UNIT 3 INDEXING LANGUAGES PART II: CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES

Transcription

1 of Information UNIT 3 INDEXING LANGUAGES PART II: CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES Structure 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dewey Decima Cassification (DDC) Scheme New Edition DDC Changes in the DDC WebDewey Popuarity and Probems 3.3 Universa Decima Cassification (UDC) Scheme Historica Background The UDC Consortium Engish Editions of UDC Features and Structure of the UDC Fiing Order Citation Order Quaities of the UDC Scheme 3.4 Library of Congress Cassification (LCC) Scheme The System The Use, Revision and Future 3.5 Coon Cassification (CC) Scheme Features of 7 th Edition of CC Notation of CC Revision, Use and Status 3.6 Bibiographic Cassification (BC)Scheme The Second Edition, the BC Specia Features of BC Structure, Auxiiary Tabes and Use 3.7 Library Bibiographica Cassification (BBK/LBC) Scheme Structure of the BBK 3.8 Broad System of Ordering (BSO) Scheme Structure Use 3.9 Specia Cassification Systems Benefits Scope Approaches Some Exampes 3.10 Trends of Research in Cassification Systems 3.11 Summary 3.12 Answers to Sef Check Exercises 3.13 Keywords 3.14 References and Further Reading

2 3.0 OBJECTIVES Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes In the previous Unit, you have earnt about indexing anguages and their characteristics where you have aso come to know about the cassification schemes as an exampe of indexing anguage. In this Unit we wi discuss a few cassification schemes particuary Universa Decima Cassification Scheme which are avaiabe for organisation of knowedge in ibraries. After reading this Unit, you wi be abe to: know the major existing genera cassification systems being used today; understand their structure, main casses, notation and characteristic features, imitations and probems; understand their historica contributions to the science of ibrary cassification; be in a position to choose a suitabe cassification system for your ibrary; understand the specia cassification systems for micro-subjects or speciaised forms of information; and have a peep into the state-of-the-art in the fied, and foresee future trends. 3.1 INTRODUCTION You have aready studied the importance of cassification system in inteectua organisation of information (IOI) in Unit 1. In the foowing sections, we sha discuss features of a few genera cassification systems to give an idea how the various schemes try to organise the universe of knowedge. You know that in 1876 the era of modern cassification started with the pubication in USA of what is now universay known as Dewey Decima Cassification (DDC). This scheme of cassification provided a new and efficient system of arranging books on the ibrary sheves, and soved many of vexed questions then faced by the ibrarians. It started a new era of ibrary cassification, nay, of modern ibrarianship in genera. On this account, the inventor of the DDC, the famous US ibrarian Mevi Dewey ( ), is deservedy caed the Father of Modern Librarianship. In the wake of the DDC many other cassification systems have come up either to improve upon the Dewey s shortcomings, or to try aternative approaches to organise knowedge or to appy another set of notationa system. Since then, a number of genera cassification systems have emerged. The trend continues, though at the moment no genera cassification system seems in the making. Some of the genera cassification systems, e.g. Expansive Cassification (1893) designed by another famous US ibrarian Chares A Cutter ( ) and the Subject Cassification (1906) by a British ibrarian James Duff Brown ( ) are now dead systems because of the inherent fauts or negect, or of both. Internationa Cassification (1961) by an US ibrarian Fremont A Rider ( ) remains ignored in the ibrary word. Though designed comparativey recenty, it is a primitive system in method and detais. There are some other genera cassification systems made and used ocay. We wi study here the major iving genera cassification systems in the subsequent sections. The specia cassification system is another important too for inteectua organisation of information in some specia ibraries and information centres as we as in some information systems, that dea with micro-subjects or speciaised forms of documents. Some individuas and organisations have deveoped a number of specia cassification schemes. These schemes are being used in some information centres and information systems to cater efficient information management. This Unit iustrativey describes features of genera and specia cassification systems. 57

3 of Information 3.2 DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC) SCHEME The first and the most popuar genera cassification system now was first pubished in 1876 by Mevi Dewey ( ). The system divides the entire universe of knowedge into ten main casses denoted by pure and simpe notation of Indo- Arabic numeras used decimay. Decima notation heps to incorporate new subjects indefinitey at any point in the hierarchy. Position of documents is reative, not fixed. Its other important contributions are : its Reative Index, and division of knowedge by Discipine. It is avaiabe in three officia versions of varying detais namey Fu edition DDC-22 (2003), Abridged DDC-14 (2004) and the eectronic version caed WebDewey. You have aready studied DDC in your BLIS programme. Here we wi be discussing ony the changes which have taken pace since DDC New Edition DDC-22 You have aready studied the DDC 19 th edition in BLIS programme. The DDC is now in its 22 nd edition pubished in September Dewey, Mevi: The Dewey Decima Cassification and Reative Index/ devised by Mevi Dewey. 22 nd edited by Joan S. Mitche, et a. Abany, N.Y.: Forest Press/OCLC, v. ISBN In 1988 the Forest Press was acquired by the word famous OCLC at Dubin, Ohio, USA. Earier, the Forest Press was a subsidiary of the Lake Pacid Cub Educationa Foundation estabished in 1896 by Mevi Dewey himsef. DDC-22 comprises four voumes. Vo-1 Introduction Tabes Vo-2-3 Schedues Vo.4 Reative Index. Manua on the Use of DDC It has been computer edited by Editoria Support System (ESS) instaed in 1984 by the DDC editoria office at the Library of Congress, Washington DC (USA). The 20 th ed (1989) was the first edition generated from an onine database. The abiity to typeset, design, edit, modify and deveop cassification systems through computers has many advantages. A major advantage of the ESS is that the system can be updated minute by minute; and the production time has been reduced to six months from two years. It has enormous impications, namey on the frequency of new editions, annua eectronic version, cost, and format Changes in the DDC-22 DDC-22 (2003) has been bit conservative in revision as no drastic change has been made, or earier so caed phoenix schedues have been added. Nevertheess, it has many updates, with many changes here and there. Expansions of many od topics are there aong with a few structura changes. The major updates are: Computer Science; 200 Reigion further reduces the Christian bias. Now specific aspects of (comparative) reigion are shifted to from 291. Numbers for primitive reigions of Backs have been expanded Socia Groups have been restructured. 340 aw is now improved. 518 ying vacant since 1950 has been fied with numerica anaysis Anaytica chemistry aspects, ying scattered earier, have been brought together here. Cass 610 gets new caption Medicine and Heath. It has aso been updated using current terminoogy. Historica periods have been updated in cass. Amongst the Tabes (vo. 1), Tabes 1 and 3 have been updated. Tabes 5 and 6 have expanded provisions

4 for American natives (Indians) and anguages. Tabe 7 has been scrapped and merged in the schedues. This wi not ater any cass number beonging to persons. It is caimed by the editors that DDC-22 enhances the accuracy of cassification better than previous editions. Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes WebDewey Dewey for Windows (DfW) CD-ROM version of DDC-21 is no more avaiabe for DDC-22. Instead the eectronic version caed WebDewey can now be accessed ony on the Internet (of course through subscriber s icence). Being web based enhanced version of the DDC-22 database, it contains many more innovative features with many access points and dispay options. It is web based enhanced version of the DDC database with onine deivery that is updated continuousy. It is compatibe with Microsoft Internet exporer, version 4 or higher, and Netscape navigator version 4.x in 300 MHz Pentium II with 64 MB RAM. It is part of the OCLC suite of cataoguing and metadata services that the OCLC offers through OCLC connexion services ( Popuarity and Probems As far as its defects are concerned, the DDC, as ever is sadded with the probem of simpe and primitive notation unabe to provide pacement to new subjects at proper paces; engthy cass numbers; and the Western bias. Despite its defects and heavy criticism, it continues to be the most popuar system being used in about 200,000 ibraries of 135 countries. In USA 95% of the schoo ibrary 25% of the academic ibraries, and 20% of the specia ibraries use it. It has been transated in about 30 anguages incuding Hindi Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Iceandic, Itaian, Korean, Norwegian French, Spanish and Vietnamese. DDC is aso used by various trade bibiographies, 62 nationa bibiographies, incuding the Indian Nationa Bibiography. DDC numbers are avaiabe on MARC tapes, and in CIP data. Newy opened ibraries mosty prefer to use the DDC for arranging their books. Continuous revision, strong institutiona support from the Library of Congress at the beginning, now from Onine Computer Library Center (OCLC) make DDC an easy choice acceptabe to many professionas. Sef Check Exercises 1) Name the saient features of the DDC. 2) What are the advantages of the WebDewey? Note: i) Write your answers in the space given beow. ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of the Unit. 3.3 UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC) SCHEME The Universa Decima Cassification (UDC) is a wordwide popuar genera cassification scheme covering a fieds of knowedge. It is an anaytico-synthetic cassification scheme, where the concepts can be broken down into simpe 59

5 of Information concepts (anaysed) and then combined (synthesised). The UDC can be appied in different contexts that make it more fexibe than other genera cassification schemes. It is considered as a sophisticated indexing and retrieva too for documentation and information services Historica Background The UDC is the brainchid of the two Begians, Pau Otet and the Nobe aureate Henry La Fontaine, who began working on a pubication caed Repertoire Bibiographique Universe in Otet and La Fontaine buit their system on the foundation of Mevi Dewey s Dewey Decima Cassification (DDC). Mevi Dewey conceived his scheme to be appied to the arrangement of books on sheves, whereas Otet and La Fontaine conceived their scheme to be appied for the retrieva of documents as we as for arrangement of books on sheves. The first compete edition of UDC was pubished between 1905 and 1907 in French anguage. They estabished Institut Internationae de Bibiographie (IIB) in Brusses, which was the first pubisher of UDC. The IIB ater became Internationa Federation for Documentation (FID) in 1937 and moved to The Hague. Subsequenty, FID changed its name to Internationa Federation for Information and Documentation. The FID was the centre for the management and maintenance of UDC ti the formation of UDC Consortium in The officia working anguages of the UDC are French, German and Engish since its inception. The UDC is pubished in different editions, ike, compete edition, medium edition, abridged edition and web-based onine edition The UDC Consortium Presenty UDC is owned by the UDC Consortium (UDCC) since January The UDCC maintains mutiingua Master Reference Fie (MRF), which is an eectronic form of UDC schedues with a data hed in a database. The UDCC pubishes an annua journa, named Extensions and Corrections to the UDC. This journa contains reports from users, artices and revision proposas as we as approved amendments and revisions. The UDCC aso maintains a website for genera information and information on revision Engish Editions of UDC British Standard Institution (BSI) started pubishing UDC Engish editions as BS 1000 series of documents. The BSI now pubishes UDC in two formats: printed and onine. The different Engish anguage editions of UDC, pubished by BSI, are: i) The UDC Compete Edition The UDC Compete Edition, pubished in 2005, contains over 65,000 entries and it is avaiabe in two voumes: Voume 1 Systematic Tabes; and Voume 2 Aphabetica Index. Voume 1 incudes main tabes and auxiiary tabes. ii) The UDC Medium Edition The UDC Medium Edition (BS1000M) was pubished in 1985 and revised in 1993, containing over 40,000 entries. It is avaiabe in two voumes: Voume 1 Systematic Tabes; and Voume 2 Aphabetica Index. Voume 1 incudes main tabes and auxiiary tabes. 60 iii) The UDC Abridged Edition The atest UDC abridged edition, pubished in 2003, contains over 4,100 entries. It was formery known as the UDC pocket edition.

6 iv) UDC Onine The UDC Onine is the eectronic version of UDC Compete Edition. This is subscription based and has additiona functionaity. Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes Features and Structure of the UDC The UDC is a hierarchica and systematic scheme for cassifying documents covering the whoe range of recorded knowedge. The main tabes consist of enumerated schedues for simpe or basic subjects. The UDC has many features which are innovative and unique in nature. It has abiity to express not just simpe subjects but aso compound subjects showing reationships between them. Like DDC, knowedge is divided into ten casses. Each cass is subdivided systematicay into further divisions, with each subdivision further subdivided. The more detaied the subdivision, the onger the number that represents the cass. Like the DDC, this is made possibe by decima notation. The introduction of auxiiaries common and specia is another feature of UDC. The auxiiaries of the UDC permit the construction of compound numbers through synthesis of subjects or facets. The UDC is an aspect cassification. Here phenomena are subordinated to the aspect from which they have been taken. A phenomenon may occur in more than one cass, for exampe, computers in manufacturing, education, designing, business processes, etc. In the UDC a recorded knowedge is treated as a coherent system, which is buit of reated parts. This is in contrast to a speciaised cassification in which reated subjects are treated as subsidiary eventhough they may be of major importance in their own right. The principes of facet anaysis, though they are not expicit, are inherent in the structure of the UDC Notation UDC uses a notation of mosty Indo-Arabic numbers used decimay, suppemented by a few other signs and symbos. The symbos chosen for UDC notation are non-anguage-dependent, and universay identifiabe. Initiay, UDC had a few symbos for auxiiaries; in ater editions some symbos have been added to faciitate representation of more compex or compound subjects Structure of UDC (BS1000M: 1993) The Voume 1 of UDC medium edition consists of systematic tabes, i.e. main tabes and auxiiary tabes. The Voume 2 of UDC medium edition consists of aphabetica index. Main Tabes The main tabes of UDC comprise of ten main casses that represent whoe of universe of recorded knowedge. But presenty nine main casses are avaiabe, whereas one main cass is kept vacant for accommodating new subjects in future. These main casses are: 0 Generaities 1 Phiosophy. Psychoogy 2 Reigion. Theoogy 3 Socia Sciences 4 (kept vacant at present) 5 Mathematics and Natura Sciences 6 Appied Sciences 61

7 of Information 7 Fine arts. Appied arts. Entertainment. Games. Sports 8 Language. Linguistics. Literature 9 Archeoogy. Geography. Biography. History Each main cass is subdivided into its ogica parts, with each subdivision further subdivided. The more detaied the subdivision, the onger the number that represents it. For ease of reading, ong notationa eements are broken up into 3-digit units by means of the point (.), which has no other significance (e.g., or and so on). But unike DDC, UDC does not use 0 (zero) in the ast digits for the first two eves of main casses (e.g. 5, 51; instead of 500, 510 as foowed in DDC). An exampe is shown beow to give you an idea on the hierarchica structure of UDC, as described in the Main Tabes: 3 Socia Sciences 37 Education. Teaching. Training. Leisure 378 Higher Education. Universities. Academic Study Organisation of higher education Organs and management of universities, etc Governing bodies. Counci. Senate This way the cassification number is generated from the main cass to the narrower subjects, and then the isoate ideas are combined using auxiiaries. Auxiiary Tabes The auxiiaries in UDC are of two kinds: common and specia. The common auxiiaries refer to generay recurrent characteristics, ike, time, anguage, etc. The specia auxiiary subdivisions refer to ocay recurrent characteristics. Common Auxiiary Tabes The common auxiiary tabes provide notation for reationships or recurring concepts. The common auxiiary subdivision consists of numeric tabes, in which concepts are enumerated and arranged hierarchicay. The common auxiiary tabes use different symbos to incorporate different concepts or ideas or facets. The common auxiiary tabes, according to the UDC Medium Edition 1993, aong with their appications are discussed beow: Tabe Ia Co-ordination. Addition In Ia auxiiaries, + (pus) and / (stroke) signs are used to denote coordination or addition of casses. The + (pus) sign connects two or more separated, but non-consecutive, UDC numbers to denote a compound subject for which no singe number exists. Exampe: ( ) India and China Mathematics and Physics The / (stroke) sign connects first and ast of a consecutive UDC numbers to denote a broad subject, or a range of concepts, which may be caed a consecutive extension. Exampe: (4/6) A group of Europe, Asia and Africa 592/599 Systematic Zooogy (cass 592 to 5999) 62 Tabe Ib Reation. Sub-grouping. Order-fixing Ib auxiiaries use : (coon), [ ] (square brackets) and :: (doube coon) signs to denote reation, sub-grouping or order-fixing.

8 The : (coon) sign indicates reationship between two or more subjects by connecting their UDC numbers. Unike the + (pus) and / (stroke), : (coon) restricts reation rather than extends the subjects it connects. The notation on either side can be reversed, ike, A:B can be expressed as B:A. Exampe: Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes :342 Socia view in pubic aw If necessary, this can be expressed as 342: Simiary, 7:17 Art in reation to ethics The :: (doube coon) sign indicates reationship between two or more subjects by connecting their UDC numbers, but it used to fix the order of the component numbers of a compound subject. The notation on either side cannot be reversed, ike, A::B cannot be expressed as B::A. Exampe: ::796 Sports photography The [ ] (square brackets) sign may be used as a sub-grouping device within a compex compiation of UDC numbers, in order to carify the reationship of the components. Sub-grouping may be required when a subject denoted by two or more UDC numbers inked by +, / or : signs as a whoe. Exampe: 783:[283/289] Protestant Church Music Tabe Ic Common Auxiiaries of Language The Tabe Ic enumerates the notations of anguages. The = (equa sign) is used before the anguage notation to denote a specific anguage. Exampe: = Hindi 51= Mathematics in Hindi anguage Tabe Id Common Auxiiaries of Form The Tabe Id enumerates the notations of documentary forms. The (0..) is used aong with the form notation to denote a specific documentary form. Exampe: (031) Encycopedia 5/6(031) Encycopedia of Science and Technoogy Tabe Ie Common Auxiiaries of Pace The Tabe Ie enumerates the notations of paces. The (1/9) is used aong with the pace notation to denote a specific pace. Exampe: (1-11) Eastern ( ) Engish Channe (541.23) West Benga 37(541.23) Education in West Benga Tabe If Common Auxiiaries of Ethnic Grouping and Nationaity The Tabe If enumerates the notations of ethnic groups and nationaity. The (=...) sign is used aong with the notation to denote a specific ethnic group or nationaity. Exampe: (=1.540) Indian (=1.4) European (=1.253) Forest dweers 63

9 of Information Tabe Ig Common Auxiiaries of Time The Tabe Ig enumerates the notations of date, point of time or range of time. The... sign is used aong with the notation to denote a specific date or time. Exampe: 20 Twenty first century 5 20 Science in the twenty first century 3453 Evening Tabe Ih Specification by Non-UDC Notation (e.g. 1/9, A/Z) Ih auxiiaries use sign * aong with either 1/9 numeric or A/Z aphabetic notation from non-udc sources to denote specific concept or thing. Exampe: *433 Minor panet Eros (IAU authorised number for Eros is 433) (540)*NH8 Tabe Ii Common Auxiiaries of Point-of-view Road engineering with specia reference to Indian nationa highway number 8 The Tabe Ii enumerates the notations for point of views. The (.00..) sign is used aong with the notation to denote a specific point of view for a subject or concept. This auxiiary has a systematic tabe that is spet out in detai. Exampe:.003 Economic point of view Economic point of view of Technoogies and Appied Sciences Product point of view Digita computer as a product Tabe Ik Common Auxiiaries of Materias, Persons and Persona Characteristics The Tabe Ik enumerates the notations for properties, materias, persons and persona characteristics. The 03 sign auxiiaries denote the materias of an object or product or thing. This auxiiary has a systematic tabe that is spet out in detai. Exampe: Crysta gass Scupture using crysta gass Furs The 05 auxiiaries denote the persons concerned and persona characteristics. This auxiiary has a systematic tabe that is spet out in detai. Exampe: Foster parents Iiterates Scupture, made by iiterate persons 64

10 Tabe 3.1: Symbos of Common Auxiiaries at a Gance Symbo Used for Associated with Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes + Coordination / Addition Tabe Ia / Consecutive extension Tabe Ia : Simpe Reation (May be reversed) Tabe Ib :: Order Fixing (Cannot be reversed) Tabe Ib [...] Sub-grouping Tabe Ib = Language Tabe Ic (0...) Form Tabe Id (1/9) Pace Tabe Ie (=...) Ethnic Grouping and Nationaity Tabe If... Time Tabe Ig * Notation from non-udc sources Tabe Ih A/Z Direct aphabetica specification Tabe Ih.00 Point of view Tabe Ii -03 Materias Tabe Ik -05 Persons and persona characteristics Tabe Ik Specia Auxiiary Subdivisions Specia auxiiary subdivisions use 1/ 9,.01/.09 and 0/ 9. These are imited in their scope. Each series is used to denote recurrent concepts in that part of the main tabes for which it is designed and schedued or in certain other sections where speciay indicated in the schedue. Specia auxiiaries are aways schedue dependent, and cannot be appied to other casses uness specified. The specia auxiiary subdivisions use three kinds of notation i) The Hyphen series: 1/ 9 (i.e. 1 to 9) are mainy anaytica or differentiate in function. These indicate eements, components, properties and other detais of the subject denoted by the main number to which they serve. Exampe: 82 1/ 9 Engish Literary forms, genres 82 1 Engish Poetry. Poems. Verse ii) The Point-Nought series:.01/.09 (i.e..01 to.09) provides sets and subsets of recurrent concepts, ike, aspect studies, processes, operations, pant and equipments. Exampe: 528 Geodesy. Surveying. Photogrammetry. Cartography Preparatory work. Making of stations. Signa construction iii) The Apostrophe series: 0/ 9 (i.e. 0 to 9) are used for more specific instances than 1/ 9 and.01/.09. These are most of the times synthetic or integrative in function and denote compound subjects by compound notation. Exampe: 669 Metaurgy Copper-zinc-tin aoys (derived from , and 669.6) Parae Subdivisions When one portion of the cassification is divided ike another, this is indicated by the symbo. 65

11 of Information Exampe: / /.14 Principa divisions of Anatomy are simiar to principa divisions of Specia Pathoogy See Aso References Reference symbo right arrow ( ) is used in UDC to draw attention of reated aspects of a given subject, i.e. this symbo indicates See aso reference. Exampe: Earth Sciences See aso Landscape Fiing Order The fiing order is required for the purposes such as fiing or the organisation of books on the shef in a ibrary context, or for creating a systematic dispay in an OPAC or for the preparation of bibiographies by subject. The fiing order of UDC symbos is based on a progression from the genera to the specific. The independent auxiiaries come first. Then aggregation of severa numbers (using Ia auxiiaries) comes before the simpe component number. Then comes the numbers with auxiiaries as suffixes. The Tabe 3.2 shows the fiing order of both simpe and compound numbers. Tabe 3.2: Fiing Order Independent auxiiaries Symbo Exampes = =211 Sanskrit Language (0...) ( ) Microfiche (1/9) (540) India (=...) (=1.540) Indian st Century Iron ore mining and ferrous metaurgy / /.2 Mining of iron ores and manganese ores Simpe Number Iron ore mining Auxiiaries as suffixes : : Economic costs of iron ore mining :: :: Economic costs of iron ore mining = = Documents in Hindi on iron ore mining (0...) (035) Handbook of iron ore mining (1/9) ( ) Iron ore mining in the Himaayas (=...) (= ) Iron ore mining amongst forest-dweers Iron ore mining in the ate Iron Age * *Fe 2 O 3 Iron ore mining of red hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) A/Z GEO Goethite iron ore mining Scraps from iron ore mining Skied workers in iron ore mining -1/ Protective devises and measures in iron ore mining Geoogica character in iron ore deposits Taiing, waste and residue from iron ore mining 66 Next Simpe Magnetite-hematite ore mining Number

12 3.3.6 Citation Order The citation order is governed by the rues and conventions of any cassification scheme for such purposes as dispaying the concepts in the UDC schedues. The arrangement most commony used is known as standard citation order. The standard citation order offers a framework, i.e.: Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes Thing Kind Part Materia Property Process Operation Agent Space Time The UDC foows this framework, but it has provision to adapt the citation order to fit in with oca requirements. If you ook at 524 schedue you wi notice the citation order, as depicted beow: Things 524 Universe. Stars, etc. Kinds Super giant stars Giant stars Subgiant stars, etc. Parts The Gaaxy Loca region the Gaaxy Gaactic centre, etc. Materias Not appicabe Properties -3 subdivisions Properties and phenomena Processes -4 subdivisions Processes of bodies and systems Operations -1 subdivisions Mode of treatment. Working methods, etc. Agents 520 Astronomica instruments and techniques Many types of concept can be identified within the standard citation order, as shown above. The eements, which are not appropriate to the discipine can be unavaiabe or absent Quaities of the UDC Scheme The UDC is an anaytico-synthetic cassification scheme which is popuar wordwide and used in ibraries, museums, archives, bibiographic databases, information services and Internet. It is accepted wordwide for many reasons and quaities. These are summarised beow: i) The UDC is very fexibe in nature. ii) The UDC ike the DDC has been pubished in Compete, Medium, Abridged, and Web formats, which can be used by ibraries according to the requirements. iii) The UDC performs we to appications in other anguages and scripts. Its notation overcomes a anguage barriers. iv) Due to its versatiity it can be utiised in mutipe fieds incuding ibraries, museums, archives, in documentation and Internet, not ony for shef arrangement or coection dispay, but aso for information retrieva or as a metadata. 67

13 of Information v) The UDC is updated reguary as and when the new subjects or ideas are coming up. The UDCC brings out an annua journa that informs us about the new casses, revisions, and canceation of any item. vi) The UDC handes simpe subjects, compound subjects, compex subjects and isoate ideas quite efficienty. The combination of isoate ideas with a subject is very systematic and fexibe. vii) The contextua anaysis of subjects is aso possibe in UDC that provides fexibe treatment of documents based on individua institution s requirements. viii) It is easier to manipuate the UDC to accommodate advances in knowedge because of greater scope for creating new synthesised numbers for concepts or simpy inserting a new number as required without the need to reach genera editoria agreement. ix) Due to its abbreviated nature and vocabuary it is easiy updated and enabes wordwide standardised indexing. x) Within the UDC many concepts that ook new are in reaity a combination of existing ones and so can be immediatey expressed. xi) Due to the UDC s incrediby fexibe character it provides interface to conversion in a digita computer format. xii) The UDCC maintained Master Reference Fie is very comprehensive in nature and updated at reguar interva. The anaytico-synthetic nature of UDC scheme makes it very fexibe and accommodating. Athough this scheme is not fuy faceted, it has very powerfu faciity, which permits the joining of any part of the cassification with any other. UDC can be appied in different contexts and in different appications in specia ibraries and information centres. It is now being vigorousy geared for use in onine cataogues and websites on the Word Wide Web. Sef Check Exercise 3) Name the different editions of UDC in Engish. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given beow. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of the Unit. 3.4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION (LCC) SCHEME 68 As obvious from the name, this system is deveoped (from 1904 onwards) and used by the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. The Library of Congress, de facto the US nationa ibrary, is the argest ibrary of the word in terms of coection and services. It has now more than 90 miion items of reading materia. The ibrary was shifted to its present buiding in Then the Librarian Herbert Putnam ( ) after having decided to use a new system of its own for L.C. assigned the job in 1898 to Chares Marte ( ) and JCM Hanson ( ). This scheme was based somewhat on C A Cutter s Expansive Cassification (1893). It consisted of 21 casses in 29 parts, in 48 voumes running to about 11,000 pages. The system comprises a series of coordinated schedues.

14 Each major cass is virtuay independent with its own form and geographica divisions and index. The system is purey enumerative, i.e. the cass numbers are avaiabe ready-made and there is itte provision of synthesis. As its another major characteristic, it is based on the iterary warrant. Casses are simpy based on and deveoped from what is avaiabe in the Library of Congress. It is not any theoretica mapping of the universe of knowedge. It is aso avaiabe in CD- ROM entited Cassification Pus. The CD version combines schedues with Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSHs) and provides many more access points. It is easy to use and update. Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes The System The atest edition is the 6 th edition (1990) : Library of Congress. Subject Cataoging Division Processing Services: LC Cassification Outine. 6 th ed. Washington, DC: LC, ISBN The main casses are: A Generaia B Phiosophy C/F,G History and Geography H/L Socia Sciences M/P Humanities; P Languages and Literature Q/T Science, Technoogy and Medicine U/V Miitary Science Z Library and Information Science Letters I,O,W,X and Y are sti vacant. Each of the main cass is further divided aphabeticay, e.g., QA Mathematics QDChemistry QB Astronomy QE Geoogy QC Physics QHBioogy Each cass is further subdivided by one to four arithmetica numeras : QA Mathematics Mathematica ogic Computer Science Eementary Mathematics Agebra Decima extensions are of recent use to accommodate new subjects. In the fina shape the LC cass number is bit more compex comprising of highy mixed notation. An LC cass number is further extended by Cutter s author number and sometimes by year of pubication; thus the cass numbers are usuay engthy, e.g., HV 1481.S82 G34 Odage Pension in Sweden by P.Gahrton. PS 1331.H Mark Twain by A Henderson (1974) 69

15 of Information PR3629. A2L6 QC16.E5 The Rape of the Lock, ed by Laugee and McHenry Abert Einstein the physicist The Use, Revision and Future Though in design and detais, it is not scientific, yet aong with DDC and UDC, it is considered among the three big ibrary cassifications. It is absoutey enumerative scheme so much so even form and space auxiiaries are enumerated. It is a popuar scheme in USA; some other big ibraries abroad are aso its users. According to an estimate, it is being used by 60% of the research ibraries in the USA. Its cass number appear on MARC record and CIP data, and on some cooperative cataogues and commercia cataoguing services. It is aso used outside the USA. It is constanty revised, and has a great advantage of having both the designer and the main user as one body. The new changes made after a great dea of deiberations are announced in the quartery buetin: LC Cassification: Additions and Changes. The CD-ROM version caed Cassification Pus incudes LC subject headings and is avaiabe on annua subscription with quartery updates. CD version is convenient and efficient as it aows search by keywords, cass numbers, proximity options, and Booean operations, etc. As a imitation not the entire system has yet been converted into CD-ROM format. It has an assured future mosty because of its institutiona backing. It is a cassic exampe of a highy successfu enumerative cassification system with schoary detais. Sef Check Exercise 4) State the saient features of the LC Cassification. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given beow. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of the Unit. 3.5 COLON CLASSIFICATION (CC) SCHEME The CC projected as India s de facto nationa cassification was conceived and deveoped during 1924/1932 and pubished first in 1933 by the Madras Library Association (MALA). Its author Dr. S.R. Ranganathan ( ), caed the Father of Indian ibrary movement, was designated as the Nationa Research Professor in Library Science in 1965 by the Government of India. His word famous system named Coon Cassification is acknowedged as the greatest breakthrough in bibiographic cassification since the DDC (1876). He deveoped an entirey new species of ibrary cassification caed faceted cassification. The CC is an anaytico-synthetic freey-faceted scheme as contrasted from the enumerative cassifications such as DDC (edition 1-15), the LC, and Rider s Internationa Cassification (RIC). The 4 th edition (1952) incorporated many new and modern concepts and aid down the foundation of the modern version of the CC. The sixth edition pubished in 1960, and reissued with amendments in 1963 was the ast edition produced by Ranganathan. 70 You have studied the CC 6 th edition in detai in BLIS programme. Here we wi be discussing the 7 th edition and its features.

16 3.5.1 Features of 7 th Edition of CC The 7 th edition (1987) was revised and edited by Professor M.A. Gopinath then the Head, Documentation Research and Training Centre, Bangaore (and Secretary, Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science). Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes Ranganathan, S.R.: Coon Cassification, 7 th ed, Revised and edited by M.A. Gopinath. Bangaore: Sarada Ranaganathan Endowment for Library Science, Voume 1, xiv, 332p. So far ony one voume containing schedues and common isoates, etc. has been pubished. The index voume is avaiabe ony on a CD-ROM. In the new edition, the foowing 10 types of basic subjects have been identified. 1 Main Basic Subjects 2 Non-main Basic Subjects 1.1 Traditiona 2.1 Canonica casses 1.2 Newy emerging 2.2 System constituents 1.3 Fused 2.3 Specia constituents 1.4 Distied 2.4 Environment constituents 1.5 Subject bundes 1.6 Aggomerates In the new edition, the number of basic subjects has been enormousy increased to about 750. However, the traditiona basic subjects remain the same: 1/9 Newy emerging main casses. A/M Sciences Mysticism and Spiritua Experience N/S Humanities T/Z Socia Sciences Some of the new basic subjects in CC are: I Universe of subjects 4 Mass communication BT Statistica cacuus LT Physica exercises and Sports M4 Smithy PW6 Typewriting Obviousy, some trivia subjects have been raised to the status of basic subjects. In the 7 th edition, the Common Isoates (CI) have made significant advances both in kind and number, mosty in Posteriorising Common Isoates (PCI). the new schedues of (CI) are: Common Matter Property (Chap.DL, pp ) Common Energy Isoates (Chap.DK, pp ) The Anteriorising Common Isoates (ACI) are now added with the indicator digit (doube inverted comma), e.g., Journa of Mathematics B m Encycopaedia of Chemistry E k 71

17 of Information But most important of the additions is the enumeration of Environmenta Divisions (ED) (Chap DD, pp-54-56) which can be added to any subject using -9 as the indicator digit: Un4 High atitude Y311 Rura High atitude engineering D-9 Un4 Rura Economics X-9Y311 Another important addition is the use of Spectators of Kind I and Kind II to be denoted respectivey by - hyphen and equa to = signs: Partiay Sovereign State W, 1-12 Diaects of Engish Language P, 111=d The Aphabetica Device (AD) is frequenty used and the components of a mutinomia term are joined by + pus: Shakespeare s King Lear O,111,2J64, K+L Phase reation digit 0 (zero) has been repaced by & (ampersand), and a new kind of phase reation namey Too has been recognised: Mathematics for engineers B&bD Mathematics as a too to study science A & eb In the new edition, now it is obigatory to put a comma, between the (MC) and first Personaity (1P1), e.g., S,1 Chid psychoogy (instead of S1) P,15 Sanskrit Language (instead of P15) As another fundamenta change, now three varieties of the fundamenta category Matter have been discovered: Matter - Property (M-P) Matter - Method (M-M) Matter - Materia (M-Mt) What was energy category in the CC-6, now, as a whoe, has been redesignated as Matter- Property e.g. 72 CC-6 CC-7 Library Cassification 2:51 2;5

18 Human physioogy L:3 L;3 Constitutiona history V:2 V;2 Constitutiona History of India V44:2 V,44;2 Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes Notation of CC-7 The foowing five new digits have been added in the notationa system, whie none of the earier digits has been discarded: (except some of the Greek aphabets) + (Pus), = (equa to). (doube inverted comma). * (asterisk), & (ampersand) The notation in the CC-7 comprising of 74 digits (60 semantic and 14 indicator digits) has been divided into the foowing six species: 1. A/Z (Roman Capitas) (Greek Deta) /9 Indo-Arabic numeras a/z (i,,o excuded) Roman smas) Indicator digits with anteriorising vaue 03 * 6. Ordinary indicator digits () &. :;, - = + 11 = 74 (Asterisk, doube inverted comma, backward arrow, parenthesis, ampersand, inverted comma, dot, coon, semi coon, comma, hyphen, equa to, forward arrow, and pus respectivey) The notationa base of the CC is the widest ever in any cassification system. On this count, the CC-7 is very hospitabe, though it has made the notation and consequenty the system quite compicated: Cass number ooks engthy ike agebraic equations even unwiedy. Ranganathan sacrificed the brevity and simpicity of notation to make it finey hospitabe, and to produce co-extensive cass numbers. The new edition has many interna inconsistencies. Nevertheess, it is a usefu contribution containing a number of innovations. Expert systems are being deveoped for automatic synthesis of CC numbers at the DRTC Bangaore. Index to CC-7 is avaiabe ony in a CD-ROM form tited CINDEX. This database has been designed and deveoped by Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science using WINISIS 1.4 software deveoped by Unseco Revision, Use and Status Despite being projected as India s nationa scheme of cassification, it is not a widey used system in India. Though no register of its users has been maintained, but according to a very favourabe estimate some 24% of the ibraries are using this system in India. CC cass numbers are aso given as a bibiographic eement in the entries of the Indian Nationa Bibiography. There is no nationa committee or a substantive institutiona backing to advise or to take responsibiity of its revision or pubication. It is now pubished by the Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, Bangaore. 73

19 of Information The system is faceted in nature and is based on postuates and principes integrated into a coherent and fuy and finay deveoped theory of cassification. The contribution of the CC ies in its facet anaysis technique, the concept of fundamenta categories and canons which are practica. It provides scientific guideines for construction of any new cassification system. The theory of the CC is in fact considered as the theory of cassification in genera which is taught in many ibrary schoos the word over. Many depth cassification systems are being designed using the CC methods and theory. But surviva of the system in its present body seems uncertain. Sef Check Exercise 5) Enumerate the various notationa digits of the CC-7. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given beow. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit. 3.6 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION (BC) SCHEME The system was designed during by Henry Eveyn Biss ( ), the then Librarian, City Coege (Now, City University), New York. Biss occupies a very respectabe pace in the history of ibrary cassification as, to him goes the credit of basing his cassification on a very sound theoretica foundations. Cassification study and design was his ife time occupation in which he earned distinctions. Before pubication of his cassification, Biss authored two cassica works on the Organisation of Knowedge in 1929 and The Bibiographic Cassification (BC) was announced in 1910, and its outine was pubished in 1935 under the tite A system of Bibiographic Cassification. The cassification itsef was pubished in four voumes in 1940, 1947, 1952 and Biss, H.E. A Bibiographic Cassification extended by systematic auxiiary schedues for composite specification and notation. New York: H.W. Wison, Vos. It took much time in editing and production. By the time the ast voume came out, the earier voumes became outdated. The scheme coud not find many users as it arrived quite ate and by that time the systems ike DDC, LC and UDC were we entrenched into the fied. However, it did find a few admirers and users in the UK. H.E. Biss is the proverbia prophet unsung in his own and The Second Edition, the BC-2 In 1967, Biss Cassification Association (BCA) was formed in the UK under the eadership of J. Mis. The aim of BCA was to receive, and revise the system and promote its use. It started work on the 2 nd edition simpy known as BC-2 edited by J. Mis. 74 Mis J, et a: Biss Bibiographica Cassification, 2 nd ed. London: Bowker Saur, (Earier voumes were pubished by Butterworth, London). BC-2 is in 19 parts of which many have been pubished. The work has been sow due to ack of financia support and manpower. Nevertheess, the BC-2 has many new features and merits of its own. It is aso known as Mi s BC-2 which is a

20 tribute to the genius and dedicated efforts of J. Mis. The cassification Research Group (CRG, London) payed an active and vita roe in its revision. Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes Specia Features of BC The BC has many unique features and merits: a) The order of main casses is based upon what Biss caed the Educationa and Scientific Consensus. He even caimed that he had found a permanent order of subjects in the universe of knowedge. The caim of discovering a permanent order cannot be admitted, as no such order exists permanenty in the universe of knowedge. This order being socia, changes from time to time and society to society. Nevertheess the BC order of main casses is commendabe. b) Biss provided aternatives in the sequence, as e.g. Economic history can be paced either with economics or with history in genera. The reigion can either be paced at P or at Z. c) Biss beieved in simpe and short notation now comprising of Roman capitas and Indo-Arabic numeras. It usuay vioates hierarchy to have brief notation e.g. U Technoogy UE Engineering UHC Construction UJ Architecture d) The scheme uses retroactive notation which can be combined backward, e.g. 2HL Cooured materia 2P TV 2PHL Cooured TV e) It is the atest genera cassification scheme based upon modern facet anaysis and hepfu sequence methods expounded by Ranganathan. But it avoids many of Ranganathan s compexities and fauts. Therefore, it has the best of both the words, and possesses many unique but commendabe features. This scheme has bridged the gap between cassification theory and practice Structure, Auxiiary Tabes and Use Its main casses are as foows: A Phiosophy K Socia Sciences AL Logic KA Socioogy A Mathematics L/O History M Modern History B Physics P Reigion (Aternative Z) C Chemistry Q Socia Wefare D Astronomy R Poitica Science E Bioogy S Law F Botany T Economics G Zooogy U Technoogy H Man, Anthropoogy V Fine Arts 75

21 of Information I Psychoogy W Language and Literature J Education Z Reigion (Aternative P) In addition, it has six auxiiary tabes: 1 Common sub-divisions 4 Languages 2 Persons 5 Ethnic Groups 3 Paces 6 Periods of time The scheme is very strong in main cass J Education, and Q Socia Wefare. The cass J is in its second edition, and had infuenced other cassification systems especiay 370 Education in the DDC-20 (1989). On this account, it is gainfuy appied in specia ibraries, ibraries of wefare departments and coeges of education. There are some 90 users in Europe, Austraia and Africa. It is suitabe for preparing thesauri, and a mode for teaching faceted cassification. Each voume has its own index prepared according to chain indexing. A cumuative index wi be provided on competion of the whoe scheme. The BC-2 is constanty revised by J. Mis with the assistance of CRG (Cassification Research Group) members. Revision is sound but sow. The scheme is briiant and hopes to find its deserved pace soon. Sef Check Exercise 6) Enumerate the saient characteristics of the BC. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given beow. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit. 3.7 LIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION (BBK/LBC) SCHEME Every cassification naturay refects the cuture of time and society where it is designed. Amost a the major cassification systems are biased towards Christian and Capitaistic subjects and have been averse to Marxism and Leninism: a refection of the cod war days. Thus, ibraries in sociaistic countries found most of the cassification systems biased and useess for them. It prompted the then Lenin State Library at Moscow to design a system of its own based upon the Marxist ideoogy. The Lenin State Library with 40 miion coection was the nationa ibrary of the erstwhie USSR. It is now renamed Russian State ibrary. The decision to create a Soviet cassification system was taken back in 1920s though work on it started quite ate Structure of the BBK 76 Its name transated in Engish is Library-Bibiographica Cassification. In Russian its abbreviation is BBK. It was designed by a broad based team of experts under the editorship of O.P. Tesenko. The BBK was first competed in 30 voumes, and ists 34,000 main and 51,000 compound numbers indicated by 28 etters of Russian (Cyriic) aphabet.

22 It is the first cassification which provides aternative set of notation namey either 28 etters of Cyriic aphabets or Indo-Arabic numeras: Indexing Languages Part II : Cassification Schemes 1 Interdiscipinary knowedge. 2/5 Science, Technoogy. Agricuture and Medica sciences 6 Socia Sciences 7 Cuture and education 8 Language and iteratures. 86 Reigion, Atheism 87/88 Psychoogy 9 Universa subjects Notation in genera is highy mixed, hierarchica, faceted and synthetic. The punctuation marks are Point, Coon, Hyphen Dash, Quotation marks, Round Brackets, Equas, Stroke and Asterisk, e.g., T2 (4f/PA) History of France The system is semi-faceted but detaied, and it based upon the iterary warrant of books and journa iterature avaiabe in Russian ibraries of Moscow and Leningrad, now St. Peter Square. The main tabes are supported by a arge number of auxiiary tabes both genera and specia, mosty modeed on UDC. The cass numbers are usuay engthy. Each cass has its own index derived by chain indexing. As an estimate about 280,000 ibraries and information centres in the former USSR repubics are using it. It was aso used in the erstwhie East Germany, Bugaria, Vietnam and North Korea. In addition to the main tabes, 5 voume abridgement ( ), one voume abridgement (1975) for pubic ibraries another one voume (1978) for schoo ibraries and 4 voumes ( ) for regiona ibraries are avaiabe. The system is constanty revised, and LBC-2 is under preparation; and the system is being adopted to the needs of onine cataogues. Though its future at present seems uncertain, yet it is hoped that it wi continue to be used in Russia. Sef Check Exercises 7) Why was BBK designed? 8) State its main casses. Note: i) Write your answers in the space given beow. ii) Check your answers with the answer given at the end of this Unit. 3.8 BROAD SYSTEM OF ORDERING (BSO) SCHEME Apart from the UDC, Broad System of Ordering is ony another cassification originay sponsored by an internationa organisation, in this case UNESCO with the technica expertise provided by the FID/BSO pane. UNESCO wanted in 1971 a switching anguage for the UNISIST programme (Universa Information System in Science and Technoogy). A switching anguage means a ink or intermediate or conversion anguage from one indexing anguage to another. 77