SUMÁRIO DO VOLUME. Língua Inglesa LÍNGUA INGLESA

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2 2 LÍNGUA INGLESA Língua Inglesa SUMÁRIO DO VOLUME 1. Working with Poetry Poetry - The art of writing poems Must and Shall Should, ought to, had better Working with the text Linking Words Relative Pronouns Asking Questions Indirect Questions Tag Questions Extension: Check your progress 42

3 VOLUME 1 SUMÁRIO COMPLETO Língua Inglesa 3 Working with Poetry Working with the text Relative Pronouns Asking Questions Extension: Check your progress VOLUME 2 Working with a magazine article Working with the text VOLUME 3 Developing Vocabulary Coloquial English

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6 6 Língua Inglesa 1. WORKING WITH POETRY Poetry or Poem? The use of the words poetry and poem often generates doubt. People tend to consider both words as synonyms. However, there is a difference between these two terms, although they are connected. Poem refers to a physical, formal, textual, concrete, palpable and observable element. It differs from other kinds of texts because it presents a unique form of expression that usually follows some structural patterns: stanza, verse, rhythm, rhyme (which produce its musical effect), and the use of subjectivity, metaphorical language, figures of speech to approach a topic whose content can be profound, original or ordinary. Poetry refers to an abstract element which can be described as the capacity of a text or any other type of art (painting, sculpture, cinema, etc.) to be the expression of the poetic persona and arise emotions, such as a sentiment of beauty and the aesthetic enchantment; suggest flavor and images through its metaphors, musicality, personification, etc.

7 Língua Inglesa 7 Familiarizing with the Elements of Poetry A brief introduction 1 Complete the defi nitions below using the words in the box: stanza rhythm metaphor meter free verse rhyme lyric poem narrative poem elegy epic simile quatrain tercet sonnet a) A is used to compare things that are essentially unlike. It is one of the most important of literary uses of language. b) A is characterized by brevity, compression and the expression of feeling. c) A is a division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form either with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter, or with variations from one to another. d) A is a four-line stanza in a poem. e) refers to the measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems. f) poetry doesn t follow a regular pattern of meter or rhyme. Modern and contemporary poets of the twentieth and twenty-fi rst centuries often use it. g) refers to the recurrence of accent or stress in lines of verse. h) is a fi gure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like, as, or as though. An example: My love is like a red, red rose. i) The matching of fi nal vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words characterizes the. j) A is a fourteen line poem. E.g. The Italian or Petrarchan, the English and the Spenserian. k) A tells a story. l) is a three-line stanza. When all three lines rhyme they are called a triplet. m) A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero is. n) A lyric poem that laments the dead is an.

8 8 Língua Inglesa Reading 1.1 Poetry - The art of writing poems The following poems were written by some of the most popular and important English speaking writers of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Read them and do the activities which follow. Quoting... Poetry may make us from time to time a little more aware of the deeper, unnamed feelings which form the substratum of our being, to which we rarely penetrate; for our lives are mostly a constant evasion of ourselves. (By T.S. Eliot, American - British poet and critic) About the Author - Robert Frost ( ) Robert Frost is considered one of the greatest American poets of the century. He was a farmer in New Hampshire and New England was the theme of most his poems. Expressing feelings and ideas of a countryman, his poems are simple but full of open possibilities for the reader to extract deeper meanings from them. The Road Not Taken By: Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference 2 Using the reading tips given, judge the following statements. a) The author wished he could have taken both roads. b) He didn t make considerations to choose any of those roads. c) He chose the least grassy road. d) He regrets his choice. e) Choosing that road didn t make any difference. Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

9 Língua Inglesa 9 Acceptance by Robert Frost When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud And goes down burning into the gulf below, No voice in nature is heard to cry aloud At what has happened. Birds, at least must know It is the change to darkness in the sky Murmuring something quiet in her breast One bird begins to close a faded eye Or overtaken too far from his nest, Hurrying low above the grove, some waif Swoops just in time to his remembered tree. At most he thinks or twitters softly, 'Safe! Now let the night be dark for all of me. Let the night bee too dark for me to see Into the future. Let what will be, be.' Helping Vocabulary gulf: golfo. overtaken: levado; varrido. grove: pequeno grupo de árvores. waif: pálido, magro, fatigado, sem casa. swoops: voar diretamente para baixo, como para atacar. twitters: quando o pássaro produz vários sons agudos. 3 About the poem Acceptance, it's correct to state that, I) it's written in rhyme. II) It is the change to darkness in the sky. refere-se à chegada da noite. III) the underlined words in the text refer to bird. IV) o pássaro quer saber como será seu futuro. a) C - E - E - E c) E - C - E - E e) C - C - E - C b) C - C - C - E d) E - E - C - C 4 O que o poeta descreve na frase a seguir? a) Queimada em um campo de golfe. b) O céu e o sol ao entardecer. c) O céu ao amanhecer. d) As nuvens nas primeiras horas da manhã. e) O derretimento das nuvens pelos raios de sol. 5 Por que o pássaro diz 'Safe'? When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud And goes down burning into the gulf below, (...) a) Por causa da noite que é muito escura. b) Porque ele não consegue ver o futuro. c) Porque o que será, será. d) Porque ele encontrou o seu ninho. e) Por sentir fome na noite escura. 6 A frase que melhor corresponde ao título Acceptance é: a) When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud. b) No voice in nature is heard to cry aloud. c) One bird begins to close a faded eye. d) Or overtaken too far from his nest. e) Let what will be, be.

10 10 Língua Inglesa ABOUT THE AUTHOR - EMILY DICKINSON ( ) Emily Dickinson led a life of isolation. Hardly ever had she visitors nor left her home in Massachusetts, New England. Yet, she would exchange letters with some of her friends, and spend most of her time writing poems. In her lifetime, she wrote 1700 poems and refused to allow them to be published. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley but severe homesickness made her return home after one year(...). With a flower If I can stop one heart from breaking If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain; If I can ease one life the aching, Or cool one pain, Or help one fainting robin Unto his nest again, I shall not live in vain. Answer these questions: I hide myself within my flower, That wearing on your breast, You, unsuspecting, wear me too And angels know the rest. 9 What metaphor does she use to refer to her feeling of love? 10 Is she loved back? Justify. 7 What is the poet s condition for not living in vain? 8 What is the robin s situation? Why does he need help? Helpful Vocabulary dreary(adj) not interesting or cheeful livelong(adj) (here) meaning, all june, used when this seems a long time to you. robin pintarroxo nest ninho I m Nobody! Who are you? I m Nobody! Who are you? Are you Nobody too? Then there s a pair of us? Don t tell! They d advertise you know! How dreary to be Somebody! How public like a Frog To tell one s name the livelong June To an admiring Bog! 11 Why are the words Nobody and Somebody in capital? What do they mean in context? 12 O que Dickinson considera importante nesse poema ser Nobody ou Somebody? Jusitifique a sua resposta a partir do texto. Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

11 Image available at: Access on: Sept. 12, Língua Inglesa 11 About the Author - Walt Whitman ( ) Walt Whitman was the great innovator of American poetry. In his vision, we are all the same due to our divine origin. To him love is the basis to the harmony which governs the relations between man and nature, between man and the universe, between man and God. Love of man, and love of God, who is present everywhere, in every object, as well as in the divine soul of man, who thus becomes God s equal. Highroads of English and American literature, Part 1. Reconciliation Word over all, beautiful as the sky, Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage must in time be utterly lost, That the hands of the sisters Death and Night Incessantly softly wash again, and ever again, this soil d world; For my enemy is dead, a man divine as myself is dead, I look where he lies white-faced and still in the coffin - I draw near, Bend down and touch lightly with my lips the white face in the coffin. Sometimes with One I Love Sometimes with one I love I fill myself with rage for fear I effuse unreturn'd love, But now I think there is no unreturn'd love, the pay is certain one way or another, (I loved a certain person ardently and my love was not return'd, Yet out of that I have written these songs.) Questions 13 to 16 refer to Reconciliation. 13 Para o autor, a guerra, a) limpa o mundo. b) é bela e necessária. c) dará lugar à reconciliação. d) é uma irmã como a noite. e) é incompatível com a reconciliação. 14 Judge the statements below. I) ( ) Utterly is a synonym for completely. II) ( ) For is a conjunction and introduces the idea of reason. III) ( ) White face conveys the idea of death. IV) ( ) Utterly incessantly softly lightly are adverbs. V) ( ) its myself I he are pronouns. 15 Check the alternative which best illustrates the title. a) Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage. b) The hands of the sisters Death and Night incessantly softly wash again (...). c) For my enemy is dead, (...). d) I look where he lies white-faced in the coffin. e) I bend down and touch lightly with my lips the white face in the coffin. 16 All the adjectives below describe the enemy, except: a) dead. c) white-faced. e) still. b) divine. d) lost. Questions 17 to 18 refer to Sometimes with One I Love. 17 Why does the poet sometimes fear unreturned love? 18 O que o poeta pensa sobre o amor não correspondido?

12 12 Língua Inglesa About the Author - Edgar Allan Poe ( ) Poet, critic, writer of prose - tales, Allan Poe had fame and influence first in France and only later in America and Britain. Alone By Edgar Allan Poe From childhood s hour I have not been As others were; I have not seen As others saw; I could not bring My passions from a common spring. From the same source I have not taken My sorrow; I could not awaken My heart to joy at the same tone; And all I loved, I loved alone. Then - in my childhood, in the dawn Of a most stormy life - was drawn From every depth of good and ill The mystery which binds me still: From the torrent, or the fountain, From the red cliff of the mountain, From the sun that round me rolled In its autumn tint of gold, From the lightning in the sky As it passed me fl ying by, From the thunder and the storm, And the cloud that took the form (When the rest of Heaven was blue) Of a demon in my view. 19 TRUE or FALSE? A. The author sees himself as a happy and friendly person. B. This poem is about childhood. C. The author s life has been just as anybody else s. D. His life changed when he became an adult. E. Sorrow and joy are synonym words. F. Depth, mystery and thunder are all nouns. 20 This poem is about: a) a happy and friendly person. b) the art of making friends. c) somebody s unhappy adulthood. d) being lonely throughout life. e) prejudice against lonely people. 21 Check the alternative which presents only nouns. a) passions joy drawn childhood alone b) spring source good dawn lighthing c) sorrow awaken tone same life d) heart torrent demon binds depth e) torrent fountain view flying cliff 22 A palavra stormy, em:...of a most stormy life, pode ser compreendida como: a) chuvosa. b) fria. c) perigosa. d) turbulenta. e) demoníaca. Image available at: es.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

13 Língua Inglesa 13 Focus on Grammar 1.2 Must and Shall I shall be telling this wish a sigh (...) I doubted if I should ever come back. Birds, at least must know. If I can stop one heart from breaking. The sentences above were taken from the poems we have just read. The highlighted words are modal verbs. Let s focus on some of them. MUST Expressing necessity obligation Must expresses necessity/obligation. You have to do something because the situation forces you, because of a rule or law, or because you feel that you should. It s always emphatic. You must see a doctor if you feel siek. Must is also used when you guess that something is true or that something has happened because there seems to be no other possibility*. Birds at least must know. Podemos substituir must por: have (got) to, has (got) to ou need to. No passado, usamos apenas had to ou needed to. There isn't anything in the frigdge. We need to have got to have to must buy some food. Observe que, após must, o verbo é empregado no infinitivo sem o to must buy. MUST NOT Expressing prohibition or a duty not to do something We must not be guilty of wrongful deeds duty not to do something We must not smoke in the hospital. prohibition. You must not drive without a licence. prohibition Nos exemplos seguintes, podemos também usar can t. They cannot (or can't) be guilty of wrongful deeds They cannot permit this to happen. We cannot (or can't) smoke in the hospital. not allowed or permitted. You cannot (or can't) drive without a licence. not allowed or permitted. *Definition by Longman Contemporany English Dictionary.

14 14 Língua Inglesa Don t / Doesn t have to - need to Expressing lack of obligation / necessity Para expressarmos a ideia de que algo não é necessário, usamos don t/doesn t have to - need to. There is plenty of food in the fridge. We don t have to buy anything else. need to Shall Expressing the Future She must work to make a living, but she doesn t have to work at night. need to Used to express what you will do in the future, or to describe what will happen, especially when you are saying that it is very definite. Shall is used to express the Simple Future for first persons I and we: I shall not live in vain. I shall be telling this with a sigh. Will, though, is used in the Simple Future for all persons, including I and we. In American English, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first persons. Shall we? Expressing suggestion Shall we? is also used to make a suggestion or ask a question that you want the other person to decide about. Check your comprehension Let s go to the movies, shall we? Shall I open the door? Shall we start the discussion now? Shall I go and ask for help? 23 Remember that Must is used for GENERAL NECESSITY things which are absolutely necessary to be done. When you lose weight, there are some important things to remember. Sort out the jumbled list, and begin each one with You must or You mustn t: work out cut down go jogging eat drink drink for forty minutes. junk food. alcoholic beverages. lots of water. on meat. at least three times a week.

15 Língua Inglesa 15 a) You must work out at least three times a week. b) c) d) e) f) 24 Write five things people must or mustn t do when they go to the movies. The first one is already done for you. They must not use the cell phone during the film. a) b) c) d) e) 25 In speech, we often say things like Don t leave the window open!, but a formal notice would probably say: This window must not be left open. What notices would you write about these things? use must be or must not be. a) Return the key after use. b) Don t keep DVDs for more than two days. c) Students are not allowed to use this room. d) Turn off all lights by ten. e) Leave your mobile with the teacher. a) The key must be returned after use. b) DVDs c) This room d) All lights e) Mobiles Making suggestions Shall I/we... is a common way of making suggestions. With this meaning, it is not at all formal: Shall we invite the Johnsons to dinner? Shall I lay the table?

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