THE TRANSLATION STRATEGY OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF THE INFILTRATOR

Transcription

1 THE TRANSLATION STRATEGY OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF THE INFILTRATOR MOVIE An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Strata (S1) By AJI FACHRIZAL ( ) ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2018

2 ABSTRACT Aji Fachrizal, The Strategy of Idiomatic Expression in English Indonesian Subtitle of The Infiltrator Movie. An undergraduate thesis: English Language and Literature, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, This study aims at examining the translation strategies used in translation of idiomatic expression in the subtitle of The Infiltrator movie and how they dealt with meaning. The aims of the research are: (1) to find out what kinds of strategies that the translator uses to translate idiomatic expression in The Infiltrator movie. (2) to find out how the strategy deal with the meaning equivalence in translating idiomatic expression of The Infiltrator movie. Moreover, the researcher presented qualitative method using theories by Fernando and Mona Baker to reach research objective. The result of this research showed that: Firstly, there are three types of idiom found in the subtitle. However, literal idiom were the most used idiom types. There are 5 literal idioms, 3 pure idioms and 2 semi-idioms. Secondly, there are 3 idiom translation strategies that used in the target language subtitle. The most frequent translation strategies used in translating the idioms are translation by paraphrasing. There are 6 idioms translated by paraphrasing, 2 used similar meaning and form and 2 by similar meaning but dissimilar form. There is no idiom translation found using translation by omission. Lastly, dynamic equivalence is the most dealt equivalence in the translation strategy. However, using those theories were impacted to a better acceptance for all target audiences. Keyword: Idiom, translation strategies, meaning equivalence. i

3 APPROVEMENT The Translation Strategy of Idiomatic Expression in English Indonesian Subtitle of The Infiltrator Movie An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Strata One AJI FACHRIZAL NIM: Approved by: M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum. NIP (Day/Date: ) ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2018 ii

4 LEGALIZATION Name : Aji Fachrizal NIM : Title : The Strategy of Idiomatic Expression in English Indonesian Subtitle of The Infiltrator Movie The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty s Examination Committee on. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one. Jakarta, Examination Committee Signature Date 1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd (Chair Person) Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, (Secretary) M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum. (Advisor) Danti Pudjianti, S. Pd., M.M., M.Hum (Examiner I) 5. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum. (Examiner II) iii

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6 AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful All praises be to Allah SWT, the one and only God, for the blessings that have allowed the writer to finish this research. Peace and blessing are upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and his followers. This research paper is presented for English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University "Syarif Hidayatullah" Jakarta as a partial of requirements for the degree of strata one. This work could not be completed without a great help and support from many people. The writer gives his eternal gratitude to his parents Rudi Gunawan and Eliya Puspitasari for their never ending supports and his two beloved siblings Andre Krisnamurty and Elfira Tiara Salsabila and also all others his family members who always support him every time. All their financially and mentally supports makes the researcher could finish his research. The researcher also wants to give his thanks to some persons who have contributed so much while this paper is in the process of research until it becomes a complete work, they are as follows: 1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil M.Ag., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta; 2. Mr. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta; v

7 3. Mr. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Ms. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department; 4. Mr. M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum, the researcher s advisor, researcher s thanks is for his time, guidance, kindness and contribution in correcting and also helping him in finishing the paper. 5. All the lecturers and the staff of English Letters Department. 6. All researcher s friends in the English Letters Department, mostly to Apadah (Anam, Andi, Alvi, Budi, Danti, El, Elsya, Lana, Sari, Widya) and Crowsa. Finally, the researcher realizes that this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, the researcher would like to accept any constructive suggestion to make this thesis better. Jakarta, 30 November 2017 The Researcher vi

8 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT... i APPROVEMENT... ii LEGALIZATION... iii DECLARATION... iv AKNOWLEDGEMENT... v TABLE OF CONTENT... vii CHAPTER I... 1 A. Background... 1 B. Research Questions... 4 C. Objective of Research... 5 D. Benefits of Research... 5 E. Research Methodology Research Methods Research Instruments Unit of Analysis Data Analysis... 6 CHAPTER II... 6 A. Previous Research... 6 B. Theoretical Framework Process of Translation Subtitling Translation (AVT) Theory of Figurative Expression Categorizing Idiom Strategy of Translating Idioms Equivalence in Translation CHAPTER III A. Data Description B. Data Analysis CHAPTER IV A. Conclusions B. Suggestion vii

9 WORK CITED APPENDICES viii

10 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background Every language has its own idioms which develop according to the culture of the source language. According to McCarthy and O Dell (2010: 6) idiom is a combination of words that has a meaning that is different from the meanings of the individual words themselves. If used in everyday language, they have other meaning than the basic one you would find in the dictionary. Idioms are used in our daily conversation and can also be found in movie dialogue. Since movie has an oral language, then the problem that needs to be analyzed is how people put their words into written form of language. To solving the problems, translation activity is needed. The translator must make subtitle that is sometimes included idiomatic expression from foreign language. According to (Sayogie 6) translation is an attempt to transfer messages from one language to another. Therefore, we cannot judge translations merely as substitutes for text in one language to another. Thus, the essence of translation is an attempt to revisit messages and a language into another. In doing the translation of course there is something to be considered, one of which is the selection of words, it is very important to make the translation result is not ambiguous. Translators should also consider the point of view or culture between languages when translating a thing.

11 2 A translation result can be considered successful if the messages, thoughts, ideas, and concepts in the source language can be conveyed to the target language. Translating results are considered successful if the subtitles can provide an experience similar to the original text (Newmark 48). This will be difficult because of differences in language and cultural systems between the source language and the target language. A good translator should not only be able to overcome the differences in language and cultural systems, but he should also be able to capture the implicit message or message that is in the source language and relay it back into the target language. This is important because the integrity of a text is influenced somewhat by the implicit message or meaning contained in it. Translating a text not only in the scientific field, but also on non-scientific fields. One of them is to translate subtitle movie. At this time, movie can be enjoyed in the cinema or just on television and of course It is accompanied by many subtitle translators appear to provide subtitle facilities to movie lovers who do not understand the original language of the film. As said Keitah (2013) subtitle is a translation file in the form of writing or text of a movie that will be displayed on a foreign film with the purpose of movie lovers can understand what is being discussed by the characters in the film. On the other hand, with subtitle the spectators of the movie can understand the contents of the movie and the meaning of the idiomatic expression in that movie without misunderstanding and ambiguity. This is a lot of subtitle that is translated into several languages, especially Indonesian language that allows the audience to receive messages delivered in the

12 3 film. However, many subtitle makers are not completely perfect with no attention to the techniques and procedures of translation are good and correct so that if makes the received message to be difficult to understand. This explains that translating the script of a movie is not easy, because to do the translation requires precision in the selection of words for meaning and messages in the film delivered correctly. Translation techniques and procedures are also very important to produce a good translation. (Sayogie 53) says that knowledge of translation procedures is essential for translators. Therefore, translation techniques and procedures must be properly studied in order that the translator can conform properly, either grammatically or in the sense contained in the source language. In this study, the researcher is interested to analyse the subtitle of the film The Infiltrator by Brad Furman as the object of research. The Infiltrator is a film that tells of a US Customs officer who revealed a money-laundering scheme involving Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar. When the researcher reads the original subtitle and the translation of the subtitle, the author finds an irregular translation in it. SL: He's nothing but a two-faced drug pusher. TL: Dia bukanlah siapa-siapa selain pengedar bermuka dua. The phrase of drug pusher is translated into the target language into a pengedar. In the source language, there are two words 'drug pusher', but the translator only translates the phrase into one word 'pengedar'. If translated with

13 4 real meaning, the drug pusher will be translated into a 'pendorong obat', drug pusher is known as an idiom because if it is translated semantically the received message will become odd. The translator considers the drug pusher and pengedar to have the equivalence of meaning. The word pengedar in Indonesian culture has a negative meaning and is associated with illegal drugs. So, it does not matter when the translator translates the drug pusher into a pengedar, because it does not change the message delivered from the movie script. From the explanation above, the researcher wanted to further analyse about subtitle translation of The Infiltrator film, especially on idiomatic translation in subtitle text. This study is entitled "The Translation Strategy of Idiomatic Expression in English Indonesian Subtitle of The Infiltrator Movie". In this study, researchers focused on idiomatic translation strategy used by translators to translate according to the context of English into Indonesian. B. Research Questions Based on what has been described in the background, it can be concluded some research questions, which include: 1. What are type of strategies that used by the translator to translate Idiomatic translation in the subtitle of The Infiltrator? 2. How does the strategy deal with the meaning equivalence in translating idiomatic expression?

14 5 research: C. Objective of Research Based on the Research Question, then the following is the purpose of 1. To know the strategies that the translator uses to translate idiomatic translation in the subtitle of The Infiltrator. 2. To find the strategy deal with the meaning equivalencies in translating idiomatic expression of the subtitle of The Infiltrator. D. Benefits of Research This research is expected to assist in finding translation procedures and differences in content related to the meaning of the translation that occurred as a result of the translation process in the subtitle of The Infiltrator. Therefore, this research will complement and provide more information on translating subtitles in general to the researcher himself and for readers who have an interest in the field of translation in particular to translate subtitle film. E. Research Methodology 1. Research Methods The researcher uses qualitative methods to obtain the information which contain idiomatic expressions in order to find conclusions that are available in the subtitle. The researcher attempted to explain the accuracy of translation from the

15 6 source language to the target language and to explain the reasons that reinforce the results of the analysis obtained. 2. Research Instruments The researcher acts as a research instrument for obtaining data research by observing films, marking and classifying translation procedures on subtitle The Infiltrator movie. 3. Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis of this research is a subtitle of the The Infiltrator movie by HeisenbergLab taken from subscene.com. The movie is produced by Broad Green Pictures Studio and directed by Brad Furman. It was released in the United States on July 13, 2016 with 127 minutes duration. This research unit is primarily on the contained idiomatic translation. 4. Data Analysis The collected data will be analyzed qualitatively with these steps: a. First, the researcher analyzes types of idiomatic expression based on Fernando s theory. b. Second, the researcher analyzes idiom translation strategies which are used to translate idiomatic translation in The Infiltrator movie according to theories taken from Baker. c. Researcher analyzed data that had been selected using equivalencies by Nida and Idiom translation strategies by Baker; d. Researcher report the results.

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17 CHAPTER II IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION CONCEPT A. Previous Research Based on the study that has been done, there are some related researches on translating idiomatic expression. First related study was done by Mg. M. Frennandy Ngestiningtyas s research (2013) entitled "An Analysis on Idiom Translation Strategies in The Rainbow Troops". His study is aimed at examining the translation strategies used in the translation of idioms in the novel Laskar Pelangi from Indonesian into English. His data were collected by listing the idioms in the source text and their corresponding translation in the target text, which is named, The Rainbow Troops. He also identified the idioms by classifying the idioms found using McCarthy and O Dell s theory about the classification of idiom types. His obtained data were analyzed by using idiom translation strategies proposed by Baker (2007). The most frequent translation strategies used in translating the Indonesian idioms is translation by using similar meaning and form. The other strategies that he applied are translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrasing. There is no idiom found using translation by omission or ellipsis strategy in his research. Another previous research related with the current research was done by Rizky Febriawan Saputro s (2012) entitled Idioms and Strategies of Translation

18 7 in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. His research describes the translation of idioms expression found in the novel Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows published by Bloomsbury and the strategies in translating idioms applied based on Baker (2001). He provided a detailed description about the translation strategies in translating idiomatic expressions found in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows. His study showed that the cultural difference becomes the main concern in keeping the original meaning, especially when dealing with idiomatic expressions. When translating idioms, he used some adjustment in the certain context to keep the correct meaning, so the translated text is still readable and clear. The last previous research related with the current research was entitled Translation of Idioms and Fixed Expressions: Strategies and Difficulties by Amir Shojaei (2012). His research tried to investigate and identify firstly some existing obstacles in the process of translating Turkish-English idiomatic pairs and suggest some weighty theoretical strategies to overcome such difficulties. His study also aims to find the number of factors which should be considered in order to translate idiomatic expressions correctly. His research problem is almost similar with Febrian Saputro s research that the cultural difference becomes the main concern in keeping the original meaning in translating idiom but the difference was in the implementation. He made an attempt to exemplify the difficulties and strategies regarding this problem so that list of existing difficulties might be stated for the readers and translators of such expressions. Both previous studies above showed that they have related focus with

19 8 the current study. The research focus was idiomatic expression. The differences are also could be seen on the aim of the research. First previous research aimed to translating idioms expression from Indonesian to English of the Andrea Hirata s novel entitled Laskar Pelangi. He used his own perspective to the translation method because the novel use informal language which it tells daily life story that experienced by the reader s life. The second research purpose discovered the most commonly applied strategy for translating idioms expression and also focused on chosing the appropriate translation of the novel for the target readers. The last research aims to suggest some weighty theoretical strategies to overcome such difficulties in translating idiom from English to Turkish. However, the current study attempted to address a research question. On the types of strategies used to translate idiomatic expressions in the The Infiltrator movie s subtitle into Indonesian. This study will also analyze the translation strategies using Baker proposed four idiom translation strategies and its impact to the translation equivalence. The idiom translation strategies are using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission. This study uses Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber theory to find the meaning equivalences in the translation. B. Theoretical Framework 1. Process of Translation In translation, there are several stages that must be passed by translator commonly called the translation process. The following is the translation process

20 9 proposed by the experts. Sayogie (2014: 18) said that in the process of translation, the translator performs a series of actions to devote their knowledge, skills, abilities, and his habit of redirecting a message from the source language to the target language through several stages using the procedure of translation, translation methods and techniques of translation. Nida and Taber explain the process of translation in three steps, the process of translation according to Nida and Taber can be described as follows.: (1) analysis, in analysis a translator explores the meaning and grammatical relationship of source language; (2) transfer, the transfer of the meaning of which is in the mind of the translator from the source language into the target language; (3) restructuring, the meaning that has been transferred is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in target language. The translation process steps described by Nida and Taber are both practical and comprehensive in comparing equality in both source and target languages.

21 10 Picture 1.1 Translation process by Nida and Taber The table from Nida and Taber above explain that the translation has process, a translator must have knowledge about the culture of both source language and target language. The translator must analyze the grammatical relationship and semantic structure, so the process to translation can be transferred from SL to TL. The translator must also translate carefully and check whether the transferred material is already restructured or not in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. 2. Subtitling Translation (AVT) According to Diaz-Cintas, subtitling may be described as a translation practice that consists of rendering in writing, usually at the bottom of the screen, the translation into a target language of the original dialogue exchanges uttered by diff erent speakers, as well as all other verbal information that appears written on screen (letters, banners, inserts) or is transmitted aurally in the soundtrack (song lyrics, voices off ). As opposed to dubbing which completely erases the original dialogue, subtitling preserves the original text, both aurally and visually, while adding an extra layer of information. Given the multimedia nature of the material with which they work, subtitle makers are expected to opt for solutions that strike the right balance and interaction between all these audio and visual dimensions. Linde and Kay also stated that subtitling was different from text translation in a number of ways: there were additional visual and audio components including a residual oral soundtrack; there was a change from oral to written language and,

22 11 finally, there were obligatory omissions in the source language (3). Moreover, subtitling dubbing and voice over too is should synchronized with translational parameters of image and sound (subtitles should follow what the characters are doing on screen), and time (i.e. the delivery of the translated message should coincide with that of the original speech) (Diaz-Cintas and Rameal 9). 3. Theory of Figurative Expression According to Nida and Taber (2003), figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of ideas often mediated through a supplementary component. Some types of figure of speech are metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism, hyperbole, and symbol. According to Larson (1998) metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense involving association. For example, "The kettle is boiling. ". However, a kettle cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate water which is usually boiled in a kettle. Synecdoche is figurative sense which based on part-whole relationships. For example, "give us this day our daily bread. ", bread associates food, because bread is a part of food. Nyoman K.R. (2009:446) states that synecdoche is divided into two types; Pars Prototo or part for whole relationships and Totem Proparte or whole for part relationship. Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which occurs in all language, but which is very language specific. For example, "He has a hard heart." has the meaning; he is indifferent to the needs of others.

23 12 Euphemism is a figurative expression which is used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one that is unpleasant. For example, The Jews avoided mention of the name of God by using the word heaven. Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said than the miter intended the reader to understand. For example, I'm frozen to death, this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1998:117). According to Michelson in Ordudari's journal (2008) he considers a figure of speech "an image transferred by something that stands for or represents something else, like flag for county, or autumn for maturity." Symbols can represent ideas embodied in the image without stating them. Symbols can be subject to a diversity of connotations; therefore, both the poet and the reader must exercise sensible discretion to avoid misinterpretation. 4. Categorizing Idiom According to Fernando (35-36), idioms can be grouped into three sub-classes: pure idioms, semi-idioms and literal idioms Pure idioms A pure idiom a type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression whose meaning cannot be understood by adding up the meanings of the words that make up the phrase. For the example: SL: Whatever you do, don t spill the beans! TL: Apa pun yang kau lakukan, jangan sebarkan rahasia tersebut!

24 13 From the terms above, we know that spill the bean is a pure idiom, because its real meaning has nothing to do with beans. Here is another example of pure idioms: Let the cat out of the bag, kick at the cat, red neck Semi-idiom A semi-pure, on the other hand, has at least one literal element and one with a non-literal meaning. For the example: SL: Don t worry, I will foot the bill. TL: Jangan khawatir, aku yang akan membayar. The example above showed that foot the bill is one example of a semi-idiom, in which foot is the non-literal element, whereas the word bill is used literally. Here is another example of semi-idioms: Fish out of water, middle of nowhere, walking on eggs Literal idioms Literal idioms are semantically less complex than the other two, and therefore easier to understand even if one is not familiar with these expressions. For the example: SL: I love you from the bottom of my heart. TL: Aku mencintaimu dari lubuk hatiku yang paling dalam. From the example above, the idiom bottom of my heart will easily understand because it uses the literal words. Here is another example of literal idioms: Coming out, vicious cycle, on foot, on the contrary.

25 14 Meanwhile, some idioms can be guessed if we hear them in context, that is, when we know how they are used in a particular situation. For example, let us take the idiom to be at the top of the tree. If we hear the sentence John is at the top of the tree now, we are not sure what this is saying about John. Perhaps it means that he is in a higher position or that he is hiding. But if we hear the phrase in context, the meaning becomes clear to us. The idiom means to be at the top of one s profession, to be successful. However, some idioms are too difficult to guess correctly because they have no association with the original meaning of the individual words. Here are some examples: to tell someone where to get off, to bring the house down, to take it out on someone. The learner will have great difficulty here unless he has heard the idioms before. Even when they are used in context, it is not easy to detect the meaning exactly. To get off usually appears together with bus or bicycle. To knows the meaning of an idiom we must have to learn it as a whole because we often cannot change any part of it. According to Berman (2000) we cannot normally change the words, their order, or the grammatical forms in the same way as changing non-idiomatic expression. In other words, idioms are basically fixed expressions. If we found idioms, we cannot change the structure or translate it per words, as idioms tied to each other; means we cannot delete or add words. Some idioms are fixed in some of their parts but not in others. Some idioms allow only limited changes in the parts that are not fixed. For the example is the

26 15 idiom to take forty winks. The idiom means to take a nap for a short period of time. We can only change the tense of the verb like to take/ have/enjoy forty winks but we cannot say fifty winks. One cannot explain why this is wrong. We must accept the idiomatic peculiarities of the language and learn to handle them. 5. Strategy of Translating Idioms In providing ideal translation, some translators face difficulties on translating idioms. Baker (2007: 68-71) summarized the difficulties involved in translating idioms, such as: an idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language, an idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but its context of use may be different; they may have different connotations or not be pragmatically transferable, an idiom may be used in the source language in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time and this play on idiom may not be successfully reproduced in the target language, and the convention regarding idioms in written discourse, the contexts in which they can be used and their frequency of use may be different in the source language and target language. According to Machali (2009: 3), translators might be mistaken in losing the tone or meaning of idioms in translating them as they think of the idioms as ordinary expressions. Therefore, in order to transfer the messages of idioms to be translated accurately and efficiently, the translator must choose the most appropriate strategy.

27 16 Therefore, Baker proposed four idiom translation strategies in her book In Other Words: A course book on translation (2007: 72-78). The idiom translation strategies are using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission Using an Idioms of Similar Meaning and Form This strategy is to translate idioms by using an idiom very similar in its form and meaning to the source language idiom. It must express roughly the same meaning and be of equivalent lexical items. For the example: SL: Jeff has such a big head and thinks he's in charge of everything. TL: Jeff sangat besar kepala dan berpikir bisa mengatur segalanya. The idiom big head which means someone who believes that they are very clever or very good at an activity and who thinks that other people should admire them translated into besar kepala because both of target language and source language has the same structure Using an Idioms of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form Idiom or fixed expression in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression, but which consists of different lexical items. For the example: SL: The children is playing cat and mouse in the house. TL: Anak-anak sedang bermain petak umpet di dalam rumah.

28 17 The idiom playing cat and dog which means alternate between kinds of behavior when dealing with someone, often in matters of pursuit, can be translated into bermain petak umpet. Even playing cat and dog has dissimilar form with petak umpet, they have exactly the same meaning with the source language Translation by Paraphrase According to Baker, this is the most common way of translating idioms when a match cannot be found in the target language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages. For the example: SL: The old man is kick the bucket. TL: Kakek itu meninggal dunia. The idiom kick the bucket which means die have no match or similar preferences in target language, if translated using literal translation it become menendang ember. So, it paraphrased into meninggal dunia which more acceptable in the target language than translated literally Translation by Omission According to Baker (2007, p.77) omission is allowed only in some cases: first, when there is no close equivalent in the target language; secondly, when it is difficult to paraphrase; finally, an idiom may be omitted for stylistic reasons. For example: SL: He might get up the juice to kiss me. (to build up the courage)

29 18 TL: Dia mungkin akan mencium saya. The idiom get up the juice which mean has no close equivalent in target language. It also difficult to paraphrase. So, this idiom can be translated by omission into dia mungkin akan mencium saya. 6. Equivalence in Translation Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation because every translator always aims for meaning equivalence. Almost all translation scholars in their theories somehow refer to the equivalence as the most crucial parts of translation. Translation equivalence occurs when source language and target language texts or items are related to the same relevant features of situation substance. As stated in Shakernia (2014), Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence Formal Correspondence Formal correspondence is quality of a translation that keeps the form of the source text in the target language. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. This means that the message in the receptor culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine the standards of accuracy and correctness.

30 Dynamic Equivalence Dynamic equivalence is quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been transported into the target language that the response of the target receptors is essentially like that of the original receptors. Nida said as quoted in Shakernia (2014) that dynamic equivalence is 'the principle of equivalent effect', where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as which existed between the original receptors and the message. The aim of dynamical equivalence is to take the effect on the recipient's response as the first priority. Meanwhile, unlike the Nida theory above, Catford's approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida since Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work. Those approaches are textual equivalence and formal correspondence Textual Equivalence The textual translation equivalence is that portion of target language text which is changed only when a given portion of source language. Textual equivalence comes into play when translation on the basis of formal correspondence in not possible Formal Correspondences Formal correspondence itself defines as any target language category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said occupy, as nearly as

31 20 possible, the 'same' place in the 'economy' of the target language as the given source language category occupies in the source language. It is clear from explanations above, in this research, the researcher will use Nida s equivalence theory to find out the emphasis or inclination for meaning equivalence in The Infiltrator film in target language which are the formal and dynamic equivalence.

32 CHAPTER III RESEARCH ANALYSIS A. Data Description In this chapter, the researcher tabulates the data which are the idiomatic expression in the subtitle of The Infiltrator movie that produced by Broad Green Pictures Studio and the Indonesian subtitle which was taken from subscene. Here, the researcher tries to tabulate the collected data through the following table: 1. Idiomatic expression used in the movie. 2. The translation of English idiomatic expression into Indonesian. 3. Category of idiom 4. Idiom translation strategies This study aimed to find idiomatic expression used by the actors and actresses who made a dialogue in The Infiltrator movie and marks the words that are considered as idiom. The researcher tries to analyze and to classify the selected idiomatic expression by its type and analyze the idiomatic translation strategies used in the translation whether they deal with the equivalence or not. The data are as follow:

33 24 Table 3.1. Data Description No Idiomatic Expression in SL I am gonna watch you wiggle away keep your eyes off my girlfriend It's like my appendix burst Idiomatic Expression in TL Sekarang aku akan melihatmu melenggok jangan lihat-lihat pacarku Rasanya seperti usus buntuku putus 4. Get on the ground! Tiarap! Oh, yeah. Piece of cake Watch out, you're stepping on all the bodies, man. Now, I'm gonna feed the wire. So, I need a face-toface with the man who runs Southern Air Transport He's nothing but a two-faced drug pusher He's nothing but a two-faced drug pusher Oh, ya. Gampang. Hati-hati, kau menginjak semuanya. Aku harus memasang kabelnya. Jadi, aku harus berhadapan langsung dengan orang yang menjalankan Southern Air Transport Dia bukanlah siapasiapa selain pengedar bermuka dua Dia bukanlah siapasiapa selain pengedar bermuka dua Categories of Idiom in SL Literal idiom Literal idiom Literal idiom Literal idiom Pure idiom Pure idiom Semi idiom Pure idiom Literal Idiom Semiidiom Idiom Translation Strategies Similar meaning but dissimilar form Translation by paraphrase Similar meaning and form Translation by Paraphrase Translation by Paraphrase Translation by Paraphrase Similar meaning and form. Translation by paraphrase Similar meaning but dissimilar form Translation by paraphrase

34 25 B. Data Analysis From the tabulated data above, there are ten data of idioms. The researcher will try to analyze and classify the idiomatic expression by using relevant theory, then analyze the translation strategies used in the translation whether they deal with the meaning equivalence or not. Datum 1 SL: I am gonna watch you wiggle away. TL: Sekarang aku akan melihatmu melenggok. From the data above, the idiom wiggle away is classified into literal idiom. According to Oxford Dictionary, the word wiggle mean is move or cause to move up and down or from side to side with small rapid movements and the away mean is maintaining a physical distance from someone or something. So, the phrase wiggle away can be understood as moving or walk leaving something or someone as the hips is jiggle. The speaker in the movie uses this idiomatic expression when a man was watching a girl leaving him. The researcher analyzes that the translator applies Baker's second strategy of translating idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form the source language idiom has the same meaning with the target language idiom although the form between two idioms is different. The translator translates wiggle away into melenggok which has similar meaning and acceptable in the target language. The translation is also using formal correspondence because source language meaning is preserved in target language, and it shows that the translation tries to replicate the content to preserve originality.

35 26 Datum 2 SL: Keep your eyes off my girlfriend. TL: Jangan lihat-lihat pacarku. The idiom keep your eyes off is classified into literal idiom because the meaning is to cause someone eyes from looking something which can easily to understand in the SL. The speaker in the movie using this expression to avoid someone from looking his girlfriend. The translator translating the English idiom into Indonesian is applies Baker's second strategy of translates idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form. This idiom keep your eyes off translated into jangan lihat-lihat because the source it has the same meaning with the target language but have a dissimilar form. So, it can be assumed that this idiomatic expression is a kind of formal correspondence in Indonesian language, because it tries to have naturalness and be close to the source language message. Datum 3 SL: It s like my appendix burst. TL: Rasanya seperti usus buntuku putus. The idiom my appendix burst was typed into literal idiom, because both of the words are used literal meaning. The word burst which means break, and appendix is used literally which according to the Cambridge Dictionary means a small tube-shaped part that is joined to the intestines on the right side of the body and has no use in humans if it is translated into Indonesian is usus buntu.

36 27 The translator applies Baker s first strategy of translating idiom. It is the idiomatic translation strategy by similar meaning and form. Therefore, this translation dealt with formal correspondence because the message of the translation is still keeping the natural meaning from the source language. Datum 4 SL: Get on the ground! TL: Tiarap! From the data above, it showed that the phrase get on the ground is categorized as literal idiom. The speaker who using the expression is police whom trying to tell the civilian avoid the gunshot by prone. The translator uses the translation by paraphrase to translate the idiom into target language. The idiom get on the ground translated into tiarap because it has no exact match or similar preferences in the target language. So, it translated into tiarap which more easily to understand and acceptable in the target language. It can be assumed that the translation dealt with dynamic equivalent in Indonesian language because the translator wanted the target language reader to understand the situation of the conversation in the movie. The translator adds the preference that slightly changes the meaning from the source language and accepted by the target receptor. Datum 5 SL: Oh yeah. Piece of cake.

37 28 TL: Oh ya. Gampang. This idiomatic expression is classified into pure idiom. This type of idiom cannot be understood from individual words. The translator uses Baker s third strategy which is translation by paraphrase. This idiom uses paraphrase strategy because the form and the words in the target language are different from the source language. The meaning of piece of cake according to the Cambridge dictionary was something that is very easy to do. In the context of the movie, the speakers used this expression to answers all the job that he did. So, the idiom piece of cake translated into gampang in the target language is suitable with the real meaning of source language idiom. The translation also dealt with dynamic equivalent because it showed from the uses of the common word in the target language that makes it really simple for the reader or it can be said reader-oriented. Datum 6 SL: Watch out, you're stepping on all the bodies, man. TL: Hati-hati, kau menginjak semuanya. From the data above, the idiom watch out is classified into pure idiom. The idiom was translated into hati-hati in target language. The speakers in the movie uses this expression to remind his friend to be careful while doing his job. After knowing the meaning in translation and understanding the type, the strategy used to translate this idiom is translation by paraphrase. It could be seen from the translation, watch out was translated into hati-hati that was more understandable for the receptor rather than if the idiom was translated by using

38 29 literal meaning. However, the translation was dealt with dynamic equivalence because the translator not directly translate the idiom into the target language, but they find out the real meaning first in the source language and find the correct words which more acceptable in target language. Datum 7 SL: Now, I'm gonna feed the wire. TL: Aku harus memasang kabelnya. From the data above, the idiom feed the wire can be classified into semiidiom. It called semi idiom because feed is the non-literal element, whereas the word wire is used literally. However, it used the Baker s first strategy which is similar meaning and form. The idiom feed the wire translated into memasang kabelnya because the translation has same form and meaning. According to Cambridge dictionary, feed is put something into a machine or system which translated into memasang in the target language by the translator and wire mean is thin metal thread with a layer of plastic around it, used for carrying electric current which translated into kabel. Moreover, the speaker used this expression while he put a cable into the camera. The translation dealt with dynamic correspondence, because the translator tries to transferred the same message from the source language to the target language by adding more understandable idea in the translation. Datum 8 SL: So, I need a face-to-face with the man who runs Southern Air Transport.

39 30 TL: Jadi, aku harus berhadapan langsung dengan orang yang menjalankan Southern Air Transport. The idiomatic expression above was classified into pure idiom. The idiom face-to-face was translated into berhadapan langsung in target language. The researcher analyzed that the translator applied Baker s third strategy of translating idiom by paraphrasing the idiom. There are no exact words that match to translates face-to-face to the target language. So, the translator put an additional word to make the receptor in target language understand and translated into berhadapan langsung. The translation also dealt with dynamic equivalence because the translator added the idea to make the translation more complex and acceptable by the audience in target language. Datum 9 SL: He s nothing but a two-faced drug pusher. TL: Dia bukanlah siapa-siapa selain pengedar bermuka dua. From the data above, the idiom two-faced was classified into literal idiom. The idiom was translated into bermuka dua in target language which both of the words are uses the literal meaning. The strategy that used to translates the idiom was Baker s second strategy, which is similar meaning but dissimilar form. Two-faced translated into bermuka dua in target language which both of the words imply a similar meaning although the from between two words is different. The translation was dealt with formal correspondence because the translator

40 31 transferred the message of the translation without adding their idea and keeping the original meaning. Datum 10 SL: He s nothing but a two-faced drug pusher. TL: Dia bukanlah siapa-siapa selain pengedar bermuka dua. The idiomatic expression above was categorized as semi-idiom. It called semi-idiom because only the word drug which has the literal meaning. After knowing the type of idiom, the researcher analyzed that the translator applies Baker s third theory which is translation by paraphrase, because in the source language there are two words 'drug pusher' in the idiom, but the translator only translated it into one word 'pengedar'. The word pengedar in Indonesian culture has a negative meaning and is associated with illegal drugs. So, it does not matter when the translator translates the drug pusher into a pengedar, because it does not change the message delivered from the movie script and acceptable by the target language receptor. The translation also dealt with dynamic equivalent because the translator tries to uses common words in target language culture that make the translation simple for the target language reader.

41 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions After analyzing the data and based on the research findings, the researcher found all three types of idiomatic expression in the SL which were pure idiom, semi-idiom, and literal idiom. It shows that literal idiom was the most used idiom category in the movie because the idiom was easier to express rather than the other two idioms. From this study the researcher concludes that the translation of idiom is one of the most difficult challenges for translator. Therefore, translator should know some strategies to translate the idiom because the selection of appropriate idiomatic translation can affect the accuracy of translation. The researcher was only found three out of four idiomatic translation strategy that used to translating the idiom which were translation by paraphrase, translation by using similar meaning and form and translation by using similar meaning but dissimilar form. The most frequent idiomatic translation strategy used by the translator to translate English idioms into Indonesian is translating by paraphrase. The use of such strategies is quite helpful for translators in translating idioms, since they are the most common way to translate idioms. There are two types of equivalence which are used in the movie, there are formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The analysis explains that dynamic equivalence which was most collected in the movie. This translation is often used dynamic equivalence in this movie, as dynamic focuses more on the

42 33 reader and target language. The impact of using dynamic equivalence in translation is that it is easier for the audience to understand the translation. Therefore, it can be concluded that good translation is target audiences could fully understand the message from the source language. B. Suggestion as below: According to the conclusion above, the researcher gives some suggestion 1. For the subtitle translators, the researcher recommends the translator to learn more about the idiom both source language and target language. The researcher also suggests to the translators to understand the culture and the context of the idiom in order to produce an accurate idiomatic translation. 2. For the researchers who are interested in idiomatic translation, since the idiomatic translation drawing the attention to be explored, it is necessary to conduct further study. Therefore, it is expected for the researchers to develop their research regarding idiomatic translation. 3. For college student who are interested in idiomatic translation, from this current study the researcher hopes that the study can help others student who want to do a research in the field of idiomatic translation. 4. For English Letter Department from Adab and Humanities Faculty of the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, to translating the idiom knowing the cultural knowledge is needed. Therefore, in order to produce a good idiom translation, it would be better to add knowledge about idiomatic expression.

43 WORK CITED Auger, Peter. The Anthem Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory. London: Anthem Press, Print. Baker, Mona, eds. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge, Print. Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. New York: Routledge E-Book. Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. New York: Routledge E-Book. Beekman, John. Introduction to skewing of the lexical and grammatical hierarchies., E-book. Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford University Press, E-Book. Farkhan, Muhammad. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta: Adabia Press., Print. Fawcett, Peter. Translation and Language. New York: Routledge, Print. Fernando, Chitra. Idioms and idiomaticity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, E-Book. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill, Print. Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 4 th ed. New York: Routledge, Print. Nida, Eugene A. dan Charles R Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J.Brill, Print. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall International, Print. Ordudari, Mahmoud. Translation procedures, strategies and methods 11(2010). E-Journal. Saputro, Rizky Febriawan. Idioms and strategies of translation in harry potter and the deathly hallows (2012): Vol.1 pp E-Journal Shakernia, Shabnam. Study of Nida s and Newmark s Translating Theories on Two Short Stories (2013): pp E-Journal Shojaei, Amir. Translation of Idioms and Fixed Expressions: Strategies and Difficulties (2012): Vol. 2 pp E-Journal 34

44 Sayogie, Frans. Teori Dan Praktik Penerjemahan: Inggris - Indonesia: Inggris - Indonesia. Tangerang: Transpustaka, Venutti, Lawrence. Translation Studies Reader. 3rd Edition. UK: Taylor & Francis, E-book. House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, Print. Leonardi, Vanessa. Equivalence in Translation: Between Myth and Reality. Translation Journal 4:4 (2000): n. pag. Web. 21 May Mattiello, Elisa. Difficulty of Slang Translation. Translation Practices: Through Language to Culture. Ed. Ashley Chantler and Carla Dente. Amsterdam: Rodopi, Print. Matiello, Elisa. Keeping Lexical Complexity in Slang Translation. Lexical Complexity: Theoretical Assesment and Translational Perspectives, (2007), hlm E-Journal. Santas, Constantine. Responding to Film: A Text Guide for Student of Cinema Art. Chicago: Burnham Inc., Publishers, Print. Spears, Richard A. NTC s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. United States: McGraw-Hill Companies, Print. Venuti, Lawrence, eds. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge, Print. Meninggal. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online Web. 5 Oktober Play Cat and Dog. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. English Oxford Living Dictionaries Web. 5 Oktober

45 APPENDICES These appendices are taken from the internet on the web Genres: Biography Crime Drama Synopsys: A U.S. Customs official uncovers a money laundering scheme involving Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar. Release Date: 13 July 2016 (USA) Runtime: 127 min Production Co: George Films, Good Films Director: Brad Furman Writers: Ellen Sue Brown, Robert Mazur 36

46 The Plot Summary of The Infiltrator Movie In 1986, federal agent Robert Mazur (Bryan Cranston) goes under covers to infiltrate the trafficking network of Colombian drug kingpin Pablo Escobar. Working with fellow agents Kathy Ertz (Diane Kruger) and Emir Abreu (John Leguizamo), Mazur poses as a slick, money-laundering businessman named Bob Musella. Gaining the confidence of Roberto Alcaino (Benjamin Bratt), Escobar's top lieutenant, Mazur must navigate a vicious criminal underworld where one wrong move could cost him everything. 37

47 Datum 1 38

48 Datum 2 39

49 Datum 3 40

50 Datum 4 41

51 Datum 5 42

52 Datum 6 43

53 Datum 7 44

54 Datum 8 45

55 Datum 9 46

56 Datum 10 47