Photo Credits. Book Design

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2 Photo Credits Cover top left Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; Cover top right Corbis; Cover bottom left Library of Congress; Cover bottom center Najlah Feanny / Corbis; Cover bottom right Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; P.2-3 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis; P.4 Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; P.S Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; P.6 Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; P.7 AP Wide World Photos; P.7 John Springer Collection/ Corbis; P.S Betbnann/ Corbis; P.9 Betbnann/ Corbis; P.9 Underwood & Underwood/Corbis; P.lO Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis; P.ll Hulton Archive/ Getty Images; P.ll Bettmann/Corbis; P.12 Roger Ressmeyer /Corbis; P.13 Library of Congress; P.14 Photo by Arnold Newman/ Getty Images; P.15 Isamu Noguchi Garden Museum; P.16 by Photodisc Book Design Art Director: Laurie Murphy Designers: Sufjan Stevens, Susan Low, Colleen Pidel Photo Editors: Jacqui Wong, Tracy Armstead, Dian Lofton Executive Editors: Lorin Driggs, Susan Evento Copyright by TIME For Kids Used under exclusive license by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to School Permissions and Copyrights, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida Fax: TIME FOR KIDS and the red border are registered trademarks of Time Inc. HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/ or other jurisdictions. Printed in Mexico ISBN Ordering Options ISBN ISBN Grade 4 Collection Grade 4, Book 18, Package of

3 by Lisa Jo Rudy ~Harcourt SCHOOl PUBliSHERS Orlando Austin New York San Diego Toronto London Visit The Learning Site!

4 In California, the twentieth century was an exciting time. Photography and filmmaking were having tremendous growth. Ideas about dance, literature, and art were, too. People from all over the world wanted to come to California. The people in this Reader all lived in California. Their dances, movies, acting, books, photographs, and designs have inspired us. Isadora Duncan and Alvin Ailey helped invent new ways of dancing. Walt Disney and George Lucas developed ways to bring imaginary worlds to life. Florence Yoch,John Wayne, Shirley Temple, and Desi Arnaz made movies and TV more fun to watch. John Steinbeck, Amy Tan, and Robert Frost were writers. Their work has given us a better understanding of our nation and our place in it. Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange were photographers. Their work opened our eyes to the different landscapes and types of people in the United States. Isamu Noguchi and Charles and Ray Eames created new works in design and art. Members of the Alvin Ailey Dance Company rehearse "Revelations," one of Alvin Ailey's most famous dances.

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6 Isadora Duncan ( ) The Mother of Modern Dance At the beginning of the twentieth century, most professional dancers performed ballet (ba LAY). In ballet, dancers move to music using certain poses and moves, such as leaps and turns. But to Isadora Duncan, dance was an expression of the human spirit and should not be limited. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco. She and her sister, Elizabeth, grew up in a house filled with music and art. They began dancing at a young age. By the time they were teenagers, they were traveling to theaters in cities such as Chicago and New York. In 1899 Duncan and her family moved to London, England. There, she started to make up dances on the spot. She broke the rules of ballet by dancing barefoot and by skipping, hopping, and jumping on stage. Duncan's ideas inspired some of the most famous modern dancers of the twentieth century. The Isadora Duncan International Institute is headquartered in New York. It still teaches new dancers about Duncan's ideas. Isadora Duncan, photographed in

7 Alvin Ailey ( ) Dance Creator Alvin Ailey was a dancer and a choreographer (kawr ee AH gruh fer), a person who composes dance pieces. He made up dances to different kinds of music, such as jazz and classical. Alvin Ailey was born in Texas. He moved to Los Angeles with his mother in There he started taking tap-dancing lessons. In college Ailey studied with Lester Horton to become a modern dancer. Horton's dance company was one of very few that had both white and African American dancers. When Horton died, Ailey managed Horton's dance company. Ailey began to make up his own dances. In 1954 Ailey went to New York City. He starred in shows on Broadway. In 1959 he started his own dance company. One of his most famous dances is called "Revelations." In it, Ailey shows his memories of and feelings about growing up in a small African American community. Today the Alvin Ailey Dance Company still performs all over the world. Alvin Ailey, choreographer of almost 80 dances

8 Walt Disney ( ) Animation Pioneer Walt Disney was born when movies were first becoming popular. During his lifetime, he won 30 Academy Awards. He was the first person to mix sound and animation. He also invented the American theme park. Walt Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois. He spent most of his childhood in Marceline, Missouri. As a boy, Disney loved to draw cartoons. Later, he started his own art business. In 1921 he moved his business from Missouri to California and invited his brother, Roy, to join him. Walt and Roy started making short animated cartoons-movies with cartoon characters that moved-for Hollywood producers. In 1928 Walt Disney introduced Mickey Mouse to the world in a short film called Steamboat Willie. It was the first film that combined sound with animation. Soon Disney created more animated animal characters. In 1946 Disney started producing films of real animals in the wild and making his own TV show. Disneyland, the world's first theme park, opened in California in Walt Disney's ideas and imagination have changed the way people think about entertainment. Walt Disney sketches on his drawing board in Burbank, California.

9 Florence Yoch { ) Landscape Designer Florence Yoch designed landscapes. Born in Santa Ana, California, Yoch visited gardens all over the world. Then she found ways to use plants and soils available in California to re-create famous gardens. She created them for families, for clubs, and for films! One of Yoch's most important jobs was the creation of the gardens and landscapes for the movie Gone with the Wind. George Lucas (1944- ) Special-Effects Genius In 1977 George Lucas changed the way movies were made with a fantasy adventure set in outer space. To make the movie seem real, Lucas invented new special effects. He started companies to make the visual and sound effects. The companies later invented new technologies to bring prehistoric worlds to life and to create digital actors-actors created by computers. Lucas was born in Modesto, California. Lucas's first popular movie, American Grqffiti, was about growing up in the 1960s. It won several awards and five Academy Award nominations. George Lucas expanded the boundaries of filmmaking technology. He is an inspiration to other filmmakers, especially those creating special visual and sound effects. George Lucas,

10 John Wayne ( ) Hero of the Wild West Through his westerns and war films, John Wayne became a symbol of the American spirit. John Wayne was born in Iowa, but his fanuly soon moved to California. By the time he was 12 years old, Wayne was working at part-time jobs to help support his fanuly. Some of his jobs were at film studios. There Wayne met the director John Ford. Ford helped Wayne get his first movie role. Between 1939 and 1976,John Wayne tnade 75 movies. He usually played a man of action. He earned many awards, including an Academy Award for best actor. Today his legend as a symbol of the Arnerican spirit lives on. John Wayne and Aissa, his daughter, in 1960

11 Shirley Temple (1928-) The Nation's Sweetheart Shirley Temple acted, sang, and tap-danced her way into grownups' hearts. She delighted audiences with her joyful personality, mop of curly hair, and dimples. Shirley Jane Temple was born in Santa Monica, California. By the time she was five years old, she had made nine full-length movies. And she was one of the biggest movie stars in the United States. When she was only seven years old, Shirley won her first Academy Award. By the time she was in her early twenties, Shirley Temple had stopped acting in movies. As an adult, Shirley Temple Black ran for the United States Senate and served as an ambassador to several countries. Today Shirley Temple still charms audiences who see her films on television. She has served our country well through her entertainment and political good will. 7f~B ;ft FOCUS ON Desi Arnaz ( ) Musician and Actor Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y Acha Ill, also known as Desi Arnaz, was born in Cuba. He became an American bandleader and actor whose charm and talent kept people dancing and laughing. The Arnaz family fled Cuba in 1933 to escape a violent revolution. In the United States, Arnaz worked as a musician. He introduced the conga line, a latin dance, to American audiences. Arnaz started his own band and starred in Broadway shows and Hollywood movies. Together with his wife, lucille Ball, he went on to star in the most popular television comedy show ever filmed, "I love lucy." 9

12 john Steinbeck ( ) American Storyteller John Steinbeck was a great storyteller. His books about life in the United States in the twentieth century are still read today. John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California. As an adult, he lived in both New York and California. He enjoyed traveling. He wrote several books about his travels around the United States. His best-known book, The Grapes cifwrath, is about an Oklahoma family that loses its farm. The family moves to California, hoping to start a new life. They end up picking fruit for low wages to survive. The book won the Pulitzer Prize, one of the highest honors in literature. Steinbeck continued to write stories about people who suffered hard times. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in John Steinbeck in

13 Amy Tan (1952- ) Chinese American Storyteller Amy Tan is a Chinese American writer. Tan's books explore the link between her life and the lives of her Chinese ancestors. Tan was born in Oakland, California. In 1985 she wrote a short story that later became part of her award-winning novel, The Joy Luck Club. It is about Chinese mothers and their Chinese American daughters. She has written other novels that also tell about life in China. Amy Tan, 1991 Robert Frost { ), Poet.,.ih~ FOCUS ON Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California, and later moved to Massachusetts. Frost loved writing poetry. But he had to earn money to support himself, so he did many other jobs, too. His best-known poem, "The Road Not Taken," tells of a person who must choose between two paths in life. The poem ends: "Two roads diverged [went in different directions] in a wood, and 1-1 took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference." 11

14 Ansel Adams ( ) Photographer of Beauty Ansel Adams was born in San Francisco. When he visited Yosemite National Park in 1927, he brought a camera with him.anseladams's photographs ofyosemite National Park became famous. In 1933 Adams met a famous photographer named Alfred Stieglitz. Stieglitz liked Adams's photos and helped him create a one-person exhibit of his work. The exhibit, "An American Place," was a success. Afterward people wanted Adams to photograph other national parks. Adams loved the great American outdoors. He worked hard to protect national parks. Six months after Adams died, Congress decided to name a huge area near Yosemite the Ansel Adams Wilderness Area. A year later, an 11,7 60-foot mountain near Yosemite National Park was named Mount Ansel Adams. Ansel Adams prepares to take a picture near the Pacific Ocean.

15 Dorothea Lange ( ) Photographer of Truth Dorothea Lange was a photographer whose pictures recorded the truth about difficult times in American history. Lange was born in New Jersey. She studied photography in NewYork and then moved to San Francisco. Instead of taking photos in a studio, she photographed people in their everyday lives. Soon she was known for taking interesting photographs. In 1935 Lange was hired by California government agencies to photograph migrant (MY gruhnt), or traveling, farmworkers. In Lange's time many people had lost their farms in Oklahoma because of a great drought-a long period without rain. They moved to California and worked long hours under difficult conditions. Lange's photos showed people across the United States how migrant farmers really lived. Later, during World War II, Japanese Americans were forced to move into special camps. The War Relocation Authority hired Lange to photograph the move. Today Lange's photos are still some of the most important portraits ever made of twentieth-century Americans. Dorothea Lange, 1936

16 Charles Eames ( ) and Ray Eames ( ) Designers for Living Charles and Ray Eames (EEMZ), a married couple, were designers. They experimented with furniture designs. The Eameses based their designs on natural shapes such as flower petals and leaves. They experimented with plastic and plywood. The Eameses' unique yet simple look became very popular. It had a big impact on American fashion and architecture. Charles was born in Missouri, and Ray was born in Sacramento, California. They met and married while living in Michigan. The Eameses moved from Michigan to California in There they started creating new furniture designs. They designed and built their own home. The Eameses also worked in films, photographs, and museum exhibits. Charles (left) and Ray Eames, with some of the furniture they designed

17 lsamu Noguchi ( ) Natural Artist Isamu Noguchi (ee SAH moo noh GOO chee) was born in Los Angeles. He was a sculptor who worked with stone, Wood, living plants, fabrics, and many other materials. He used tools such as chisels and electric polishers. Noguchi made places where people could work and play. He designed theatrical sets. He used the earth as a material to sculpt gardens. He made playgrounds. He tried to make sculpture useful in day-to-day life. Then he turned to architecture and furniture design. Isamu Noguchi had a unique idea of what "art" is. Some people believe that art is only in museums and galleries. Noguchi, though, believed that art could be a part of everyday life. lsamu Noguchi working at his studio in Italy in the 1960s

18 The work of artists doesn't die with them. Instead, it lives on. In this Reader, you've read about artists' creations that have made a difference. Steinbeck's books and Lange's photographs helped Americans see injustice. Adams's photographs helped protect the beauty of our national parks. Disney and Lucas opened the doors to new worlds of imagination. It's exciting to see how creative ideas can improve the world around you. Perhaps one of your ideas will one day make a difference, too.

19 Think and Respond CD What is a choreographer? 0 How can the work of creative people inspire others? How did George Lucas use technology in new ways in his Give an example of one way Isadora Duncan broke the rules of ballet. In your opinion, which of the people in this Reader made the most important contribution to the lives of others? Explain the reasons for your choice. Be Creative! Express yourself by creating something in one of the art forms described in this Reader. Write a story, poem, or song, create a dance, take a photograph, or design a piece of furniture. Share your creation with your classmates.

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