vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...vii TABLE OF CONTENT...ix ABSTRACT...xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research...1 B. Research Questions...3 C. Objective of the Research...3 D. Limitation of the Problem...3 E. Benefits of the Research...4 F. Definition of the Key Terms...5 G. Review of Previous Research...6 H. Outline of the Research...8 ix

10 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Semantics Analysis...9 B. Figurative Language...11 C. Use of Figurative Language...17 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH A. Descriptive Qualitative...26 B. Biography of Author...27 C. Synopsis of Novel...30 D. Technique of Collecting Data...31 E. Technique of Data Analysis...32 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Using of Figurative Language in Edensor Novel...33 B. Meanings...41 CHAPTER V CLOSURE A. Conclusion...49 B. Suggestion...50 C. Contribution of this Research to Language Teaching...50 REFERENCES CURRICULUM VITAE x

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12 ABSTRACT Habibi, Sulkhan An analysis of figurative language in Edensor Novel by Andrea Hirata. A graduating paper. English Department of Educational Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) S alatiga. Counselor : Noor Malihah, M.Hum, Ph.D., Keyword : figurative language, kinds of figurative language, mean of figurative language This research is aimed at investigating figurative language in Edensor novel. The result of analysis have assumed 3 researches questions: 1. what are type of figurative language found in the novel Edensor? 2. What is the meaning of figurative language found in the novel Edensor? 3. What is the implementation of the results of this study toward English Language Teaching?. This is descriptive qualitative which the object of the research is any sentences containing figurative language in the Edensor Novel. To collecting data there are four steps: 1. The writer read trough the Edensor novel and read the story containing in the novel. 2. Then, the writer searched any expressions using figurative language in the novel. 3. The writer took some notes about figurative language and put information needed to figurative language. 4. The writer made the code about kind of figurative language. The results of this research demonstrate that there are 6 types of figurative language in the Edensor novel. There are 20 sentences of simile, 8 sentences of metaphor, 6 sentences of personification, 5 sentences of hyperbole, 1 sentence of synecdoche, and 4 sentences of symbol. xii

13 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research Language is a systematic instrument of communicating ideas or feelings by using sounds, gestures, or signs agreed (Brown 2007: 6). So, it can be said that language is a tool to convey the whole meaning and intention to others through communication. Language has many varieties, including spoken and written language. Spoken language does not require a clear sentence structure. In contrast to spoken language, written language should use the proper structure in order to make the reader can understand what the author wished to convey. Thus, a writer needs to consider the correct structure and grammar. A written text can be said good if the reader can understand what the writers intentions. However, sometimes the author uses words to embellish his writings in the form of a figurative language which is needed more understanding to analyze the meaning inside. Affirm that figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as a standard meaning of words or the standard order of word, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect (Abrams, 1999:96). Good figurative language is word use non in literature sense but of what the writer s feel sense, taste, expression, and purpose. Figurative language has some elements, they are metaphor, simile, personification, paradox, hyperbole, apostrophe, and metonymy (Kenned, 1983:481). 1

14 The study of the figurative language is included into pragmatics. Pragmatics involves the rules used for social language. That is the essential language skill and social knowledge the enable to us understand a conversation partner s intended meaning, and respond in an appropriate manner. In the use of figurative language, it should appropriate with the circumstances and the person who use that language to convey their intention through figurative language. Figurative language typically is used by many poets. The poet uses a figurative language that the listener or the reader curious about what is to be conveyed by the poet. The poet also uses a figurative language that listeners or readers will pay more attention to what is written or delivered by a poet. Figurative language is also widely used in the form of novel. Novel is a long story that presents in detail the development of a character or a large complex social situation or a relationship involving many characters or a complex event covering many years or complex relationship among a few characters (Santos, 1965:4). Many novels are known in Indonesia. One of them is a novel entitled Edensor which is one of tetra logy of Laskar Pelangi written by Andrea Hirata a famous Indonesian Novelist. Edensor novel is told about a person's education and the struggle to achieve its goals. In this novel there are many sentences containing a figurative language. The function of figurative language in the novel is to make the readers have more concern about the literary work. 2

15 Based on the above explanation the writer is interested in analyzing the figurative language used in Edensor s Novel. Therefore the writer is interested in conducting analysis in the research entitled AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EDENSOR S NOVEL BY ANDREA HIRATA. B. Research Question In this research, the writer would like to focus on the following problems: 1. What are types of figurative language found in the novel Edensor? 2. What are the meanings of figurative language found the novel Edensor? C. Objectives of the Research The objects of this research are: 1. To find out the types of figurative language found in the novel Edensor. 2. To analyze the meaning of figurative language found in the novel Edensor. D. Limitation of the Problem In the Edensor novel, there are many sentences using figurative language. This study only focuses on figurative language exist in chapter 1 3

16 through 20 of Edensor novel, because in those chapters there are many sentences which contain figurative language. In this chapter the writer almost has 50 sentences of figurative language. Therefore, the discussion of figurative language in this study does not cover the entire Edensor novel. E. Benefits of the Research The writer expects that the result of this study can give benefits both for practical and theoretical which described as follows: 1. Practical a. Teacher For the teacher, the results of this study hopefully can be a reference to the material taught in the classroom dealing with figurative language. b. Students For the student, it is hopefully that the results of this study can help them to increase their understanding about figurative language in Edensor novel. c. The writer For writer, this study can help the writer to increase knowledge about figurative language and also add the ability to write. d. The Institutions 4

17 For Institution, the results of this study can give contribute the material s development as teaching materials and syllabus. 2. Theoretical The authors hope that this study may contribute to the development of literature, especially for students who are interested in the study of literature. F. Definitions of Key Terms the above title: The writer clarifies the terms to avoid a mistake in understanding 1. Analysis Analysis is the study of something by examining its parts and their relationship (Oxford, 1995:38). 2. Figurative language Abrams (1999:96) affirms that figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as a standard meaning of words or the standard order of word, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect. 3. Novel Novel has certain messages that delivered by the author to the reader. Stanton says that novel is a long story that present in detail the 5

18 development of a character or a large complex social situation or a relationship involving many characters or a complicated event covering many years or complex relationship among a few characters (Stanton, 1965:4). 4. Edensor novel It is an interesting novel written by Andrea Hirata. He is an Indonesian novelist. His debut novel rainbow troops (know in Indonesia as Laskar Pelangi) shattered the national sales-record, making him the bestselling author in Indonesia to date. Reached over 5 million readers and contributed significantly to the development of modern Indonesian literature. This novel is a continuation of the Rainbow novel that tells of the struggles of curls and Arai, Africa and Europe. They resist cultural differences and struggle to achieve the goals. G. Review of Previous Researches In this research, the writer would like to analyze the use of figurative languages used in Edensor novel. To make sure that this research is original, the writer would like to present other researches that have close relation with this study. The first research is conducted by Rohmah (2007). In her research, the figurative language that used in Gola Gong s novel, there are 10 kinds of figurative language. She also has taken the literary elements of that 6

19 novel. She classified the literary elements into 2 kinds. There were intrinsic and extrinsic elements. She explained that the novel is the effective and influential literature. The second review related to this research by Tyas (2010). In her thesis, she found that there are 10 figurative expressions in three categories. They were Comparative, imagery, and contradictory. In other side, she explained about the message from this movie. The third research conducted by Marlangen (2011). In her thesis, she has analyzed that there were 10 figurative expressions in three categories. They were Comparative, imagery, and contradictory. She also has taken the denotative and connotative meanings that are used in that movie. Besides that, this movie explained that it has very important to give the trust each other especially to relatives. This research has same theme and objectives with the first research but not for title. The novel title of the research is Gola Gong s novel Bila Waktu Bicara. This research has same theme with the second and third research. This research is not concern analyzing the figurative language in the movies but concern in the novel. H. Outline of the Graduating Paper Chapter I : This chapter is the Introduction which consist the explanation of the Background of the Research, Research 7

20 Questions, Objectives of the Research, Limitation of the Problem, Benefits of the research, Definition of key term, Review of Previous Research, Research Methodology and Outline of Paper. Chapter II : This chapter is the Literature Review which contain of the explanation based on Theory of Frame Work, Semantic analysis, Figurative Language, Use of Figurative Language. Chapter III : This chapter is Research Methodology which includes Descriptive Qualitative, Biography of the Author, Synopsis of the Novel, Technique of Collecting Data, Technique of Data Analysis. Chapter IV : This chapter is Data Analysis which contains Distribution of Using of Figurative Language in Edensor Novel, meaning of figurative language used in Edensor Novel. Chapter V : This chapter is the Conclusions, the Suggestions and Contribution of this Research to Language Teaching. 8

21 CHAPTER II REVEW OF RELATED THEORIES A. Semantic analysis Semantic is study of meaning in language (Hurford, Heasley, and smit, 2007:1). In language learning much meaning is contained in sentences spoken. Many factors affect in terms of the interpretation of a sentence delivered. As well as saying "good" with a low tone, the word containing the word praise. However, if the word "good" is said in a tone of high intonation, it could mean being angry or sarcastic something undesirable. Body movement or attitude of bias it also affects something spoken. As well as saying "good", but with a sullen face, the word is not possible to be interpreted praise. The word connotes certainly do not like something. Meaning is expressed by just one word is utterly wrong and an obstacle to recognizing the complexities in meaningful expression and in the meaning expressed (Kreidler, 1998:58). In a sentence or a word, there are actual earnings or hidden meaning desired. Meaning in a word it also depends on the words that followed. As I have the money. In the sentence the word "money" meaning it contains any item or verifiable record that is Generally Accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country. In contrast to the phrase "time is money". In 9

22 the word "money" is not the real meaning of money, but have a sense of something that is very important and valuable. Meaning are divided into 2: sekundery and primery (Larson, 1998). The primary meaning is the meaning of learned since childhood and the meaning is in the word even when the word is not in a context. Primary meanings include lexicall, denotative and literal. Meaning on the other hand, second meaning is often called the secondary meaning. That is the meaning of linguistic units that can only be identified through the use of language context. Secondary meanings include grammatical, connotative and figurative meaning. Grammatical meaning is the meaning that comes as a result of the grammatical process. Connotative is another meaning that is added to the denotative meaning associated with the value of sense of a person or group of people. As with the first example that has been told, the word "money" has a real sense or does not come out of existing meaning. Connotation and the second meaning is the cluster of attitudes that the lexeme may evoke. In the second example, the word "money" that is not an actual meaningful but out of the usual rules of meaning. As with the first example that has been told, the word "money" has a real sense or does not come out of existing meaning. Connotation and the second meaning is the cluster of attitudes that the lexeme may evoke. In the second example, the word "money" that is not an actual meaningful but out of the usual rules of meaning. 10

23 In this study, the writer chose to analyze figurative language used in Edensor novel by Andrea Hirata. The writer discussed in detail about figurative language in the following section. B. Figurative Language Figurative language can be called figure of speech. It is s change from the ordinary manner of expression, using words in other than their literal sense to enhance the way a thought is expressed. According to Wren and Martin (1995:297), figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression, or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a grater effect. Figure of speech conveys meaning that cannot be expressed exactly. In other ways, they convey the great deal in a shorter time that would otherwise be possible, and they are immediate because they embody the meaning in imagery instead of expressing it abstractly (Potter, 1967:56-57). It is often associated with literature and with poetry in particular. However the fact is, whether the people are conscious of it or not, the people use figure of speech every day in their writing and conversations. Using original figures of speech in writing is a way to convey meaning in fresh, unexpected ways. Figures can help the reader understand and stay interested in what they have to say. For example, common expressions such as falling in love racking our brain, hitting a sales target, and climbing the leader of success are all metaphor. 11

24 Figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense. Appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. It always makes use of a comparison between different things. Figurative language compares two things there are different in enough ways so that their similarities, when pointed out, are interesting, unique and or surprising. Figurative language is expressed by means of metaphor or other figure of speech. Figurative language is addicted to or abounding in figures of speech (Webster, 1994:350). 1. Types of Figurative Language and Their Meaning There are 7 kinds of figurative language expressions. Although each expert has their own definition about type of figurative language, but they share the same essence. a. Simile Simile is a comparison between two objects or objects of different types, but it has a point in common. Simile usually marked with the word: like, as, so, Appear, seem, more than (Siswantoro, 2002: 24). According to wren and martin (1981:480) simile is as a comparison made a comparison between two objects of different kind which have, however, at least one point in common. Siswantoro (2002:25) gives examples of simile in (1a). (1a) My love is like a red, red rose, That s newly sprung in June. 12

25 (1b) My mother plant red rose. Example (1a) is to use the sentence that contains connotative because it uses sentences that are not real. In these examples the authors want to express that the red rose is not the real flower. But the characteristic of the blooming red rose is compared to love. The red rose in (1b) mean the real flowers and rose whish were planted by mother. b. Metaphor Metaphor is like a simile. Metaphor also compare between objects that have a common point, but without the use of certain words such as: like, axles, etc Siswantoro (2002:27). The general term that be will use for the figure of speech that make up figurative language is metaphor, much as the term imagery, which narrowly rivers to visual phenomena, is nevertheless used to cover other sense impressions as well (Potter, 1967:53). The basic process of metaphor is the comparison of things that are largely dissimilar, but have at least one characteristic in common. The metaphor process is that something is being compared, explicitly or implicitly to something else. Metaphor is inherent not only in imaginative literature but in all speech and writing because of its precision, economy, and immediacy as well (Potter, 1967:56). Kennedy (1983:482) affirms metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which, in literal sense, it is not. It does not use 13

26 connective words such as like or as. A metaphor is used as a figure of speech to similar an object or person to another object or person, based on certain similar qualities that both possess. Through a direct comparison, this is a type that is not applicable literally. The use of metaphors however, intensifies the significance of what is being said. Siswantoro (2002:27) gives examples of metaphor in (2a). (2a) He was a lion in the fight. (2b) I see the lion in the forest. Example (2a) he acted a like a lion. Lion in (2b) is actually person having similar qualities to the icon itself. However in example (2b), lion show a denotative meaning because it real to a wild animal, that is the king of jungle. c. Personofication Personification is the depiction of inanimate objects or not human either invisible or abstract which are treated as if they were humans Siswantoro (2002:29). According to Frederick (1988:48), Personification is a figure that bestows human traits on anything nonhuman; it gives the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object or a concept. Siswntoro (2002:27) gives examples of personification in (3a). (3a) The old train crept along the narrow path. (3b) My baby starts to crept. 14

27 Example (3a) contains connotative meaning because the author wants to convey on an old train which crawled slowly along the narrow road. Heared that the train was treated like an old man with the word "crept". Example (3 b) slims denotative meaning because the word crept is the real meaning of activity done by a baby who is learning to crept. d. Hyperbole Hyperbole is used by the poet in the portrayal of objects, ideas and others to give weight to excessive pressure to obtain intense effects Siswantoro (2002:34). According to Wren and Matin (1981:491) hyperbole statement is made emphatic by overstatement. According to Perrine (1963:91) Hyperbole is simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth. Siswantoro (2002:34) gives example of hyperbole in (4a). (4a) I am able to fill it with tears. (4b) She laughed to tears. In example (4a) the word tear mean the real tear coming out from one s eye. It shows connotative meaning representing an effort done by I in filling it (the river). On the other hand, the word tear in (4b) refers to the real want coming out from one s eyes. This (4b) slims a denotative meaning. 15

28 e. Synecdoche Synecdoche is a style that is reflected in the packaging portion manifestations, but already includes a whole Siswantoro (2002:39). Most of something already covered for all cases mentioned. Siswantoro (2002:39) gives example of synecdoche in (5a). (5a) He has many mouths to feed. (5b) He talks with her mouths. The word mouth in (5a) slims a connotative meaning, especially means of manifestation of the people. The people mouths told is probably his family at home. On the other hand, moth in (5b) show part of one s body to eat or to speak, this is denotative meaning. f. Paradox Paradox is part of a style that uses contradictory phenomenon, but if examined actually show the truth Siswantoro (2002:41). According to Perrine (1974:649) paradox is an apparent contra diction that is nevertheless somehow true. Siswantoro (2002:39) give example. (6a) The poorest man is the richest, and the rich are poor. (6a), Shows a contradiction between the poorest and the riches which are actually true. g. Symbol Symbol is something more that we can catch Siswantoro (2002:43). According to Perrine (1974:628) a symbol may be defined 16

29 as something that means more than what is it. Siswantoro gives example in (7a). (7a) Some dirty dogs stole my wallet at the bus. (7b) A black dog is rubbing its back again a wall. Example (7a) s hows a symbol used to present a thief in the form of dirty dog. So, it is not actually the dogs which are dirty. But it symbolizes the thief s behavior which is like a dirty dog. While in (7b), the black dog refers to dog as an animal which is black. C. Use of Figurative Language Figurative language comes in creative writers using metaphor, analogy, symbols and more to stir the reader's imagination and bring out the emotion and understanding that can't be expressed by the words dictionary meaning alone. Generally, figurative language is used to improve the speech with artificial language. It makes the sentence more interesting, fresh, and more obvious. This the way of the writer to use language as the device to expressing and the hidden feeling thought. Figurative language makes literary work more meaningful. In addition, it also can avoiding monotony on the characteristic and make easily get bored. This is can use for the reader or writer to explain their idea. Figurative language in literature has a very important role in the creations of the image of the literary work, because the beauty of the literary work can be supported with the use of figurative language. 17

30 Figurative language in literary works can bring up and develop an appreciation of the reader. Readers can enter in a literary work with the figurative language being used. According to Nurgiyantoro (2009: 297), the use of figurative language or heating may generate impressions and a certain atmosphere, a certain sensory responses and embellish the narrative, which means supporting the goals of aesthetic literature. Similarly, the use of figurative language plays a role in the delivery of a person's intent. Sometimes a person can be different interpretations of the intent expressed through stylistic others. Sayuti (1985: 124) add that Figurative language is a means or a tool to clarify the description of the idea, concretize an idea and grow a new perspective through comparative. According to Pradopo (1993: 62), the presence of figurative language can make a literary work into attracting attention, life, and lead to wishful picture clarity. Function is figurative language to describe something in literature to be clear, vivid, intense, and exciting. The use of figurative language can be aimed at generating impressions and a certain atmosphere, a certain sensory responses, as well as embellish the narrative, which means that support the goals of literary works. Thus, the functions arising from the use of figurative language is diverse but all the functions it still aims to build aesthetic values in literature. According to Perrine (1978), figurative language has several uses. First, the writer can say what he wants to say more vividly and forcefully 18

31 by figures than he can by saying it directly. Second, figurative language is another way of adding extra dimensions to language. Third, imaginative figurative language affords us pleasure. Fourth, it is a means of concentration, a way of saying much in brief compass. Narrative used in everyday life can also be found using forms of figurative language, but its function is different in the use of figurative language in literary works. If the narrative of everyday use of figurative language serves to accelerate understanding, due to the use of a common form of usage of the literary figure of speech actually slow comprehension. This caused other forms of figure of speech used in the literature is the new forms, and the authors are free to choose figure of speech according to the needs, tastes, and creativity. According to the opinions that have been mentioned, it can be concluded that there are several different functions of figurative language in literature. So that the functions of figurative language in the study of this theory is to concretize, clarify the picture, emphasize the narrative or emotion, turn the picture, evoke certain impressions and atmosphere, shorten the writing and the narrative and describe the feelings of characters. The discussion about the functions of the figurative language can be seen as follows. 19

32 a. Concretization Picture painted concrete function author is abstract, alien or something less plausible, so the authors take the comparison a more familiar or easier to be understood, concrete or real. According to Parrine (1989: 26) states that the figure of speech is quite effective in conveying the intention of the author, because the figure of speech can be concretely something abstract. According to Waluyo (1987: 81), concrete is used to describe a painting circumstances or moods with the intent to arouse the imagination of the reader. Poet trying to concretize words meaning is sought in order to come to a comprehensive sense. Asmara (1955:38) gives an example of concretization in (1a). (1a) Endra min s more widespread, extending away on everywhere. (1b) Harto garden s even more widespread since buying his neighbors. Example (1a) is a metaphor that serves to concretize picture. Abstract mind is something that cannot be seen and not the form but as if the mind can be held or seen by humans. Endra erratic mind as if it could change shape like a rubber which can be elongated. Rubber is an elastic thing which can be wide, whereas a person's mind if much of an issue mind expanding. And example (1b) explains the real thing, that Harto has a very large garden. 20

33 b. Clarify the picture According to Suyuti (1985: 124), figurative language is a tool or a means to clarify the picture. According to Badrun (1989: 26), figurative language is an effective way to express things clearly. Function of clarify the picture, which depicted the poet is something that is unusual or might happen in real life, so the picture than to be clear and more real (Sayuti, 1985: 98). Asmara (1955:17) gives an example of clarify the picture in (2a). (2b) Susilawati entered the room and make everyone stunned, all eyes are on his. (2b) The man's eyes glanced to Susilowati. Example (2a) contains synecdoche which serves to clarify the pictures is called the parts to the whole. Eyes is one of the members of the human body to refer to all members. That is people who are in the room. Figurative language is used to explain the picture is clear that the views of all those heading to Susilawati as impressed by his beauty. The use of all eyes refer to all members of the body that people see Susilawati. And example (2b) words eyes have real meaning. The eyes are one of the senses that point to see something. c. Emphasizes narrative and emotion Functions of figurative language in the study of this theory to emphasize the narrative in this study are the hyperbolic figure of 21

34 speech. According to Badrun (1989: 49), hyperbole can be used to intensify statement or emotion. Something that exaggerates be impressed emphasize the narrative so that the reader can imagine through excessive impression that despite the fact that it was not possible. Asmara (1955:15) gives an example of Emphasizes narrative and emotion in (3a). (3a) Endra started difficult and sad, he quiet and dreamy to touch the sky. (3b) The night sky is very dark as it is covered by clouds. Example (3a) contains hyperbole serves to determine the narrative. Obviously not possible mind can touch the sky. That mind everywhere so disclosed to touch the sky. In the example (3b) word sky has a real sense. In this example we are told that there will be rain. Under mending sky is thick and the stars are covered by clouds. d. Turning on the picture Function to turn an idea to the study of this theory is widely used in the personification figure of speech. The poet deliberately allegorized what he described with human traits, so that the picture seems to be alive and more interesting. According to Pradopo (1993: 75), personification indeed functioned to turn something lifeless. That is giving an overview to something inanimate to the animate such as humans, so all could do as was done by humans 22

35 who were created as animate beings. So that is an inanimate object seems to be alive. Asmara (1955:19) gives an example of turning on the picture in (4a). (4a) Looking at the mist shrouded Mount Merapi, which looking like a giant sitting. (4b) Mount Merapi is one of the mountains that are active in Indonesia. The example (4a) contains a personification of that function to turn something lifeless. Mount Merapi is an inanimate object as if it can act like a man that is covered and sits like a giant. And the example (4b) tells us that there are many mountains are active in Indonesia and one of them is someone Mount Merapi. e. Evokes impressions and a certain atmosphere Figurative language has a function to generate impressions and a certain atmosphere, for example, it was quiet, eerie, romantic, busy, and so on. The use of figurative language would give the impression of purity, freshness, even shocking, and therefore become effective (Nurgiyantoro, 2009: 297). Asmara (1955:10) gives an example of evokes impressions and a certain atmosphere in (5a). (5a) All the guests clapped and cheered repeatedly until his voice would tear down the building SGA. 23

36 (5b) When the tsunami in Aceh, many buildings collapsed because of exposure to sea were struck. In the example (5a) these quotations contain a simile which serves to evoke an impression or a certain atmosphere that bustling atmosphere. The functions contained in the phrase voice will tear down the building as SGA. The phrase describes the atmosphere in the building at the time before the show begins. Guests cheered and clapped loudly that made the atmosphere lively. And the example (5b) expression of the building collapsed is the true meaning and it is caused by the presence of sea water that rose to the mainland Aceh. f. Shorten the narrative and writing Figurative language has a function to shorten the narrative. That is stating something mean by language shorter. According to (Waluyo, 1987: 83), figurative language is a way to present a lot and spacious with a brief language. Figurative language can be used to summon something with dimensions much in the form of the shortest (Sayuti, 1985: 75). Thus, the author can save the use of words or obtaining effectiveness of the use of the word. Asmara (1955:71) gives an example of shorten the narrative and writing in (6a) (6a) We should give thanks to Allah, may we always remember and be grateful that our sins are forgiven. 24

37 The example (6a) contains a metonymy that serves to shorten the writing and the narrative that is the word of Allah. The author uses the word Allah so impressed shorten the writing of which is to replace God in his mercy. g. Depict a feeling of character Figurative language can serve to describe the feelings of characters. The author is utilizing figurative language to describe the shape of the inner state of characters such as happiness or distress. According to (Waluyo, 1987: 99), the language is a way to increase the intensity of the feeling of the poet and convey the attitude of the poet. Asmara (1955:35) gives an example of depict a feeling of character in (7a). Example: (7a) When I see the pain, my heart like a revoked his life s. (7b) He is a child who is revoked of his life by robbers. The example (7a) contains a simile which serves to describe the feelings that appear on said revoked his life. The simile likens lost heart like his life is revealed touched and sad feelings.and the example (7b) word revoked his life a real meaning. Here are robbers who were robbing a bank and kill children who become prisoners. 25

38 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this chapter the writer discussion the research methodology including general methodology, biography of the author, synopsis of the novel, technique of collecting the data, and technique of data analysis. Furthermore, it will assist the author in collecting the data in chapter IV. In this chapter include qualitative descriptive. A. Descriptive Qualitative The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. According to Van der voordt (2002:5), descriptive research is about describing how reality occurs. Descriptive research focuses not only on collecting data, but also focuses in the meaning of the data that has been taken. Qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of speech or writing and behaviors of people are observed. A qualitative approach is expected to generate the descriptions depth of speech, writing, or behavior, that can be observed from an individual, group, community, or certain organizations in a setting particular context studied from the point of view of the whole, comprehensive, and holistic. Qualitative research aims to understanding of the general nature of the social reality. That understanding is not determined in advance, but obtained after conducting an analysis of the social reality focus of research. 26

39 B. Biography of Author The author of this novel is Andrea Hirata Seman Said Harun. He was born on the island of Belitung October 24, He is the fourth child from Seman Said Harunayah dan NA Masturah. He was born in a poor village and is located on the remote and isolated island. Lived in a village with all the limitations of his personal influence is quite small. He's got a lot more motivation of the circumstances surrounding the condition was alarming. Andrea Hirata actually is not the name of a gift from his parents. Since birth he was named Aqil Barraq Badrudin. Then, he replaced his give name with the new name Wadhud. However, he still felt burdened by that name. Then he changed his name back into Andrea Hirata Seman Said Harun. Hirata is taken from the name of the village and not the name of the Japanese people as he seemed. He is a genuine teen Belitung which began to bear the name of Andrea Hirata. He grew up as the village child in general. With all the limitations, he remained a cheerfully child who sometimes become a thinker while studying at school. In addition, he also often has dreams in the future. As recounted in the Rainbow novel (Laskar Pelangi), little Andrea learn that conditions in schools that was very unfit for use. Muhammadiyah elementary school named is recognized Andrea really very alarming. However, funding constraints, he was forced to go to 27

40 school the place like a cattle pen. He has to learn in buildings that are not comfortable. He has a pretty big motivation in terms of learning. At school that he met with friends dubbed the Rainbow Warriors. He admired Miss Muslimah as one of inspiration in his life. Being a writer he claimed because the figure of a Miss Muslimah. Since the third grade of elementary school, Andrea has completed the determination of his to become a writer depicting Miss Muslimah as a teacher. "When I grow up, I will write about Miss Muslimah" said Anggun singer's fans. Since that time, Yates never ceases to learn to write stories. After Andrea becoming a famous writer. He is very busy with writing activities and speakers in events concerning the world of literature. Her income also includes the highest as a writer. However, some parties had doubts about the content of the Rainbow novel (Laskar Pelangi) deemed excessive. "This is a novel, so it's normal if there is a story that is slightly revamped" said Andrea. He also had a dream of living in Kye Gompa. It is the highest village in the world, located in the Himalayas. Success as a writer certainly makes Andrea proud and happy over the result of his hard work over the years. Andrea felt proud and happy because Laskar Pelangi appointed as a movie by Mira and Riri Riza. "I believe in their abilities" says Andrea. Moreover film camp of the rainbow was watched by the president to 6. He is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. 28

41 Being a famous novelist might not be imagined by Andrea Hirata little time. Striving to the achieve higher education course very difficult time of it. But, with struggle and toil endlessly, Andrea can success as the author tells the story of her childhood filled with flaws. C. Synopsis of Novel This novel is a continuation of the novel of the Dreamer (Sang Pemimpi). The novel tells about the trip of Ikal and Arai in Europe and Africa. Down the cultural differences, the adventure of love and the old dream is still hidden. A baby born premises name Aqil Barraq Badrudin. He was the four child of his parents. Actually, when it contains her mother wanted a woman, because of her four children were boy. Although it is bear a beautiful name. Aqil Barraq Badrudin. But, it turned into a very naughty boy, and often makes mischief. This often makes his parents become dizzy. First suddenly changed with the presence of a girl named A Ling. Everyone was surprised by the changes that happen to Ikal. He was behaving like a man who was drink romance after meeting with A Ling. After that, Ikal and Arai lived together in the future Belitong to high school level. Then Ikal was a student in Bandung and Arai is a student in Kalimantan. After that they were together again after following the selection tests scholarship to Europe. Unexpectedly, they turned out to 29

42 be equally got a scholarship from the European Union to continue S2 at the Sorbonne, Paris, France. Arai and Ikal took nearly 16 hours of travel from Indonesia to the Netherlands. Arriving in Holland, they both picked up a flawless charming woman. She was Mrs. Famke Somers. She drove him to a rented flat where they would stay. Unfortunately, due to a misunderstanding they both were expelled from these places and spend the first night in the city park in the middle of the cold that pierced the body. After a time, the lecture begins. They were brought together people of various nationalities. Ikal met a German girl. She is Katya. She has perfect form. Katya then established love with Ikal. However, his love for A Ling made Ikal could not undergo the story longer. He finally decided to be friend with Katya. Ikal is very loving A Ling. Unfortunately he did not know the whereabouts of the line eyed woman. She could be in Singapore, in Africa or even Europe. In the course of their college years, Ikal and his friends tell so bored, so they decided to go around Europe for 3 months. The one were able to surround the State was the winner. The bet was actually made to find A Ling. They started the journey from the Netherlands. With Arai, he managed to circumnavigate some beautiful countries in Europe. Unfortunately, Arai get a problem whit his respiratory disease. So he should go home to Indonesia. Finally Ikal decided to return to his apartment in France. He was welcomed by the news that the tutor would 30

43 be retiring soon and he was advised to go with him to a place called Sheffield in England. Ikal was on the way in Seffield by bus. He enjoy the views through the window for an hour. Then bus climbed a high hill. On the way he passed a very beautiful village and decided to stop. He was still amazed that it has been able to dream he saw with his own eyes. As if in disbelief, then Ikal asked someone to tell the name of the place. He replied "sure lof, it's Edensor...". D. Technique of Collecting Data Procedure of collecting data was using technical documentation. So, the writer requires the note for records to collect data. Here are the procedures of collecting data that had been used by the writer: 1. The writer read trough the Edensor novel and read the story containing in the novel. 2. Then, the writer searched any expressions using figurative language in the novel. Example: The first time I saw her, or her nails, to be exact, I felt as if I had been embraced by the current of the Linggang River, Swam together with dolphins, and the been picked up by millions of fireflies and flown toward the stars. 3. The writer took some notes about figurative language and put information needed to figurative language. 31

44 Example: The first time I saw her, or her nails, to be exact, I felt as if I had been embraced by the current of the Linggang River, Swam together with dolphins, and the been picked up by millions of fireflies and flown toward the stars. Simile 4. The writer made the code about kind of figurative language. That was Simile (Sim), Metap hor (M), Personification (P), Hyperbole (H), Synecdoche (Syn), symbol (sym) and Paradox (P). E. Technique of Data Analysis The writer used the technique in collecting data documentation. Then the writer analyzed the data obtained. To represent the data analysis, the writer used procedures below: 1. The writer rewrites the sentence of figurative language contained in Edensor novel. 2. The writer classified then paraphrased the meaning of the sentences from figurative language containing Edensor novel in a denotative/ real meaning. 3. The writer explained the implementation of the results of sentence of figurative language toward English Language Teaching. 32

45 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS In this chapter, the writer answers all the problems that exist in the problem statement started in Chapter I. The writer explores what figurative language are used by Andrea Hirata in Edensor novel, lest of figurative language, mean of figurative language and the implementation of in language teaching. A. Using of Figurative Language in Edensor Novel. From the novel, the writer found several figurative language used in various away. The figurative language show in table 4.1 Table 4.1 the figurative language in Edensor Novel. No 1 The Kind of Figurative Language Similes Example Of Figurative Language Then a terrible illness changed his live. He got a hernia, a dreadful one that caused his scrotum to well up like a balloon, to the point he was limping. so stubborn! Jus like your mother! so stubborn! You are stubborn! Jus like your mother! You could have died for no reason! Code 1/Sim/2 2/Sim/2 3/Sim/6 So that is your mom s character for you, if you wanted to know! Hard as a wire! I was various! 4/Sim/18 During fasting month, I use crowbar to put 5/Sim/21 33

46 holes in some bamboo books, then filled them up with water and carbide an aimed them toward the windows of the mosque while the entire village did their tarawih prayer. The carbide gas compressed inside the narrow bamboo hole boomed like a cannon after I lit the fuse. The congregation scattered. There was no perfect position for him to take. He was like Abraham being ordered by god to slaughter his child Ismael. Aria, Weh And Mak Birah were for me like Oscar Reutervard s impossible triangle with dimensions difficult to translate, with angles full of anomalies. I felt like a squirrel busily carrying its nuts, a turtle shrinking within its carapace, or a snail hiding behind its shell. Within the warm confines of Schippol Airport, we had no idea that the cold outside would be as fierce as a ferocious wild animal s bide. It was definitely Dutch, since the sound were all formed in the 6/Sim/26 7/Sim/37 8/Sim/46 9/Sim/56 10/Sim/62 34

47 throat, has like a thundering bear. That dreett noise roared out again, then it went quite. Simon was very tall and whiskery, relaxed but scary, sitting with his head bent over a table like a scavenger bird hovering over its prey. I was stunned to see a black figure, vaguely covered by fog, soaring high in the sky like a ghost. The Eiffel tower was like a great lady. Marcus tie and jacket complete as Harvard alumni attending interviews for an important position in Microsoft. Christian was like Spiderman while being ordinary. Katya was still like a no-man s land atoll in the Pacific: beautiful, contested but unable to be owned by anymore. There we were joking like one family I stepped along like a decrepit wooden skeleton. "What I said before! Any word from me first! Right! The 11/Sim/63 12/Sim/78 13/Sim/78 14/Sim/104 15/Sim/107 16/Sim/112 17/Sim/126 18/Sim/127 35

48 influence of money is like whistling iblis! " Out teeth chattered like percussion bones. Our finger and toes wrinkled and sitting. 19/Sim/67 The sun blazed directly overhead. The head cooked mercilessly, asphalt melted. My stomach was empty, my throat dry. I stepped along like a decrepit wooden skeleton. 20/Sim/39 2 Metaphor The shark drew close, grey giants that were plainly far larger that I had imagined. They are the elephants of the sea. Night crept. The ace demon of the north pole began to prowl. It set about biting our earlobes, whistling, and then clawing against our cheeks before penetrating our bodies, stabbing our bones, freezing solid their marrow. Night crept. The ace demon of the north pole began to prowl. It set about biting our earlobes, whistling, and then clawing against our cheeks before penetrating our bodies, stabbing our bones, freezing solid their marrow. He was all right. He 1/M/6 2/M/67 3/M/67 4/M/101 36

49 signaled his assent by swaying his head rhythmically. His eyes were those of a baby, too. His round eyes seemed to always be smiling. 5/M/102 The battle was over! Cease fire! Katya was found her choice. Oo la la, Who could have been the lucky knight on a white horse? He must have been handsome and splendid. 6/M/113 In Surbone every day I poisoned science though I were like children who slumped chasing quail parent grouse. 7/M/103 Katya subtle nod, give the code, all three simultaneously pressed the button for their watches, exactly equate time commander of the elite forces to seize warehouse operations weapon. The presentation begins. 8/M/109 3 Personification For a time, Weh had doing well, even enjoying a respectable position in his class. Then a terrible illness changed his live. The first time I saw her, or her nails, to be extracted, I felt as if I had been embraced by 1/P/2 2/P/33 37