Additional References with Titles

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Lee Ramsey
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1 Additional References with Titles Chapter 1 Special Issue on Displays and LEDs. IEEE Trans. ED-26, (1979) K. Okamoto, Y. Hamakawa: Bright green electroluminescence in thin-film ZnS:TbF 3. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, (1979) Chapter 3 P. Plesko: "Aging and Burn-In Behavior of AC Plasma Panels", S1D Syrup., Chicago, Ill., May 1979, p. 56, 57 P. Pleshko: AC Plasma Display Device Technology Overview. IEDM, Washington, DC, Dec. 1979, pp ; Proc. SID 21 (2, 3), (1980) P. Pleshko, J.C. Greeson, Jr., K. Pearson: AC Plasma Display Pane! Repair. SID Symp., San Diego, CA, April 1980 Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, Special Issue on: Plasma Displays 20 (3), (1979) Chapter 4 J. Cheng, G.D. Boyd: The liquid crystal alignment properties of photolithographic gratings. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 444 (1979) D. Davies, W. Fischer, G. Force, K. Harrison, S. Lu : Practical liquid crystal display forms forty characters. Electronics 53, 151 (1980) Chapter 5 L.G. Van Uitert, G.J. Zydzik, S. Singh, I. Camlibel : Anthraquinoide red display cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 109 (1980) W.C.Dautremont-Smith, G. Beni, L.M. Schiavone, J.L. Shay: Solid-state electrochromic cell with anodic iridium oxide film electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 565 (1979)

2 Subject Index Absorption 71 Acceptors 45 ac plasma display 12, 91 ac thin film EL 15 Acousto-optic deflectors 30 Adaptation 10 Addressing 6, 160, 241 Agglomeratioq 220 Al.,Gat_.,As 41,62 Amorphous matcrials 81 Amphoteric 45 Anisotropy of macroscopic properties Aprotic electrolytes 197, 204 Auger effect 50 Back emf 187 Back flow 156 Band structure 44 Bargraph display 84, 87 Bimorph 26 Binary compounds 52, 53, 59 Birefringence 159 Bleaching 185, 189, 190 Blue emission 56, 59 Boundary condition kinetic effects 170 Brightness 1, 51, 52, 6l, 62, 225, 226 Brightness saturation 59 Carrier lifetime 68 Cathodochromism 23 Cathodoluminescence 36, 37, 38, 46, 66 Cathodoluminescent displays 19 Cavity structure 83 Chalcopyrites 60 Chemical potential 187 Cholesteric phase 151 Christiansen effect 27 Chroma 7 Chromatic aberration of the eye 10 Chromaticity diagram 8 Circulation regime 158 Coherence length 174 Colloidal stability 219 Color 3, Color center 182 ColorTV 244 Color vision 6 Coloration 185 Coloring pulse 200 Compounds, II-VI 59 Concentration quenching 45 Conducting films 98 Conduction band minima 60, 61 Conduction regime 158 Constant-current operation 203 Contrast 3,216, 226 Contrast ratio 166, 167,201 Contrast ratio symmetry 174 Control electrode 218 Counterelectrode 186, 197 Covalent bonding 52 Crosstalk 166 Crystal defects 65 Current voltage characteristics 48, 187 Damage 73 Dangling bonds 81 Dark-line defects 74 dc EL 14 dc plasma display 12 Defects 47, 65 Degradation 5, 73, 177, 204 Deterioration ofaligment 178 Device lifetime 204 Dielectric films 100 Dielectric regime 158 Dielectric relaxation time 158 Diffusion 80 Diode equation 39 Diode matrix drive 140 Direct gap 44, 53 Directionality 4 Director 152 Dislocations 66', 67, 69, 70 Donors 45 Double-base diode 83 Double injection 183 Drive waveforms 130

3 250 Subject Index Dynamic performance 175 Dynamic scattering 158, 160, 169 ECD 23, 181 Edge emitters 83 Effective threshold 173 Efficiency 4, 235 Elastic free-energy 152 Electret 26 Electro-optic modulators 28 Electrochromic displays 23, 181 Electrocoloration 186 Electrohydrodynamic instability 221 Electrohydrodynamic LCD 157 Electroluminescence 14 Electrophoresis 214 Electrophoretic displays 24, 213 Electroplating 24 Electrostatic free-energy 152 Electrostatic stabilization 220 Energy gap 52, 53 Energy transfer 14 EP1D 24, 213 Equilibrium between torques 154 Erase 113, 126, 134 Etch rate 204 Evaporation 194 Excess carriers 38 Exchange current 188, 209 Excitation 36 External efficiency 72 External quantum efficiency 37, 51, 62, 71 Eye response 6 F centers 182 Field effect LCD 153 Flat-panel display 20 Flat-panel TV 87 Forming 14 Freedericksz transition Frictional energy 239 Full-select GaAs 35, 43, 45, 48 GaAs,_~P, 61, 62, 76 GaAsP LEDs 71 GaN 43, 54, 56, 77 GaN LEDs 57,74,84 GaP 46, 54, 55, 68 Generation efficiency 38 Generation-recombination centers Glow discharge decomposition 81 Gravitational stability 219 Gray scale 4, 148 Green emission 55, 56, Guest-host effect 175 Gyricon 26 Half-select 135 Heterojunction 41,60 Homeotropicalignment 153 Homeotropic orientation 169 Homogeneous alignment 153 Homogeneous orientation 169 Hue 7 Humidity 199 H.,WO Hydrodynamic effects 157 Hydrogen tungsten bronze 183 Ideal diode 48 Image 148 Image amplifier 163 Image converter 22 Image transformer 163 Impact excitation 57 hh.,al., P 62 hh.,ga.,.p 62 Incandescent display 19 Indirect gap 44, 46, 53 lnertial energy 239 InGaAsP 64 Injected charge 201 Injection luminescence 38 Internal quantum efficiency Internal reflection 70 lntervalence charge transition fro2 207 Isoelectronic center 62 ITO 184, 196 Laser 65 Lattice mismatch 69 Lattice vibration 44 LCD 21 LED II LED array 87 LED matrix 84 Lenses 71 Light amplifier 22 Light-emittingdiodes 11 Light valves 25, 163, 164 Liquid-crystal displays 21 Liquid electrolyte cells 196 Liquid electrolytes 181 Liquid-phase epitaxy 74, 78 Luminance 1 Luminous efficiency 51 Manufacturing technology LCD Margin of voltage , 51,

4 Subject Index 251 Margins 126 Matrix address 243 Memory 5,203,227 Mesopic state 7 Metal-oxide-metal diode 18 Minority carrier 38 Mirror-matrix tube 27 MIS diode 56 MIS structure 42, 58 Mixed conduction 182 Molybdenum trioxide 184 Momentum transport 157 Monolithic displays 82, 87 Moving flaps 26 Multiplexing 160, 165 Nematic molecules 152 Nematic phase 151 Nonradiative recombination Numeric displays 82, 85 Numitron 12 Ohmic drop 39 Operating life 170 Optical losses 70 Optical thickness 175 Oscillator strength 192 p-n junction 38 Panels 160 Pels 93 Performance 168, 237, 239, 240 Performance of LEDs 54 Periodic focusing 20 Phonons 44 Phosphor display 236 Photochromism 23 Photoconductive light valvcs 163 Photoluminescence 36, 38, 46,69 Photometric units 1 Photopic response 7 Phototitus 31 Piezoelectric film 26 Pixel 5 Plasma display 91 Plasma panel 12 Plasma panel display 236 PLZT ceramics 31 Pockels effect 30 Polystyrene spheres 28 Power efficiency 37, 72 Power requirements 171,203 Precipitates 45, 47 Priming a gas discharge 116 Projection display 27 47, Projection TV 28, 29, 37, 164 Proton diffusion coefficient 188 Proton transport 199 Quantum efficiency 51, 55, 72 Quaternary alloys 64 Radiative recombination 43, 44 Radiometric units 1 Random addressing 243 Recombination via impurities 45 Rectification 177 Red emission 55, 59 Redox reaction 185 Relaxation rate 155 Resolution 6, 146 Response I68 Response rate 155 Response time 155, 217, 225 rmsvalue 166 Rotating-ball displays 26 Rubbed alignment 178 Saturation 7 Saturation current 40 Schottkybarrier Scotopic response 7 Segmented display 196 Sel 128 Self-scan 6, t2 Serial addressing 241 Series resistance 66, 72 Shelf life 204 SiC 58, 78,81 Silicon carbide 58 Smakula'sequation 192 Small polaron theory 192 Smectic phase 151 Sodium tungsten bronze 183 Space-charge recombination 48 Speed 217 Speed of response 5 Stability 219 Steric repulsion 220 Stoichiometry ofwo Storage 5 Strain 49 Substrates 69 Sunlight 237 Superionic conductor 199 Surface emitters 51, 82 Surface proton concentration 208 Surface recombination 47, 48 Suspended particles 27 Sustain 123, 126, 130

5 252 Subject Index Switching device arrays 162 Switching speed 197, 202 Ternary alloys 6l Testing 127, 128 Thermalactivation 187 Thermal addressing 164 Thermochromism 23 Thin-film EL 15 Tilt bias 172 Tilt degeneracy 173 Titus 30 Tristimulus valucs 8 Tungsten bronze 181 Tunneling 43 TV kinescope 236 TV plasma panel 13 Twist degeneracy 171 Twisted-nematic display 171 Upconversion 86 Upconversion phosphors 85 Vacancies 50, 53 Vapor-phase epitaxy 74 Viewing angle 216 Viewing characteristics 175 Violet emission 58 Viscous energy 239 Viscous torque 157 Visible luminescence 54 Visual response 3, 51 Voltage transfer characteristics WO Write 126, 132 Writing 111 Yellow emission 56, 59 Zinc-blende structure 52 ZnS-ZnSe 63 ZnSe 59 ZuTe 59 ZnTe-CdTe ,108

Light-Emitting Diodes

445.664 Light-Emitting Diodes Chapter 1. History of Light-Emitting Diodes Euijoon Yoon Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) There are two major technologies : - All-semiconductor-based illumination devices - Semiconductor/phosphor