3 PARAGRAPHS CAN HAVE THEIR LAYOUT LIKE THIS OR START UNINDENTED WITH A SEPARATING ONE LINE SKIPPED TO GIVE FREE SPACE IN BETWEEN TWO PARAGRAPHS

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1 TEACHER 3 PARAGRAPHS CAN HAVE THEIR LAYOUT LIKE THIS OR START UNINDENTED WITH A SEPARATING ONE LINE SKIPPED TO GIVE FREE SPACE IN BETWEEN TWO PARAGRAPHS TS Although individual authors have individual styles and may deviate from writing conventions of a particular language culture, it is possible to outline certain different tendencies in both the organization and the lexical and grammatical structures of texts written in English and in Czech. These tendencies suggest that Anglophone and Czech writers have different priorities and focus on different aspects of writing. TS The main focus of Anglophone authors is to make the reader understand a certain theory or problem. Authors try to present their ideas as clearly as possible and in a way which requires least effort on the part of the reader. They organize their text carefully, and select lexical and grammatical means that allow a smooth comprehension of the relationships between phenomena described in the text. Anglophone authors assume responsibility for the readers comprehension of the presented material; their texts are primarily oriented towards the reader. = CONCLUSION TO THE PARAGRAPH THROUGH PARALLEL TS The main focus of most Czech authors, in contrast, is to present a certain theory or problem in all its complexity. They therefore often employ complex syntactic structures capable of covering as many details of the theory as possible. Czech authors anticipate potential queries and try to answer them in advance or to present their findings through less assertive, modalized formulations, suggesting that a different interpretation of the phenomenon in question is possible. Smooth comprehension of the text is not the writer s main priority. Authors pay less attention to organizing their texts in a logical way and sometimes obscure their message by excessive lexical variation. The responsibility for decoding the message is assigned to the reader. Czech academic texts are primarily oriented towards the topic. = CONCLUSION TO THE PARAGRAPH THROUGH PARALLEL (Adapted from: Chamonikolasová, J.:

2 4 A) HERE WHAT S WRONG: CHOPPED CHARACTER, SCATTERED AROUND, NOT LINKING AND FLOWING The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people s bodies by making mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, fingerand toenails, and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is possible to diagnose the diseases they suffered in life such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies. The process was remarkably effective. Sometimes apparent were the fatal afflictions of the dead people: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head, and polio killed a child king. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. B) WHAT HAS BEEN CHANGED? TOPIC SENTENCE PRESERVED SOME SENTENCES REORDERED SO AS TO FLOW OUT OF THE TOPIC ONE AND DIRECTLY LINKIN TO IT, THE PROCESS OF MUMMIFICATION PLUS THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE IT TO USE THE COHESIVE PRONOUN AND SHOW RELATIONSHIP COHESION THE PRONOUN, INDEED + THEIR SKIND ETC = ATTRIBUTING THROUGH A PRONOUN STARTING THE FOLLOWING SENTEND WITH AN ALTOGETHER DIFFERENT PATTERN IN SOME CASES SENTENCE STRUCTURE CHANGED IN ORDER NOT TO START THE MAJORITY OF SENTENCE WITH A NOUN OR A NOUN PHRASE. The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people s bodies by making mummies of them. The process of mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. It was a remarkably effective practice. Indeed, mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. Their skin, hair, teeth, fingers and toenails, and facial features of the mummies are still evident. Their diseases in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies, are still diagnosable. Even their fatal afflictions are still apparent: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head: a child ng died from polio. 5 The Bad Paragraph This paragraph, taken from the Little, Brown Handbook (LBH), shows what a paragraph that doesn't stay on topic well looks like. You can see that, while reading this, you end up wandering off track with the writer, which can be very frustrating. People who suffer from "winter blues" may be suffering from S.A.D.-seasonal affective disorder. The classic symptoms include depression, mild anxiety, fatigue, withdrawal from social situations, overeating, craving for sweets and carbohydrates, oversleeping, and a lack of energy, enthusiasm, and concentration. The craving for sweets, of course, is likely to lead to weight gain, which can be another problem. The symptoms of S.A.D. peak in the winter months, when the days are shorter and provide less sunshine. Winter days are colder, too,

3 especially in the northern climates, and a person has to wear extra clothing. People who suffer from the disorder should try to get as much exposure to light as possible, especially outside, though bright indoor lighting and a sunny vacation can help too. AS CHANGED: Individuals who suffer from winter blues characterized by, among others, low mood during the season, may be suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The classic symptoms involve a range of manifestations such as depression, mild anxiety, fatigue, withdrawal from social situations; also, mental and daily-routine manifestations like craving for sweets, oversleeping or low enthusiasm and concentration. Another problem can be a potential weight gain resulting from excessive sweet food consumption. The symptoms usually peak in the winter months when the days are shorter and provide less sunshine, too (this is applicable broadly in the northern climates). To compensate for this, the sufferers should expose themselves to light as much as possible both inside, through bright indoor lighting, and outside, through finding a sunny vacation destination.

4 Titles 2 Based on the Langdon-Neuner article, what are some of the trends described by research? According to article: a) Descriptive titles = describe content b) Informative /declarative = suggest what the method/ results are, what the conclusion to be drawn are INFORMATIVE title are on the increase in medical RAs However, opinions differ on the use of titles as questions = using a question mark AND titles which use colons Attention-grabbers are used = allusions, humour, buzz-words (buzz-word = a word or phrase, especially one connected with a particular subject, that has become fashionable and popular and is used a lot in newspapers) Soler research: recurrent structures in in research titles in general: Nominal - = a noun phrase extended with more info Compound: using a colon Early American Spelling: case study of the Salem manuscript OR Psychosocial effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: a multicenter randomized controlled trial Question- type Full-lenght declarative sentence Hartley research 12 types, the most frequent is the one which emphasizes the methods used Some journals sometimes give guidance in terms of titles in the style books Problems, issues currently: academic style vs journalistic style use of active verbs in titles, attention-grabbing techniques it is questionable whether they enhance citations or not Amusing titles tendency to city less as humour is to be left to comedians general trend on, toward very acceptable // sex // the problem for indexing how to index / Indexers have to: devise suitable index terms to express the concepts in the text concisely and precisely organize the index so that users can easily find what they are looking for have good knowledge of the subject matter of the document work to a very high standard of accuracy Influence of titles on citations tendency to cite less the?

5 Rare: Papers with semi-colon or excalamation mark, however, you find articles using commas But what makes a title draw in citations? Research Trends (ISSN ) is an online publication that provides objective, up-tothe-minute insights into scientific trends based on bibliometric analysis. Research Trends contacted authors from highly cited papers in its corpus for their take on the influence of titles on citations. For some authors, such as Professor Deepak Srivastava who published a paper in Cell with a title that included three commas 3 the main emphasis when choosing a title is semantics: "We chose a title that would reflect the major findings of the paper and the conclusion we would like the field to derive from the contribution. I don't pay too much attention to the title's effect on citations." Professor Ben Blencowe: "For research articles, I try to use titles that are concise while conveying the most interesting and surprising new results from the study. For review titles, I generally start with the main overall subject followed by a colon and then one or more subtopics that best describe the contents of the review. My 2006 Cell review on alternative splicing 4 followed this format. It is not clear to me that this format increases citation impact I would hope that the overall information content, timeliness and quality of writing in a review are directly related to citation impact! but using punctuation in this way helps to convey at a glance what the review is about."