Creative Computing II
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1 Creative Computing II Christophe Rhodes Autumn 2010, Wednesdays: 10:00 12:00: RHB307 & 14:00 16:00: WB316 Winter 2011, TBC
2 The Ear
3 The Ear Outer Ear Outer Ear: pinna: flap of skin; assists in sound source location. auditory canal: resonant cavity; amplifies frequencies close to 4kHz. typmanic membrane (ear drum): converts pressure differences to mechanical vibration.
4 The Ear Middle Ear Middle Ear: ossicles (small bones): malleus (hammer); incus (anvil); stapes (stirrup); transmit mechanical vibrations to inner ear; amplification by lever principle. elliptical window small membrane (compare with ear drum); amplification by area.
5 The Ear Inner Ear Inner Ear or Cochlea: filled with perilymph fluid incompressible; moves in response to elliptical window; (circular window moves to compensate). scala media (inner channel) walls made from membranes (Reissner s membrane and basilar membrane) walls displaced by fluid motion basilar membrane tapered in thickness; different regions respond best to different frequencies; regions attached to hair cells; hair cells attached to auditory nerve.
6 Pitch Pressure waves (oscillating between overpressure and underpressure) impact on Tympanic Membrane Oscillations transmitted (and amplified) through hammer to stirrup Moves fluid in Cochlea, moving against receptor cells; those cells fire, sending signal to brain. Sensitive to oscillations between 20Hz and 20kHz. High frequency sensitivity decreases with age. Peak sensitivity: between 1kHz and 3kHz.
7 Pitch in speech Sibilants: Vowel Vowel formants: Main formant region/hz u o a e & i & sh: peak energy around 4000Hz, top at 8000Hz; s: peak energy around 8000Hz, top at 10000Hz.
8 Pitch in singing Singing: sustained pitch on the vowels; terminal consonants are delayed and short. How can a singer be heard over an entire orchestra? amplification (cheating!); singer s formant; in trained voices, clear formant around 3kHz. (refer back to perceived loudness) [demonstration]
9 Pitch and harmony Harmony: perceptual quality when pitched sounds (notes) occur simultaneously or in close temporal proximity; structural theory for describing same. What is a consonant chord? chord: multiple tones; fundamental frequencies related by small integer ratio.
10 Pitch and harmony Harmony: perceptual quality when pitched sounds (notes) occur simultaneously or in close temporal proximity; structural theory for describing same. What is a consonant chord? chord: multiple tones; fundamental frequencies related by small integer ratio. Why? no beating; no dissonance.
11 Pitch and harmony Beating: + = [ A + B sin(a) + sin(b) = 2 sin 2 ] cos [ ] A B 2
12 Pitch and harmony One-dimensional instruments: stringed instruments (violin, viola, cello; guitar, piano) [string] wind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon) [cavity] brass instruments (trumpet, trombone, tuba) [tubing] tuned percussion (xylophone, glockenspiel) [bars] Vibrate at fundamental frequency; harmonics: integer multiples of the fundamental.
13 Pitch and harmony One-dimensional instruments: stringed instruments (violin, viola, cello; guitar, piano) [string] wind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon) [cavity] brass instruments (trumpet, trombone, tuba) [tubing] tuned percussion (xylophone, glockenspiel) [bars] Vibrate at fundamental frequency; harmonics: integer multiples of the fundamental.
14 Pitch and harmony One-dimensional instruments: stringed instruments (violin, viola, cello; guitar, piano) [string] wind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon) [cavity] brass instruments (trumpet, trombone, tuba) [tubing] tuned percussion (xylophone, glockenspiel) [bars] Vibrate at fundamental frequency; harmonics: integer multiples of the fundamental.
15 Pitch and harmony One-dimensional instruments: stringed instruments (violin, viola, cello; guitar, piano) [string] wind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon) [cavity] brass instruments (trumpet, trombone, tuba) [tubing] tuned percussion (xylophone, glockenspiel) [bars] Vibrate at fundamental frequency; harmonics: integer multiples of the fundamental.
16 Pitch and harmony Dissonance: beating between harmonics: f 3:2 4:3 critical bandwidth increases with frequency.
17 Pitch and harmony Western music: 12 equal-sized divisions to the octave. NB: not Universal. Each note has a frequency a factor of 12 2 above the previous one. Note names: C, C, D, E, E, F, F, G, G, A, B, B. Beware: labels different in different countries. Interval between notes: semitone Conventionally: A above middle C is 440Hz Perfect fifth: should be = close, but... above the root;
18 Pitch and harmony Perfect pitch : like colour vision? Different kinds: sing a named note without reference; can be achieved by trained singers with muscle memory. name a heard note without reference. difference in cognition; not a different sensation; correlation with tonal languages? musical exposure below age 4? autism?
19 Pitch and Melody Melody: sequence of pitched events (notes) unfolding in musical time; Perceived through large numbers of musical events: proximity (movement by small musical intervals); continuity (few breaks in a melody); common fate (repetition, with small alterations); What makes a good melody?
20 Pitch and Melody Melody: sequence of pitched events (notes) unfolding in musical time; Perceived through large numbers of musical events: proximity (movement by small musical intervals); continuity (few breaks in a melody); common fate (repetition, with small alterations); What makes a good melody? if only I knew...
21 Rhythm Tempo: natural pulse speed of music; often ambiguous (double / half speed).
22 Rhythm Tempo: natural pulse speed of music; often ambiguous (double / half speed). Two experiments: free tapping;
23 Rhythm Tempo: natural pulse speed of music; often ambiguous (double / half speed). Two experiments: free tapping; beat detection in pulse train.
24 Rhythm Tempo: natural pulse speed of music; often ambiguous (double / half speed). Two experiments: free tapping; beat detection in pulse train. Preferred tempo: 0.2s 0.8s
25 Rhythm Metrical Structure: hierarchy of temporal groups: beats; bars; four-bar patterns; larger groups (12-bar blues, 16-bar question / response ). intensity t
26 Rhythm Rhythm: choice of which elements in the hierarchy to emphasize; which to elide; What makes a good rhythm?
27 Rhythm Rhythm: choice of which elements in the hierarchy to emphasize; which to elide; What makes a good rhythm? if only I knew...
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