DATE ARTS & CULTURE HISTORICAL EVENTS WAGNER S LIFE
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1 1813 Wagner born 1814 Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged 9 Verdi born. First performance of Beethoven s Seventh Symphony. Beethoven completes Fidelio (final version). First performance of Beethoven s Eighth Symphony. Scott: Waverley. Jane Austen s Emma published. Austen dies. Marx born. Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung ( The World as Will and Representation ). Scott: Ivanhoe. Keats publishes volume of poetry, including Ode on a Grecian Urn. Shelley: Prometheus Unbound. Keats dies. First performance of Weber s Der Freischütz. Defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of the Nations (Leipzig). USA establishes first cotton factory at Waltham, Massachusetts. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. Final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, imprisoned on St Helena. Congress of Vienna redefines European national boundaries. Massacre of protesters by cavalry in Manchester ( Peterloo ). Missouri Compromise abolishes slavery in northern American states. Napoleon dies. Beginning of Greek War of Independence. Wilhelm Richard Wagner born, 22 May, in Leipzig. Wagner s father Carl Friedrich Wagner dies, 23 November. Wagner s mother Johanna Wagner marries Ludwig Geyer, 28 August. Wagner enters home of Pastor Christian Wetzel. First piano lessons. Shelley dies. Brazil declares independence from Portugal. Wagner enters Kreuzschule, Dresden, as Richard Geyer.
2 1823 Wagner aged 10 First performance of Spohr s Jessonda Wagner aged 11 Bruckner, Cornelius, Smetana born. Beethoven completes Ninth Symphony. Schubert: Quartets in A minor and D minor ( Death and the Maiden ). Byron dies. Peru and Bolivia become independent from Spain Wagner aged 12 Johann Strauss II born. Beethoven: Quartet, Op Wagner aged 13 First performance of Weber s Oberon. Weber dies. Beethoven: Quartets, Opp. 131 and 135. Schubert completes Great C major Symphony. Wagner s family move to Prague, but Wagner remains in Dresden Wagner aged 14 Beethoven dies. Schubert: Winterreise. Rejoins family in Leipzig. Renews acquaintance with Uncle Adolf Wagner Wagner aged 15 Schubert: String Quintet in C, Sonatas in C minor, A and B flat, Schwanengesang. Schubert dies. First performance of Marschner s Der Vampyr. Tolstoy, Ibsen born. First modern blast furnace in Silesia. Enters Nicolaischule, Leipzig. Writes tragedy Leubald. First studies in music theory Wagner aged 16 Rossini completes William Tell. Mendelssohn revives J.S. Bach s St Matthew Passion in Berlin. Catholic Emancipation Act passed in British parliament. Begins to compose Wagner aged 17 Berlioz: Symphonie fantastique. Bellini: I Capuleti e i Montecchi. Donizetti: Anna Bolena. Stendhal: Le Rouge et le noir. Revolution in Paris, Charles X ousted and replaced by Louis- Philippe. Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire. Leaves Nicolaischule. Makes piano transcription of Beethoven s Ninth Symphony. Composes overtures, including Drum-beat Overture Wagner aged 18 Meyerbeer: Robert le diable. Pushkin: Boris Godunov. Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris. Hegel dies. Mazzini founds Young Italy movement. Enters Leipzig University. Composition lessons with Weinlig Wagner aged 19 Rossini, Stabat Mater. Goethe completes Faust, Part II. Goethe and Scott die. Composes Symphony in C. Falls in love with Count Pachta s daughter Jenny. Sketches opera Die Hochzeit.
3 1833 Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged 29 Brahms, Borodin born. Slavery abolished in British Empire. Joins brother Albert as chorus master at Würzburg Theatre. Composes Die Feen. Berlioz: Harold in Italy. Coleridge dies. Bellini dies. Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor. Büchner: Woyzeck. Dickens: The Pickwick Papers. Balakirev born. Berlioz: Grande Messe des morts ( Requiem ). Hummel dies. Bizet, Bruch born. Mussorgsky, Cézanne born. Stendhal: Le Chartreuse de Parme. Tchaikovsky, Hardy born. Meyerbeer completes Le Prophète. Dvořák, Renoir born. Feuerbach: Das Wesen des Christentums ( The Essence of Christianity ). Stendhal dies. First German railway, Nuremburg-Fürth. Writings of Young Germany banned. Laube arrested. Victoria becomes Queen of Great Britain. Meets Laube and is introduced to the ideas of Young Germany. Holiday with Apel in Bohemia. Begins Das Liebesverbot. Becomes musical director, Bethmann theatre company. Meets Minna Planer. Conducts concert with Schröder-Devrient. First performance of Das Liebesverbot, Magdeburg. Bethmann company goes bankrupt. Wagner and Minna marry in Königsberg, 24 November. Becomes musical director at Königsberg Theatre. Minna has affair with merchant Dietrich. Begins Rienzi. Appointed musical director, Riga. Conducts orchestral concerts in Riga, including six of Beethoven s symphonies. Wagner s flight from Riga via Norway and London. Arrives Paris in September. Conceives idea for symphony inspired by Faust. Starts work on Der fliegende Holländer and completes Rienzi. First meeting with Liszt. Financial position deteriorates. Wagner possibly imprisoned for debt. Completes Der fliegende Holländer. Still no sign of professional breakthrough in Paris. Leaves Paris for Dresden. Holiday in Teplitz. First performance of Rienzi in Dresden, 20 October: sensational success.
4 1843 Wagner aged 30 Grieg, Henry James born. Hölderlin dies. Premiere of Der fliegende Holländer in Dresden, 2 January: less successful than Rienzi. Wagner appointed Kapellmeister at court of King of Saxony, Dresden. Begins work on Tannhäuser Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged 35 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nietzsche born. Composes music for reburial of Weber s remains and delivers oration at graveside. Fauré born. USA annexes Texas. Completes Tannhäuser. Studies legends of Parzival and Lohengrin. Conducts premiere of Tannhäuser in Dresden, 19 October. Mendelssohn dies. Marx and Engels publish The Communist Manifesto. War between USA and Mexico. USA annexes California, Utah and New Mexico. Civil unrest all over continental Europe. Revolution in France leads to abdication of Louis-Philippe and replacement by Louis Napoleon. German National Assembly attempts to build united German state. Submits provocative report on Royal Orchestra. Conducts highly successful performance of Beethoven s Ninth Symphony. Works on Lohengrin. Intensive study of ancient Greek tragedies. Wagner s mother dies, 9 January. Conducts Palestrina s Stabat Mater and Bach s Singet dem Herrn Publishes republican tracts. Meets Bakunin. First ideas for the Ring Wagner aged 36 Chopin dies. Strindberg born. Uprising in Dresden. Mazzini proclaims republic in Rome. Austria defeats Sardinia at Novara and retains control of Northern Italy. California Gold Rush. Active in Dresden Uprising. Only just escapes arrest and death sentence. Flight to Zurich, where he writes essays on revolution and the art of the future Wagner aged 37 Dickens: David Copperfield. Wordsworth dies: The Prelude published posthumously. Allowance of 3,000 francs proposed by Julie Ritter and Jessie Laussot. Affair with Jessie. Affair discovered, and Wagner forced to return to Zurich and Minna. Sketches Siegfried s Tod (later Götterdämmerung). Writes Oper und Drama ( Opera and Drama ) and publishes Das Judenthum in der Musik ( Jewishness in Music ) Wagner aged 38 First performance of Verdi s Rigoletto. Makes first sketches for Siegfried.
5 1852 Wagner aged 39 Louis Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of France as Napoleon III. Meets Otto and Mathilde Wesendonck. Stunned by Louis Napoleon s coronation and failure of revolutionary ideal in France. Contemplates suicide Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged Wagner aged 47 Van Gogh born. Liszt: B minor Sonata Turkey declares war on Russian (Crimean War). Publishes complete poem (libretto) for the Ring and reads it to an invited audience in Zurich. Conducts concerts of excerpts form his operas. Conceives opening of Das Rheingold in Italy. First meeting with Cosima von Bülow, though she makes little impression on Wagner at this stage. Janáček born. Dickens: Hard Times. Britain and France declare war on Russia. Affair with Mathilde Wesendonck blossoms. Begins music for Die Walküre. Marriage to Minna deteriorates. Otto Wesendonck pays off Wagner s debts. First encounter with writings of Schopenhauer. Schumann, Heine die. Wilde, Shaw, Freud born. Elgar born. Liszt: Faust and Dante Symphonies. Baudelaire: Les Fleurs du mal. Revises Faust movement as Eine Faust-Overtüre. Concert tour to London received badly. Crimean War ended by Treaty of Paris. Livingstone becomes first European to traverse African continent. Indian Mutiny against British rule. Finishes Die Walküre. Appeal for pardon from King of Saxony rejected. Plans Buddhist opera Die Sieger. Begins composition of Siegfried. Wagner and Minna move to Asyl. Wagner conceives Parsifal. Breaks off work on Siegfried. Hans von Bülow and wife Cosima stay with the Wagners. Wagner has relationship with Mathilde Wesendock and sets five of her poems to music; also begins work on Tristan. Brahms completes First Piano Concerto. Control of India passes to British Crown. Visits Paris and meets Berlioz. Affair with Mathilde discovered. Wagner leaves for Venice with Karl Ritter, where he composes Act II of Tristan. Spohr dies. First performance of Gounod s Faust. Darwin s The Origin of Species published. Mahler, Wolf, Chekhov born. Schopenhauer dies. Austria defeated by French and Italian troops at Solferino. Franz Joseph I of Austria introduces constitutional reforms. Lincoln elected president of USA. Harassed by police in Venice. Leaves for Lucerne where he completes Tristan. Otto Wesendonck buys copyright to Ring scores. Minna rejoins Wagner in Paris, where her health declines. Gives concerts in Paris. Partial amnesty for Wagner in Germany (Dresden not included).
6 1861 Wagner aged Wagner aged 49 Marschner dies. Dickens: Great Expectations. Emancipation of serfs in Russia. Outbreak of American Civil War. Unification of Italy completed. Disastrous Paris premiere of Tannhäuser. Wagner seeks sanctuary in Vienna. First sketches for Die Meistersinger. Debussy, Delius, Munch born. Hugo, Les Misérables. Bismarck becomes Prime Minister of Prussia. Ten days in hell with Minna in Biebrich. The Wagners separate, meeting for the last time in Dresden. Wagner reads poem of Meistersinger, seriously offending the critic Hanslick Wagner aged 50 Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery in USA. National revolt in Poland brutally put down by Russia. Conducts concerts of his own music throughout Europe and Russia Wagner aged 51 Richard Strauss born. Marx publishes first volume of Das Kapital. Austria and Prussia defeat Denmark in the war for Schleswig-Holstein. Ludwig II crowned in Bavaria. Ludwig pays off Wagner s debts and provides him with suitable accommodation. Wagner begins affair with Cosima von Bülow Wagner aged 52 Sibelius, Nielsen born. American Civil War ends with defeat of southern states. Assassination of Lincoln. Campaign against Wagner in Bavaria. Birth of first child, Isolde. Premiere of Tristan under von Bülow, 10 June. Wagner begins dictation of Mein Leben ( My Life ). In December banished from Bavaria Wagner aged 53 Busoni, Satie, Kandinsky born. First performance of Smetana s The Bartered Bride. Rückert dies. Dostoyevsky: Crime and Punishment and The Gambler. Austria defeated by Prussia in Seven Weeks War. Bismarck forms North German Confederation. Austria forced to withdraw from German affairs. Minna dies. Cosima joins Wagner at Tribschen. Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld reveals their affair to Ludwig Wagner aged 54 Austria and Hungary form two separate kingdoms under one crown. Dominion of Canada established. Sholes invents the typewriter. Eva Wagner born. Bülow appointed Kapellmeister at Ludwig s Court Theatre and director of planned Wagnerian music school Wagner aged 55 Rossini dies. Grieg: Piano Concerto (first version). Brahms completes Ein Deutsches Requiem ( A German Requiem ). Gladstone becomes Prime Minister of Britain, instituting a series of liberal reforms. Premiere of Die Meistersinger, Munich, under Bülow, 21 June. Cosima moves into Tribschen with her children. Wagner meets Nietzsche Wagner aged 56 Berlioz dies. Gide, Matisse born. Mussorgsky completes first version of Boris Godunov. Tolstoy completes War and Peace. American transcontinental railway completed. Suez Canal opened. Recommences work on the Ring. Reprints Das Judenthum in der Musik. Birth of Siegfried Wagner. Das Rheingold premiered in Munich, 22 September, despite Wagner s disapproval.
7 1870 Wagner aged 57 Dickens dies. Lenin born. Outbreak of Franco-Prussian War. Large-scale Jewish emigration from Europe to USA begins. Premiere of Die Walküre, Munich, 26 June. Bülows marriage dissolved. Wagner and Cosima marry. Composes Siegfried Idyll for Cosima s birthday Wagner aged 58 Proust born. Germany defeats France in Franco-Prussian War and annexes Alsace-Lorraine. German Reich formed under Wilhelm I of Prussia, with Bismarck as Chancellor. Third Republic inaugurated in France. Stanley meets Livingstone at Lake Tanganyika. Score of Siegfried completed. Wagner visits Bayreuth, where town council offer site for Festival Theatre Wagner aged 59 Vaughan Williams, Scriabin born. George Eliot: Middlemarch. Nietzsche publishes Die Geburt der Tragödie ( The Birth of Tragedy ). Feuerbach dies. Formation of Dreikaiserbund ( Three Emperors Alliance ) between Germany, Austria and Russia. Chooses sites for Festival Theatre and private villa. Foundation stone laid 22 May Wagner aged 60 Rachmaninov born. Bruckner completes first version of Third Symphony ( Wagner Symphony ). Wagner makes diplomatic approach to Bismarck, which is rejected Wagner aged 61 Schoenberg, Ives born. Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd. Cornelius dies, Ludwig offers substantial funding for Bayreuth project. Wagners move into new villa, christened Wahnfried Wagner aged 62 First performance of Bizet s Carmen. Bizet dies. Ravel, Rilke, Thomas Mann, Jung born First rehearsals for the Ring Wagner aged 63 Brahms completes First Symphony. First telephonic transmission of human voice by Alexander Graham Bell in USA. Custer defeated at Battle of the Little Big Horn. Three complete cycles of the Ring given at Bayreuth under Richter. Wagner meets Nietzsche for last time at Sorrento. Performances of the Ring leave Wagner with a debt of 148,000 marks Wagner aged 64 Tolstoy completes Anna Karenina. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. Edison invents phonograph. Conducts series of concerts in Royal Albert Hall, London, and meets Queen Victoria. Disappointing profits from the trip, and Wagner considers emigrating to USA Wagner aged 65 Brahms: Second Symphony. First performance of Tchaikovsky s Fourth Symphony. Gold Standard established in Europe. Congress of Berlin grants independence to Serbia, Romania and Montenegro. Financial agreement with Ludwig. Wagner begins writing further racist articles.
8 1879 Wagner aged 66 Ibsen: A Dolls House. Einstein, Stalin born. Lends support to campaign against vivisection. Wagners leave Bayreuth for Italy at end of year Wagner aged 67 George Eliot dies. Dostoyevsky: The Brothers Karamazov. Meets painter Paul von Joukovsky in Italy, with whom he plans designs for Parsifal. Last meeting with Ludwig when Wagner conducts Prelude to Parsifal in Munich 1881 Wagner aged 68 Bartók, Picasso born. Mussorgsky, Dostoyevsky die. Ibsen: Ghosts. Henry James: Portrait of a Lady. Tsar Alexander II assassinated. Count Gobineau visits Wagner at Bayreuth and discusses his racist ideas with him. First indications of Wagner s heart problem Wagner aged 69 Stravinsky, Kodály, Joyce, Virginia Woolf born. Darwin dies. Triple Alliance formed between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Wagner completes Parsifal in Italy. First serious heart attack, March. Premiere of Parsifal under Hermann Levi, 26 July. Wagners leave for Venice, September Wagner dies Webern, Kafka born. Marx dies. Bruckner completes Seventh Symphony (which includes memorial tribute to Wagner). Brahms: Third Symphony. Standard time zones introduced in USA. Wagner suffers fatal heart attack, 13 February, after terrible row with Cosima. His coffin is received with much ceremony in Bayreuth, and buried privately at Wahnfried.
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