He showed a lot of indifference

Transcription

1 ÎCî ô Ù šúšídùñô ª 2, help@eenadupratibha.net He showed a lot of indifference kastalanareshbabu777@gmail.com Q: Sir, please explain about direct and indirect objects in Telugu. A: That is what is being done now. See last week s lesson and this week s lesson too. Pavankumar.Kavi@ipaper.com Q: Dear sir, a) Please explain the usage of over in the phrase over here and over b) How do we have to say the words Íí pæ and Ïí pæ in English and give some examples. A: It is not over here and over. The phrase is over here and there which means hear a nearby place and there a place at a little distance. eg: She searched for her book over here and there rather carelessly. b) Íí pæ then; Ïí pæ now. eg: There is a lot of difference between Rajaram then and Rajaram now. naveenkolla00@gmail.com Q: Sir, I have seen the following sentences in bank exams. Please clarify my doubts. H The organisation does not hold any responsibility for the loss of baggages and personal effects of the trainees. (þ ôâ, in above sentence, baggage is singular. baggages ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë! N JÙàŸÞœõô ª.z A: Trainees is plural, but baggage is uncountable and does not have a plural form. Personal effects This is correct. But effects here means the possessions of a Direct & Indirect Speech: In the last lesson we have seen that if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tenses of the reported verbs, that is, verbs within the quotation need not be changed svú êÿùþ J àÿ«ø Ù ÚÛë : reporting verb present tense öëº Þ F future tense öëº Þ F ÑÙçË, quotations öëºí õ ÑÙèË verbs tenses ìª «ô aìúû\ô öë ë]e.z However, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses of all the reported verbs must be changed into the past tense. The following are the changes to be made síô³ê reporting verb past tense öëº ÑÙçË, Íí ±pè[ª ÍEo reported verbs tenses ì«í æ dúûöëº àÿ«í Ù#ìåªx «ô alqùë z : - í@õ ÚÁú Ù àÿ«è[ àÿªa 1007 person (what a person has) and effects is always used in plural. However, possessions here means what a person leaves behind him after his death. H Ravi who stood first in the college is my cousin and who is respected by teachers as well as students is a student of diligence. sþ ôâ, in above sentence, first is ordinal number. So ë E ³Ùë]ª the article ô î L ÚÛë! N JÙàŸÞœõô ª.z A: Your sentence is wrong. The correct sentence is: Ravi who stood first in the college is my cousin, and as a student of diligence he is respected by the students and the teachers as well. The is important before students and teachers because it refers to a particular group of teachers and students. H Out of six companies short listed for the project five have already made their presentations. sþ ôâ, in above sentence, six, five are cardinal numbers. So Oæ ³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è the article ô î L ÚÛë! N JÙàŸÞœõô ª.z A: Out of the six companies shortlisted for the project, five have already been shortlisted no need of the before five companies. H boy boys, employ - employees, cherry - cherries. sþ ôâ, singular nouns # ô y letter DIRECT SPEECH 1. Present Simple eg: Write 2. Present eg: Am/is/are writing 3. Present Perfect eg: have written /has written 4. Present Perfect eg: Have been writing / has been writing 5. Past Simple eg: Wrote 6. Past eg: Was/ were writing 7. eg: Had written 8. eg: Had been writing INDIRECT SPEECH Past Simple Wrote Past Was / were writing had written Had been writing had written Had been writing Had written Had been writing. ÑÙC. So plural nouns # ô -ies ô î L ÚÛë! N JÙàŸÞœõô ª.z A: Not all words having y after them need not have -ies for plural. Boys, employee (singular) employees (plural). Especially words having a vowel before y don t need -ies. Cherry (singular) Cherries (plural). Only when the noun ends in -y and is preceded by a consonant, the plural is formed by adding, -ies. eg: Lady here y has, d before it, a consonant. So to form the plural of the noun, we use -ies. So, the plural form of lady is ladies. Similarly, Story (singular) stories (plural) subhansubhash35365@gmail.com Q: What is the meaning of following? (i) He has gone to jail (ii) He had gone to jail A: He has gone to jail He has been taken to jail the time of his being taken to jail is not mentioned. He had gone to jail as an independent sentence this is wrong. You can say He had gone to jail, before he could talk to his wife. Please understand that only when a sentence has two verbs, had + Past participle (V3) is used. G. Sreenu, Chandana Q: Ú ÙC í ë õìª N JÙàŸÙè. 1) Waives off 2) Initial form 3) Massive landslide 4) Ahead of cabinet reshuffle A: 1) Waives off the original form- waive off not to insist on sí åªdñådúû ð¼ åùz a claim or something / not to collect money for service. ÏÙê Ú ÚÛªÙè ÏÙÚ Ú Eo «ô ªpõª ÚÛ«è à óÿ«lq ÑÙåªÙC. S.NO The following are changed into The following forms 1. Now sïí ±pè[ªz Then síí ±pè[ªz 2. Today sð ôávz That day sî ôávz 3. Tomorrow s ôí ±z The next day s ªô ªú æ ôávz 4. Yesterday seìoz The day before s ³Ùë]J ôávz 5. Here sïúû\è[z There síúû\è[z 6. Ago s ³Ùë]Jz Before s ³Ùë]ªz 7. Last night The night before svú êÿù ô vaz s ³Ùë]ª ô vaz 8. Thus sî NëÅ]ÙÞ z So síö z Another thing that we have to notice is, questions in the direct speech are changed into statements in the indirect speech. This is very important. When a question is changed into the indirect speech, it begins with if whether. NªÞœê «ô ªpõª à a ð ôè Ùö˺ àÿ«ë ÌÙ. or l 2) The first form sîμ³ådîμ³ë]æ ô «í Ùz 3) The sliding down of huge rocks or earth on the mountain side sí ô yêÿ þ ìª ±õoªë] ìªù# ñùè[ô üœ x öë ë ªæ d ë Jxí è[åùz 4) Before the reshuffling of the portfolios of the ministers s ªÙv꟪õ ø Üõª «ôa ³Ùë]ªz. 1. Amity Friendship s úoï Ùz. eg: The world will be good only when there is amity among nations. l Amity X Enmity søœvêÿªêÿyùz. There is always enmity between the two nations. 2. Compassion Pity for the suffering of another person sïêÿô ªõª ò ëå]öëº Ñìoí ±pè[«ªìù àÿ«í Ùà â Lz. eg: The Buddha had a lot of compassion for the suffering humanity. l Compassion X Indifference (Not caring others' suffering - seô x ÛuÙz. eg: He showed a lot of indifference towards the sufferers. 3. Surmise Guess síìªúá åù/òï z. eg: He surmised from the attitude of his son that he is not interested in studies l Surmise X Certainty súû#aêÿêÿyùz. eg: He had the certainty that his son is not interested in studies. 4. Sacrilege Misuse of what is considered sacred sí NvêŸîμªiì î æ E Íí NvêŸÙ à óÿªåùz. eg: The Muslim invaders of India committed sacrilege of Hindu temples. l Sacrilege X Moral sfa ªÙêŸîμªiìz eg: Mahatma Gandhi was strictly moral and would not utter falsehood. 5. Ambiguous Uncertain sú Ùë ï ú pë]îμªiìz. eg: It is ambiguous whether he will come today or not. l Ambiguous X Definite súû#aêÿùz. eg: I am definite that my friend will visit me today.

2 ÎCî ô Ù 9 šúšídùñô ª help@eenadupratibha.net Ú Ùë]æ þ J ªìÙ àÿ«ø Ù: Direct speech ìªù# Indirect speech Ú «ôa-å-í ±pè[ª, reporting verb, past tense öëº Ñìo-åd-ô³ê, Indirect speechöëº à óÿ«lqì «ô ªp-õ ÞœªJÙ# àÿ«ø Ù.- ÍN ªSx ÖÚÛ-þ J àÿ«ú ªÚÁÙè. Now, here ö Ùæ î æ öëºx à óÿ«-lqì «ô ªpõª, then, there Í ±-ê -óÿªe êμõª-ú ª-ÚÛªû où.ïí ±pè[ª direct speech E indirect speech öëºú Óö «ô ª-þ hîμ«àÿ«è[ùè :- said, told Í ±-êÿªùc.- Ú ÙC Ñë -ï -ô -é-õìª Þœ ªEÙàŸÙè : - eg-1: She said to her cousin, I am not going anywhere this evening. sû F þ óÿªùvêÿù ÓÚÛ\è Ú î μüœxè[ù öë ë]ªz To change this into the indirect/reported speech, said to her cousin, becomes told her cousin. I becomes she. Am not going becomes was not going as the reporting verb is in the past tense. So the indirect speech for this is: She told her cousin that she was not going anywhere that evening. sî þ óÿªùvêÿù êÿûμ-úû\-è Ú î μüœxåù öë ë]e êÿì ÚÛ>ûÂêÁ àμí pùcz eg-2: He said to his sister, I have seen this man somewhere before. 1. Sumptuous Lavish (expensive - ÜKëμjìz. eg: Our friend gave us a sumptuous dinner last night on the occasion of his daughter s wedding. H Sumptuous X Economical. sð»ë]ªšíjìz eg: Sita s mother, being poor, gave us an economical dinner. 2. Propensity Tendency sëåáô é z. eg: He has the propensity to criticize each and every one of his friends. H Propensity X Dislike síô³ù dêÿz. eg: He has a dislike for boasting of himself. 3. Vindication Justification sú ªJ ÙàŸªÚÁ åùz. eg: The vindication of his policy did not satisfy many people. H Vindication X Accuse seùcùàÿåùz. eg: He accused his friend of stealing his money. 4. Probity Honesty seâ óÿªbz eg: Mahatma Gandhi was a man of probity. H Probity X Corruption sínfaz eg: A number of Indians have corruption in their blood. They are born corrupt. 5. Lucid Easily understandable sú ªõòÅ ÙÞ Íô ªó ªuz eg: Her poetry is very lucid and can be under- His brother is a couch potato! Indirect speech/reported speech: He told his sister that he had seen that man somewhere before. sêÿì þ¼ë]-jêá àμð pè[ª, Ð ªE-ù E ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª ³Ù-ëμ-í ±pèá ÓÚÛ\èÁ àÿ«ø ìª ÍEz eg-3: Kumar said to his friends, I would leave you now. Indirect speech: Kumar told his friends that he would leave them then. sê ìª Ïí ±pèë î μüœ h-û oìª ÍE ÚÛª «ôâ êÿì úoï -êÿª-õêá àμð pè[ªz eg-4: The employer said to his employees, I cannot pay you higher wages. Indirect / reported speech: The employer told his employees that he could not pay them higher wages. sñëáu-þœùöëº EóŸª-NªÙ-#ì î üœxúûª ÑëÁuޜ٠Ï#a-û -óÿªì àμð pè[ª, ê ìª ÑëÁu-Þœª-õÚÛª ÍÙêŸÚÛÙçË -L- yöë -ìe.zvery, Very important: Whatever the type of sentence in the direct speech question, order, or exclamation, it is changed into assertive sentence/statement in the indirect speech. sþœªô ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè :- Direct speech öëº Ô ô ÚÛîμªiì î ÚÛu-îμªiû Indirect speech öëºú «ôa-å-í ±pè[ª, ë Eo «õª statement Þ û «ôaþ hùz. When a question without wh words (what, when, who, whom, whose, how, etc.,) is to be changed into indirect speech, we use whether or if. He said to me, Is this your pen? The indirect speech for this is: He asked me if / whether it was my pen. In the case of wh questions, the question is changed into a statement, with the wh word: Where is she going? he said to me. The indirect speech for this is: He asked me where she was going. You must have noticed, that whatever the type of question, it is changed into a statement in the Indirect speech. Same is the case with imperative sentences (orders, requests, etc.). eg: Get out, he said to me. This is something like an order. The indirect speech for this is again in the statement form: The indirect speech is: He told me to get out. Note that when you change orders, requests, etc., into the indirect speech, the order is changed into the infinitive (that is, to + Ist Doing word). Sit down, the teacher said to the students. The Indirect speech for this is: The teacher asked the students to sit down. Same is the case with exclamations too sîøœa-ô u-ô -Ú -õìª ÚÛ«è statement öëº Ú «ôaþ hùz: How beautiful the garden is! he exclaimed. The Indirect Speech for this is: He exclaimed that the garden was very beautiful. So you have seen whatever the type of sentence in the direct speech, it is changed into the statement form in the Indirect speech. stood even by little children. H Lucid X Confusing. sþœùë]ô ÞÁüŒÙ ÚÛLTÙà z. eg: What he writes is quite confusing and is very difficult to understand. 6. Officious Bossy sícåú ô Ù àÿ«í ÙàŸåÙz. eg: He is quite officious and the staff in the office dislikes his attitude. H Officious X Modest seþœjy Íô³ìz. eg: Though he is the boss, he is quite modest and all the staff likes him. 7. Charisma Attractive behaviour sîúûô {é óÿªîμªiì ìè[ è z. eg: He has a lot of charisma and people like him a lot. H Charisma X Repulsion snú ªÞœª í ±æ dùà z. eg: The very sight of him causes repulsion in me. 8. Cunning Deceitful sîμ«ú í ²JêŸîμªiìz. eg: The jackal is very cunning. H Cunning X Honest seâ óÿªb Ñìoz eg: His father is very honest and does not accept any bribes. 9. Couch potato A lazy person, particularly who watches the TV always and eats junk food. sþ¼ ªJÞ ÓÙêŸ úí ² æ O àÿ«ú «h ÚÛ«ôÁa è[ù, ÎôÁÞœuÚÛô Ù Ú E Îï ô Ù AìåÙz. eg: His brother is a couch potato and the only thing he does is to watch the TV and eat junk food. H Couch potato X Live wire. sàÿªô ªÚÛªÞ Ñìoz. eg: Though he is very young, he is a live wire and doesn t stay quiet a single minute. 10. Irresolute Undecided (of a person). síepaêÿùþ Ñìoz. eg: He is very irresolute and does not decide fast. H Irresolute X Resolute. seô góÿªù Bú ªÚÁÞœõz. eg: He is quite resolute and once he takes a decision, he sticks to it. B. Narasingarao Q: Sir, how to use "would"? Generally Indian speakers use "would to describe future possibilities instead of imaginary situations. Kindly explain about usage of would with examples. A: Would is used on a number of occasions: 1) First of all it is used as the past form of will, especially in Indirect Speech: eg: I thought he would help you. 2) Used as the result of an action: eg: If you were to meet him now, he would be very happy. 3) Would also means so that. He came here so that he would meet his friend, but by the time he came, his friend had already left. 4) Would expresses a wish also. eg: I wish you would not join the party. 5) Used for describing a possible action or wish that did not happen. eg: If I had asked him for a job, he would have given me. 6) Used for saying that someone was not willing to do something. eg: He would not change his mind, though it were bad for him. 7) Used also for polite requests. eg: Would you please help me in the matter? 8) Used to say what you like, love, hate, prefer etc. eg: I would only be glad to be of help you. 9) Used for polite offers or invitations: eg: Would you like some sweets? 10) Used with the meaning of imagine, say, think, etc. eg: I would imagine he had rather left home for some unknown place. 11) Would is also used with the meaning of wish. eg: I would you were not here anymore, because he will be angry with you, if he saw you. 12) Used for something that happened in the past. eg: When I was young, I would take long walks in the morning. 13) Talking about somebody s behaviour: eg: She would rather say that it was my fault. These are all the uses of would. It is used on a lot of occasions in Modern English. í@õ ÚÁú Ù àÿ«è[ àÿªa

3 ÎCî ô Ù 16 šúšídùñô ª We have seen in the last lesson that whatever the type of sentence in the direct speech it is changed into a statement in the indirect speech. Now let us practice changing direct speech into indirect speech. In this exercise we get all types of sentences: statement, order, question, and exclamation. Let us practice now: 1. We said to him, ''The weather is bad and the way is long.'' sî ê ô éù ò Þ öë ë]ª, ë J ÚÛ«è à ö ð»è[ªþœªz. 2. Ramana said to Raju, ''I shall leave this place as soon as I can.'' sô ªé ô VêÁ àμð pè[ª, ÓÙêŸ êÿyô Þ OöËμjê ÍÙêŸ êÿyô Þ ÏÚÛ\è ìªù# î μrxð¼ê ìªz. 3. He said to me, ''you are lucky, and I am unlucky.'' síêÿì ª û êá Íû oè[ª, cìª ±y Íë] ù d Ù꟪è N, û ìª ë]ªô ë] ù d Ù꟪è Eez. 4. He made a promise, ''I will come, if I can.'' síêÿìª û ÚÛª «å Ïà aè[ª, cû ìª ô ÞœLTê þ hìªez. 5. He said to me, ''I am glad to tell you that you have won the prize.'' sû ÚÛª ú ÙêÁù ÙÞ ÑÙC He is quite garrulous! shortest way back?'' Indirect speech: He asked me what the shortest way back was. Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech: 1. ''I am old and lonely,'' she said. ''Have you any pity on my loneliness? Stay with me, my best son, for you are yet a boy rather than a man.'' 2. An old crab said to her young one, ''Why do you walk so crooked, child? Walk straight.'' ''Mother,'' said the young crab, ''Show me the way, will you?'' 3. In the morning the wife said to her husband, ''Ram, I can tell you what is wrong with your clock''. ''Well, what is it?'' he sharply asked. ''It wants winding up,'' said his wife. 4. He said to the shoe maker, ''You are a big fool. You have done the reverse of what I told you. I asked you to make one of the shoes larger than the other, and instead, you have made one of them smaller than the other.'' FÚÛª àμ ípùë]ªúûª, FÚÛª ñï ªA #aùë]ez. Answers 1. We told him that the weather was bad and the way was long. 2. Ramana told Raju that he should leave this place as soon as I could. 3. He told me that I was lucky, and he was unlucky. 4. He promised that he would come if he could. 5. He told me that he was glad to tell me that I had won the prize. When the direct speech is an interrogative sentence, that is, a question, the reporting verb, say or tell is changed into ask or enquire. Direct speech: He said to me, ''What is the 5. ''My sons,'' said the father, ''a great treasure lies hidden in the estate. I am about to die.'' ''Where is it hid?'' said the sons. ''I am about to leave you,'' said the old man. ''You must dig for it.'' ANSWERS 1. She said that she was old and lonely and asked her son if he had any pity on her loneliness. She asked him to stay with her, for he was yet a boy rather than a man. when you utter the word, good. H Q: Sir, could you please let me know meanings of the following: 1) Heads up 2) reachable by 3) liaise - Satish Reddy Patlolla H Q: Sir, please explain stress and intonation in detail with examples. - Nikhitha, Yemmiganur A: Stress means the emphasis that we give to certain syllables in a word. Eg: Holiday in this h is stressed more than the other syllables. Similarly in the word alone, lone stressed more than a. In the word administer ad is stressed more than the other syllables. Intonation is the rise and fall of our voice, when we utter some words. It depends on the tone of your voice. When you utter an exclamation, say, How good he is! your voice rises A: Heads up a) A warning that something is going to happen, so that you can be prepared for it. b) A short talk or a statement about how a plan is developing. 2) A place/destination can be reached by ordinary methods of travel. 3) Cooperate on a matter of mutual concern. H Q: ú ôâ, Ú ÙC î Ú uõìª ÎÙÞœxÙöËºÚ Íìª CÙàŸÞœõô ª. 1) à êÿ î μìo ³ë]Ì, àμùþœõy í ²ë]Ùè[ 2) Në]u öë Eî è[ª NÙêŸ í øœ ± 3) Á ô ÛA ô êÿl 4) Îë]ô ) uú hê yõª ë ø ìoêÿu ú «#ÚÛõª 5) ªêŸÙ í àÿaešíjô ª; èå à ô õª ÚÛõªí ±îμ³úû\õª 6) ëå]ì õù Ïë]Ù áþœêâ - K. Eswar A: 1) Butter lump in hand, and lotus garland. 2) One who is not educated is a strange animal 3) You save trees and they will save you. 4) Model personalities indicate the greatness 2. An old crab asked her young one, why he walked so crooked. The young crab asked her mother to show him the way, would she? 3. In the morning the wife told her husband that she could tell him what was wrong with his clock. He asked her well, what it was. His wife said that it wanted winding up. 4. He told the shoe maker that he was a big fool and that he had done the reverse of what he had told him to do. He further said that he wanted the shoe maker to make one of the shoes larger than the other and instead he had made one of them smaller than the other. 5. The father told his sons that a great treasure lay hidden in the estate and added that he was about to die. His sons asked him where it was hid. The father said that he was about to leave them and that they had to dig for it of a nation. 5) Religion is a green crop, and superstitions are weeds. 6) The world moves on wealth. H Q: i) Are you going home? ii) Are you going to school? What is the difference between the above two? - Kantipudi Kameswara Rao A: Are you going home? as well as Are you going to school? Both the sentences are correct. Before home we don t usually use, to. H Q: Sir, please translate the following into English. 1) Íú õª ìª ±y í ±ådû öë ë]ª 2) Íú õª ìª ±y ÓÙë]ªÚÛª à a ±? - P. Ashok A: 1) You were not even born then. 2) Why did you come at all? 1. Innate Inborn (Existing naturally rather than acquired) sí ±åªdúûêá #aìz eg: My friend is innately highly merited and always stands first in the class. H Innate X Acquired sí ±åªdúûêá Ú ÚÛ ð»ùcìz. eg: She acquired the quality of nobility from her uncle. 2. Defray Provide money for expenditure süô ªaÚÛª è[g( yåùz. eg: The company offered to defray the expenditure of his travel from home to their office. H Defray X Owe (to be due some money) síí ±p Bú ªÚÁ åùz. eg: He owed the company a lot of money as he has taken advance of a month s salary. 3. Sinewy Full of muscles, strong súûùè[õª AJTìz. eg: The wrestler is sinewy and can beat any of his opponents. H Sinewy X skinny sàÿô tù «vêÿî ª Ñìo, ÚÛÙè[õª öë ÚÛªÙè z. eg: My cousin, due to his long ailment, is quite skinny. 4. Scrutiny Careful and thorough examination sepêÿ í K Ûz. eg: The passport officials subjected his passport to thorough scrutiny. H Scrutiny X Carelessness síâ vþœêÿhz. eg: He was quite careless about the examination of the document. 5. Penultimate Next to the last s# Jë E ÚÛÙçË ³Ùë]JCz. eg: The penultimate scene in the movie was quite moving. H Penultimate X Initial sîμ³ådîμ³ë]æ Cz. eg: The initial programme has been changed and a new programme brought in. 6. Legacy Inheritance sîú hö Ùæ N ú ÙvÚÛNªÙàŸåÙz. eg: His aunt left him a rich legacy and so there is no need for him to work at all. H Legacy X Dispossession sîú h Ï yúûð¼ åùz eg: His father s dispossession left him in utter poverty. 7. Fallacy False logic sú Ùë ï ú pë]îμªiì êÿô \Ùz. eg: His argument is full of fallacies H Fallacy X Logical sê J\ÚÛîμªiìz. The argument of the speaker was quite logical. 8. Garrulous Talkative sóí ±pè[««æ xè[ªêÿ«ñùèë z. eg: He is quite garrulous and never allows anybody to talk. H Garrulous X Reserved sóúûª\ «æ xè[úûð¼ åùz.eg: He is most of the time reserved and does not speak a single word.

4 ÎCî ô Ù 23 šúšídùñô ª Profane Showing no respect for religion or God s ªêŸÙ í åx Þ F, ë ±Eí åx Þ F ì ªtÚÛÙ He is very discreet! àÿ«í ÚÛ ð¼ åùz. eg: He always speaks in a profane language l Profane X Respectable sþ½ô FóŸªîμªiìz. eg: He speaks of God in a respectable language. 2. Encumbrance burden sò ëå]uêÿz/ a person or a thing that prevents somebody from doing what they want só ôjû Ôëμjû à óÿ«õìªúûªìo î JÚ ªEù Þ F ú ªh ±Þ F Íè[ª êÿþœõåùz. eg: I felt I was an encumbrance to them and came away from them l Encumbrance X Advantage sí Ú øœù ð»ùë]åùz 3. Proficient Skillful sû ô pjóμiªìz (Able to do something well because of training) eg: He is quite proficient in driving any type of vehicle. l Proficient X Untrained sp Ûé öë Ez. eg: He is untrained in games like cricket and does not know how to play the game. 4. Insipid Tasteless sô ª< í < öë Ez. eg: The coffee they gave us was insipid. l Insipid X Tasty sô ª#ÚÛõz. eg: The dinner they served us at the wedding was quite tasty. 5. Havoc Devastation / destruction snû øœùz Vani H Q: Sir, what is the difference between eg: The cyclone caused a lot of havoc in the northern states of the United States. l Havoc X Safety s ªÙ/ òå vë]êÿz. eg: The sufferers of the cyclone were moved to places of safety. 6. Fundamental Basic/ Essential s ª LÚÛîμªiìz. eg: He does not know the fundamental portion of the subject l Fundamental X Advanced s ªÙ# â ìù Ñìoz. eg: He has an advanced knowledge of rocket science. 7. Hazardous Risky / dangerous Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech: 1. Who will do this, if you cannot, said he to his son. 2. Have you not gone home yet? Your mother will be waiting for you, said the man to the boy. 3. Is this your umbrella? said the man to his neighbour. Why do you leave it here? Someone may steal it. 4. How great he is! He sacrificed everything for the sake of his sister, keeping nothing for himself. Such men are rare in this world, said he to his brother. 5. How do you know how many people are there? he said to his brother. I do not know, replied his brother. There may be around a few hundred people. They have all come prepared. 6. Sam knows where they are, said he to his brother. Ask him and he will tell you. The brother replied, There is no need to talk to him. There may be about nine or ten people, all of whom are sympathising with the suffering man. 7. What a great batsman Kohli is! He can i) advice advise ii) stationary stationery iii) to too iv) among between ú ôâ, Oæ Íô õª ÖÚÛçË û? A: Advice ú õï (noun). Advise ú õï Ï yåù (Verb) ii) Stationary Something like a train, standing at a place söúû àáå EL# Ñìoz. Stationery pencils, rubbers, etc. iii) To súûª/ Ú z; Too very much more than necessary sí ú ô îμªiì ë EÚÛÙçË ÓÚÛª\ z iv) between, you use between only two things. eg: They divided the property between the two of them. Among is used for more than two things. eg: Among the students (More than two) there is total dissatisfaction. sví «ë]úûô îμªiìz. eg: He took a hazardous step in saving the people who were being washed away by the floods. l Hazardous X Safe s ªÚÛô îμªiìz. eg: In spite of the dangerous floods, they were quite safe. 8. Puny Small and weak s#ìo, ñõïˆ ìîμªiìz. eg: The ant is a puny creature l Puny X Strong sñõ ÙêŸîμªiìz. eg: Bhima was a very strong man and could beat any of his enemies. handle any kind of ball that the bowler bowls. He is an adept batsman. No one equals him in the Indian team. Dhoni was there of course, but he has stopped playing, said he to his classmate. 8. What do you know about him? Do you know he is a very sensible person and never interferes in others affairs? If possible he lends a helping hand to others. That way he is very great, said she to her brother. 9. I know where to stand. You need not tell me. I have seen some of the greatest players in the game. Do you know half of what I know? said the man proudly to his neighbour. 10. Are you the one who caused all this trouble? said he top his neighbour. I am not going to spare you. Once I am out of jail, I will certainly do whatever I can, You will repent of this action. ANSWERS 1) He told his son who would do it, if his son could not. 2) The man asked the boy if he had not gone home yet and told him that his mother would be waiting for him. 3) The man asked his neighbour if it was his umbrella and why he left it there. He added that somebody might steal it. K. Vishnu H Q: Dear sir I am often confused with the following words. Please let me know their difference with examples. 1) brake break 2) bare bear 3) complement compliment 4) discreet discrete A: 1) Brake is the device to stop a vehicle. It is a noun. We apply brakes to stop a vehicle. Break on the other hand is to break something into pieces. He broke the glass windows of the car. 2) Bare naked eg: He is bare-bodied. That is he was without any clothing. Bear Tolerate. 4) He exclaimed to his brother that he was very great and added that he sacrificed everything for the sake of his sister, keeping nothing for himself and that such men were rare. 5) He asked his brother how he knew how many people were there. The brother replied that he did not know and that there might be around a few hundred people who had all come prepared. 6) He told his brother that Sam knew where they were. He told his brother to ask him and he would tell him. The brother replied that there might be about nine or ten people all of who were sympathising with the suffering man. 7) He exclaimed to his classmate that Kohli was a very great batsman and said that he could handle any kind of ball that the bowler would bowl. He praised Kohli as an adept batsman. Dhoni had been there of course, he added, but he had stopped playing. 8) She asked his brother what he knew about him and that if he knew he was very sensible person and never interfered in others affairs. 9) The man proudly told his neighbour that he knew where to stand, and that his neighbour need not tell him. He added that he had eg: I am unable to bear the heat of the summer. 3) Complement means something together with something else completes something. For example, 40 degrees and 50 degrees are complementary angles, because when added together they complete 90 degrees. Compliment means a word that expresses praise for somebody or polite words or good wishes used to express praise. eg: He complimented her on her cleverness. 4) Discreet Being careful about what you say or do to avoid difficulty for somebody. eg: He is very discreet about keeping secrets. Discrete different things of the same type. eg: He divided the things into discrete categories. Mangina Achyuta Ramiah H Q: cúûah Oªë] þ ³eE ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Ô ªÙæ ô ª? A: Walking on razor s edge. seen some of the greatest players in the game, and asked him if he knew half of what the man knew. 10) He asked his neighbour if he was the one who had caused all that trouble. He added that he was not going to spare him and that once he was out of jail, he would certainly do whatever he could. He add that he would repent of that action.

5 ÎCî ô Ù 30 šúšídùñô ª ÖÚÛ í ë]ù ÚÛEí ú ªhÙC. ÏÙÚÁ Íô Ù NEú ú ªhÙC. ÏÚÛ\è[ vú óÿª ÍÙæ ô ª. ÍÚÛ\è[ vú óÿª ÍÙçË Öí ±púáô ª. vòëμèâ, ñåôâ ôùè[ª ÚÛë ÍÙçË Ú ë]ª ÖÚÛ\çË ÍE ðæ¼ôâ\êá ð»è # ªK àμñªê ô ª. Ï Fo ÎÙÞœx òå ù Nû uþ õª î æ E Í Þ ï ì à ú ªÚÛªÙçË Íô ÙêŸîμªiì, ÍÙë]îμªiì òå ù ªì þ»ùêÿ ª ±êÿªùc. H Q: What is the difference between the following? -Kantipudi Kameswara Rao 1. They may come. 2. They might come. A: 1) They may come Their coming is doubtful s-î üœ x ô è[ù ú Ùë -ï î ªz 2) They might come Their coming is very doubtful s-î üœ x ô è[ù à ö ú Ùë -ï î ªz. H Q: Please clarify how to find out "Past Tense" and "Past Participle" from the following example? The teacher 'liked' all over the college. A: The teacher liked all over the college wrong. The correct sentence is: The teacher is liked all over the college. Liked is the past tense, and liked is again the past participle. The past tense liked is a verb, but the past participle liked is not a verb, unless it has a be form before it. eg: I liked his desire to study well. Here liked is a verb. He was liked for his skill in doing the job. Here liked is not a verb. High Tea Aû ø ô? Was liked is the verb. H Q: What is the difference between the following two? 1. He is working in this Institution from to till date. 2. He has been working in this institution from to till date. A: He is working in this institution till date (not to till date) Wrong. He has been working in this institution till date This is correct, because he has started working in 2011 and is still working. H Q: Kindly explain the meaning of "being" of the following sentences. 1. The Court opined that the document being unregistered cannot be read in evidence. 2. The applicant has reasonable apprehension of being arrested in the case. -Veerendra A: 1) Here being means because. Because the document is unregistered, it cannot be accepted by the court. 2) Here being arrested means He has the fear of the police arresting him in the case. Being arrested here is the passive form of arresting. H Q: What is meaning of "High tea"? -Mangina Atchutaramaiah A: High tea here means, a meal eaten in the late afternoon, or in the evening, consisting of a cooked dish, bread and butter and tea. H Q: Please explain the meanings with suitable examples for the following Idioms. -M.K. Reddy 1) Don't be a 'dog' in the manger. A: 1) Manger means an open box from which horses and cows feed. A dog in the manger means a dog which does not feed from the manger and does not allow other animals to eat the fodder (î ªêŸ) either. 2) Donkey's years A: Donkey s years means a very long time. 3) Eat like a horse A: Always eat a lot of food You have learnt direct and indirect speech, haven t you? Now we are going to learn AGREEMENT sívtîμªùæà ÍÙçË ú òëμbúûªd, ôâ(úûª ªëÅ]u ÑÙèË ú ÙñÙëÅ]Ùz. Agreement means the verb in a sentence being suitable to the subject of the sentence sívtîμªùæà ÍÙçË ÖÚÛ î ÚÛuÙö˺E vú óÿª Î î ÚÛuÙö˺E ú òëμbúûªdúûª ú ÙòËÙCÅÙ# ÑÙè[åÙz. See below the rules of agreement sð ÍvTîμªÙæÀ EñÙëÅ]ìõìª Ú Ùë] íô \û oùz. Rule No 1: When two or more subjects have a/an, or the before them, they refer to more than one subject, so the verb is plural. síùçë ôùè[ª öë ë ÍÙêŸÚÛÙçË ÓÚÛª\ subjects ³Ùë]ª a/ an Ú F, the Þ F ÑÙçË, Íí ±pè[ª, Î, subjects ôùè[ª öë ë ÍÙêŸÚÛÙçË ÓÚÛª\ ú òëμbúûªdõìª ú «#ú ªhÙC Ú ñæ d verb plural sñï àÿìùzþ û ÑÙåªÙC. eg: a) The president and the prime minister have been discussing the matter for an hour. sð î ÚÛuÙö˺ ÍëÅ]uÉè[ª, ví ëå ì ªÙvA, î ôyô ª uúûªhõª Ú ñæ d verb ñï àÿìùþ û ÑÙåªÙCz. b) A pen and a pencil are useful for writing. sïúû\è[ ÚÛ«è pen, pencil î ôyô ª ú òëμbúûªdõª Ú ñæ d verb plural Þ û ÑÙåªÙC. c) An Indian and an American were arguing with each other. söúû òå ô BóŸ³è[ª, ÖÚÛ ÍîμªJÚÛû î CÙàŸªÚÛªÙåªû oô ª n ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è òå ô BóŸ³è[ª î ô, ÍîμªJÚÛû î ô Ú ñæ d verb plural Í ±êÿªùcz. Rule No 2: When two or more subjects joined by and have a/an, or the only before one of them, the verb is singular, because they refer to only one person or one thing. s ôùè[ª öë ë ÍÙêŸÚÛÙçË ÓÚÛª\ subjects, and êá ÚÛLTìí ±pè[ª, î æ öëºx Ö Ú ë E ³Ùë]ª a/ an Ú F, the Ú F Ñìoí ±pè[ª ÍN Ö Ú uú he öë ë Ö Ú ú ªh ±ìª êμlóÿªâë þ hô³ Ú ñæ d, verb singular Þ û ÑÙåªÙCz. eg: a) The Secretary and treasurer has submitted his report. (Here the secretary and treasurer is the same person ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú ô uë]j), ÚÁø CÅÚ J, ÖÚÛ ô n ÍÙë]ªÚÛE verb singular) b) The great writer and scholar has been honoured. (Here the writer and scholar are one and the same, so has been honoured is used ÏÚÛ\è[ ô àÿô³êÿ, í Ùè êÿªè[ª ÖÚÛ ô Ú ñæ d verb singular.) c) Bread and butter is what man earns for. (Here bread and butter refers to food, so the verb is singular ÏÚÛ\è[ bread and butter Îï ô Eo êμõªí ±êÿªùc Ú ñæ d, verb singular) 1. Zest Enthusiasm / Zeal sñê q-ï Ù-z. eg: He does his job with all zest as he likes it very much. Antonym: Apathy (lack of enthusiasm - Ñê qï Ù- öë ÚÛð¼ è[ùz eg: He has apathy for any kind of work as he is very lazy. 2. Contend compete s-ð¼æ à óÿª-è[ù-z eg: All the three contended for the prize, so that they can be on the top. Antonym: Yield s-öë¹ù-t-ð¼- -è[ùz. eg: The enemies yielded to him without any resistance. 3. Impoverish make somebody poor s- í-ë]-î -üœ xþ à óÿª-è[ùz-. eg: The loss in his business impoverished him. Antonym: Enrich s-ëå]-e-úûª-õªþ à óÿª-è[ù-z. eg: Having succeeded in the competition, he was enriched. 4. Avert prevent s-í-è[ª -í -è[åù/- áô -Þœ-F-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼- è[ùz.eg: The accident was averted and all the people on the train were saved. Antonym: Aid s-þ -óÿª-í -è[-åù-z.eg: He aided the flood victims by donating a large amount. 5. Onus Responsibility s-ò -ëå]u-êÿ-z.eg: The onus of proving that he is innocent lies on his friend. Antonym: Exoneration -sp Û ìªù# êÿí pù-àÿ-è[ù-z. eg: He has been exonerated from the crime as he was proved innocent. 6. Miserable Pitiable s-â L í è[-ë]t-ì-z. eg: The condition of the children who are orphaned is really miserable. Antonym: Happy s-ú Ù-êÁ-ù Ù-z. eg: They are quite happy as their father has provided them with sufficient money. 7. Minute (pronounced mainyute) Very small s-à ö ú «Ût-îμªi-ì-z. eg: The water he gave us for drinking contained minute particles of dirt. Antonym: Huge (very big -à ö šíë]ì-ëμj-ì-). eg: The school building is quite huge and can accommodate at least two thousand students. 8. Miserly Stingy s-í -ú -û Jz. eg: He is quite miserly and does not spend even a paisa on necessities. Antonym: Generous s-ë ì ÞœªéÙ Ñìoz. eg: Karna was very generous and never denied anything to anyone who asked him for something. 9. Laudable Praiseworthy sîμª-àÿªa-úá-ë]-t-ì-z. eg: His efforts were quite laudable to help the flood victims. Antonym: Blamable s-eù-cù-àÿ-ë]-t-ì-z. eg: He is blamable for the loss he caused to his company. 10. Reputation Fame s-ý u-a-z. eg: He has earned a lot of reputation for his generosity in helping the poor. Antonym: Disrespect s-íí Ý ua-z. eg: His swallowing funds caused him a lot of disrespect.