A Hike in New York City

Transcription

1 Assessment Practice Assessment Practice RL 4 Analyze the impact of specific word choices on tone. RL 5 Analyze how the structure of [a] text contributes to its meaning and style. RI 1 Cite textual evidence to support inferences drawn from the text. RI 4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative [and] connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices. L 1 Demonstrate command of grammar and usage when writing. L 4b Use Latin roots as clues to the meaning of a word. L 5a Interpret figures of speech (e.g., verbal irony) in context. L 6 Gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. check readiness Read aloud the paragraph under ASSESS and stress to students that this is not the full Unit Test, but a way for them to check their readiness for it. Then have students examine the unit standards and the skills listed below and look back in the unit or in the Student Resource Bank for any skills they need to review. read the texts Remind students to keep unit goals in mind as they read the passage, paying particular attention to these literary and reading skills: style and sequence tone and irony synthesize To help students focus on style as they read, encourage them to ask questions such as Does the sentence structure call your attention to certain ideas or feelings? What kinds of images does the author use? answer the questions Direct students to pages R95 R101 of the Test- Taking Handbook to review strategies. Encourage students to use any extra time to check their answers. After completing the test, they can return to questions about which they are unsure. assess Taking this practice test will help you assess your knowledge of these skills and determine your readiness for the Unit Test. review After you take the practice test, your teacher can help you identify any standards you need to review. RL 4 Analyze the impact of specific word choices on tone. RL 5 Analyze how the structure of [a] text contributes to its meaning and style. RI 1 Cite textual evidence to support inferences drawn from the text. RI 4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative [and] connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices. L 1 Demonstrate command of grammar and usage when writing. L 4b Use Latin roots as clues to the meaning of a word. L 5a Interpret figures of speech (e.g., verbal irony) in context. L 6 Gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Practice Test Take it at thinkcentral.com. KEYWORD: HML8N unit 6: style, voice, and tone differentiated instruction for english language learners Assessment Practice: Work Backward Prepare students for the assessment by having them read the questions before reading the passages. Have pairs find unfamiliar words in test directions and questions and follow these steps: 1. Write each word on an index card. 2. Look up the meaning in a dictionary and write it on the back of the card. DIRECTIONS Read the two selections and the viewing and representing piece. Then answer the questions that follow. Sam Levenson s narrative is based on his childhood in New York City in the 1920s. A Hike in New York City by Sam Levenson At least once each summer we kids went off on a hike, but never without strong opposition from Mama. When it came to the open road, Mama had a closed mind. Her method of discouraging us from venturing into the unknown was to make the entire project appear ridiculous: You re going on what? We re going on a hike. What s a hike? Mama would ask. When we started to explain it, the whole idea did in fact become ridiculous. We go walking, Ma. Walking? For that you have to leave home? What s the matter with walking right here? You walk; I ll watch. You don t understand, Ma. We take lunch along. I ll give you lunch here, and you can march right around the table, and she would start singing a march, clapping her hands rhythmically. Ma, we climb mountains in the woods. She couldn t understand why it was so much more enjoyable to fall off a mountain than off a fire escape. And how about the wild animals in the woods? Wild animals? What kind of wild animals? A bear, for instance. A bear could eat you up. Ma, bears don t eat little children. Okay. So he won t eat you, but he could take a bite and spit it out! I m telling you now, if a wild animal eats you up don t come running to me. And who s going with you? Well, there s Georgie Georgie! Not him! He s a real wild animal! She then went on to list all the conditions for the trip. And remember one thing, don t tear your pants, and remember one thing, don t eat wild berries and bring me home the cramps, and remember one thing, don t tell me tomorrow morning that you re too tired to go to school, and remember one thing, wear boots, a sweater, warm underwear, and an umbrella, and a hat, and remember one thing, if you should get lost in the jungle, call up so I ll know you re all right. And don t dare come 3. Use the cards to practice the words with your partner and to teach them to others. 770 unit 6: style, voice, and tone

2 home without color in your cheeks. I wish I was young and free like you. Take soap. Since the consent was specifically granted for the next day only, that night none of us slept. There was always a chance that it might rain. Brother Albert stayed at the crystal set 1 all night like a ship s radio operator with his earphones on, listening to the weather bulletins and repeating them aloud for the rest of us. It s clearing in Nebraska. Hot air masses coming up from the Gulf. They say it s good for planting alfalfa. Storm warning off the coast of Newfoundland. It s drizzling in Montreal. At 6:00 a.m. we were ready for Operation Hike, rain or shine, but we had to wait for Papa to get up. We didn t need his permission, but we did need his blanket. Into the valley of Central Park we marched, bowed down with knapsacks, flashlights, a compass-mirror (so you could tell not only where you were lost, but who was lost), a thermos bottle (semi-automatic you had to fill it but it emptied by itself), and an ax. Onward! Forward! Upward! Philip was always the leader. He was the one to get lost first. Jerry was the lookout. He would yell, Look out! and fall off the cliff. None of us knew how long we were supposed to march. We went on because we didn t know what to do if we stopped. One brave coward finally spoke up. I can t go on anymore. The heat is killing me. Let s start the fire here. No hike was complete without Georgie and his Uncle Bernie s World War I bugle. This kid had lungs like a vacuum cleaner. With him outside the walls of Jericho, they could have sent the rest of the army home. He used to stand on a hill and let go a blast that had the Staten Island ferries running into each other. Lunch, naturally, had been packed in a shoe box sandwiches, fruit, cheese, and napkins all squashed together neatly. The lid would open by itself every twenty minutes for air. It happened every time, the Miracle of the Sandwiches. One kid always got a brilliant idea. Hey, I got a brilliant idea. I m tired of my mother s sandwiches. Let s everybody trade sandwiches. All the kids exchanged sandwiches and miraculously we all ended up with salami. Albert was the true nature lover. You know, you can learn a lot about human nature from the ants, he always said as he lifted up rock after rock to study his favorite insects. And he was right. While he was studying the ants, someone swiped his apple. We came home with color in our cheeks green. To make sure we could go again, we didn t forget Mama. We brought her a bouquet. She took one whiff and broke out in red blotches. item analysis comprehension and short constructed response Practice Test items Style 9, 10, 11, 17, 24, 25, 27 Sequence 1, 2, 12, 16, 18 Irony 7, 12, 13, 26 Tone 5, 6, 8, 21, 23, 24 unit pages On thinkcentral.com students can complete an interactive version of this practice test and receive remediation for the skills they have not yet mastered. 688, 695, Synthesize 21, 22, Visuals 24, Latin Roots 3, 4, Foreign Words 14, 15, , 705 revising and editing items unit pages Appositive Phrases 1, Compound and Complex 2, 3 738, 751 Sentences 1. crystal set: a radio. assessment practice 771 for struggling readers Assessment Support Consider these options for completing the Assessment Practice: Have students work backward, reviewing the questions before reading the passages. Select random questions in the Assessment, and have students demonstrate how and where to look for the answers. Ask students to locate unfamiliar vocabulary words in the Assessment. Elicit the words meanings from the class. Have students record useful testing words and definitions for later reference. Read a selection or parts of it aloud to aid in student comprehension. assessment practice 771

3 1 2 3 The Heckscher Playground from The Park and the People: A History of Central Park by Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackman The shortage of public space in Manhattan increased the demands placed on Central Park in the twentieth century, especially since new generations did not go to the park just to enjoy its beautiful natural landscape. More and more visitors came to Central Park hoping to play, to be entertained, to see something a show or spectacle just as those who could afford it did at Coney Island or the movie house. And park administrators, politicians, and reformers all sought to meet these expectations, to demonstrate that the city s grandest public park had kept pace with the times. Although most progressive reformers regarded playing fields, field houses, and gymnastic equipment as essential park features, before the 1920s, the playground movement had only a limited physical impact on Central Park. In the 1890s reformers had successfully introduced a small sand garden in the shadow of Umpire Rock on the southwest Playground. By 1912 play supervisors ran five summer programs for children in the park, but without equipment. In the spirit of the playground movement, park officials did now permit a number of competitive sports including soccer, field hockey, and football, as well as the traditional baseball and croquet on the meadows. Commissioners made only tentative gestures, however, toward building new facilities. As late as the 1920s, only about 9 percent of the park s terrain was devoted to playfields or special programmed events. The Heckscher Playground at 61st Street and Seventh Avenue, added only in 1926, became the sole equipped playground within the park. It was bitterly opposed by several real estate and civic groups, including the League of Women Voters and the Federation of Women s Clubs. The Central Park West and Columbus Avenue Association, which represented West Side property owners, argued that Central Park was designed as a park where people could go and rest and walk and drive and that it was intended to be maintained with grass and trees. But the area at 61st and Seventh Avenue was designated as a playground in the original Greensward plan of 1858 and had long been in use for children s play and sports. In a political climate sympathetic to the reformers playground movement, philanthropist August Heckscher used his personal prestige to persuade park officials to ignore the opposition and accept his gift of an equipped playground, 4.5 acres, including swings, merry-go-rounds, spiral slides, jungle gyms, a field house, and a wading pool just south of Umpire Rock. 772 differentiated instruction for english language learners Review Literary Terms Review and discuss the following terms: style: an author s way of writing, including his or her choice of words, use of long or short sentences, and use of imagery imagery: words that help readers see, hear, smell, taste, or feel what a writer is describing tone: a writer s attitude toward a subject, such as serious, sarcastic, or humorous ironic: containing an example of situational, verbal, or dramatic irony situational irony: when something happens that is the opposite of what is expected verbal irony: when a writer or character says the opposite of what he or she really means dramatic irony: when readers know something that a character in a story does not know 772 unit 6: style, voice, and tone

4 Assessment Practice It s great to get away from it all, except for the crowds. 773 for struggling readers Assessment Support: Analyze Visuals Explain that cartoonists often create humor by presenting something familiar in an unexpected way. Have students consider the following questions as they study the cartoon on this page. What does the cartoon show? What is unusual about the image? How does the caption relate to the image? assessment practice 773

5 answers Reading Comprehension Model a thinking process for answering multiple-choice questions. 1. C is correct. A can be eliminated because Albert listens to the weather bulletins the night before the hike. B is incorrect because they are ready at six o clock, but they must wait to get Papa s blanket. D is incorrect because they didn t eat lunch until they were on their hike. 2. C is correct. It is the only choice with phrases that tell when something happened. A, B, and D are incorrect because each one contains a phrase that tells where something happened but no phrases that indicate when. 3. B is correct. The phrase Mama had a closed mind reveals that she was against the hike, ruling out D. A is incorrect because the context does not show that Mama punishes the children. C is incorrect because the text does not express the idea of being influenced by something. 4. B is correct. People laugh at ideas that are silly. A can be eliminated because Mama wants to discourage the kids and would not want to make the project appear enjoyable. C is incorrect because there is nothing to indicate that making the hike seem realistic would discourage the kids. D can be eliminated because it does not express the meaning of to laugh. 5. B is correct. Sentence 2 uses word play to contrast the terms open road and closed mind. A can be eliminated because it is simply a statement of fact. C and D are incorrect because they do not include humor. 6. B is correct. The ironic comment in the second sentence sets the humorous tone. A can be eliminated because the author uses a mix of short and long sentences. C and D are incorrect because the author does not use specialized vocabulary or detailed descriptions. 774 Reading Comprehension Use A Hike in New York City (pp ) to answer questions When do the children set out on their hike? A. Before Albert hears the weather report B. At six o clock in the morning C. After they get Papa s blanket D. As soon as they eat lunch 2. Which words and phrases from the passage help the reader follow the order of events? A. At least, in the woods B. On a hike, right here C. That night, at 6:00 a.m. D. Open road, rain or shine 3. The Latin word ponere means to put. What does the word opposition mean in paragraph 1? A. Punishment C. Influence B. Resistance D. Approval 4. The Latin word ridere means to laugh. What does the word ridiculous mean in paragraph 2? A. Enjoyable C. Realistic B. Silly D. Unusual 5. Reread the first four sentences in the passage. Which sentence tells you this will be a funny story? A. Sentence 1 C. Sentence 3 B. Sentence 2 D. Sentence 4 6. The author sets the tone by using A. long sentences B. ironic comments C. specialized vocabulary D. detailed descriptions 7. C is correct. It is verbal irony because if the children get lost, they will not be all right. There are no details to support A or B, and D is incorrect because Mama s reference to the New York City park as a jungle is an example of figurative language, but it is not an example of irony. 7. In paragraph 19, Mama says if you should get lost in the jungle, call up so I ll know you re all right. This statement is ironic because A. it is easy to get lost in a big city park B. Mama is afraid that the children will get lost C. the children are not all right if they are lost D. the New York City park is not a jungle 8. The phrases Operation Hike and the Miracle of the Sandwiches are funny because they A. express a child s innocent point of view B. show Mama s concern for her children C. can be interpreted in different ways D. make everyday events seem important 9. Which words in the passage help to create an informal style? A. Opposition, ridiculous, rhythmically B. Kids, swiped, squashed C. Hike, walk, marched D. Coward, insects, bouquet 10. With the exclamations Onward! Forward! Upward! in paragraph 22, the author emphasizes the boys A. excitement about the hike B. fear of getting lost C. need for their mother D. interest in climbing a hill 11. In paragraph 23, the image that compares Georgie s lungs to a vacuum cleaner shows that he A. has strong lungs B. speaks very loudly C. likes to play the bugle D. has dirt in his lungs 8. D is correct. The phrases compare the ordinary events to important, dramatic events. A is incorrect because the phrases express a sophisticated point of view. B is incorrect because it is the narrator, not Mama, who uses the phrases. C can be eliminated because the interpretations of the phrases are clear. 774 unit 6: style, voice, and tone

6 Assessment Practice 12. In paragraph 25, the quotation marks around brilliant idea suggest that this phrase is an example of A. understatement B. verbal irony C. vivid imagery D. symbolism 13. Reread the last paragraph. What is ironic about the children s gift to Mama? A. The children bring Mama a gift so that she will let them go hiking again. B. The children find flowers in Central Park to bring to Mama. C. Mama has an allergic reaction to the bouquet. D. Mama is surprised by the children s gift. 14. The word salami appears in paragraph 25. Use clues in the following sentence to choose the foreign origin of salami. Maria often serves cubed salami, crusty bread, and pasta for lunch. A. French C. Italian B. German D. English 15. The word bouquet appears in paragraph 27. Use clues in the following sentence to choose the foreign origin of bouquet. The artisans at a shop near the Eiffel Tower in Paris fashion flowers into elegant bouquets. A. French C. Arabic B. Greek D. German 16. B is correct. The sand garden was built in the 1890s (paragraph 2). A is incorrect because the playground was built in 1926 (paragraph 3). C and D are incorrect because the summer programs and sports began in 1912 (paragraph 2). 17. B is correct. The authors use mostly long sentences. A, C, and D are incorrect because the author does not use short sentences. Use The Heckscher Playground (p. 772) to answer questions Which happened first in the development of Central Park? A. A philanthropist paid for a playground with equipment. B. Reformers built a small sand garden for children. C. Play supervisors ran five summer programs for children without equipment. D. Sports such as soccer were allowed on the meadows. 17. One element of the authors style is the use of A. mostly short sentences B. mostly long sentences C. all short sentences D. a mix of long and short sentences 18. Which phrases from the passage help the reader follow the order of events? A. More and more, had kept pace B. Before the 1920s, as late as C. In the park, in the spirit of D. In the shadow, on the meadows 19. The word croquet appears in paragraph 2. Use clues in the following sentence to choose the foreign origin of croquet. A crude version of what is now croquet was first played over a thousand years ago by lonely shepherds in the south of France. A. English C. French B. Greek D. German B is correct. It is the only choice with phrases that indicate when something happened. A is incorrect because these phrases describe the increase in park visitors and the development of the park. C and D are incorrect because these phrases describe location or condition. 19. C is correct. France is a clue that the origin of the word is French. A, B, and D are incorrect because there are no clues that support English, Greek, or German origins. 9. B is correct. These are words that are likely to be used in everyday conversation. A can be eliminated because long, multi-syllabic words are usually not informal. C and D can be eliminated because these are neutral words that are neither formal nor informal. 10. A is correct. The exclamation points indicate excitement, and the words convey positive feelings. B and C can be eliminated because there are no details to support a fear of getting lost or a need for their mother. D can be eliminated because there are no details to support the idea that they are interested in climbing a hill. 11. A is correct. This paragraph describes how loudly Georgie played the bugle. The author is suggesting that in order to play so loudly, Georgie s lungs had to have the same kind of power as a strong vacuum cleaner. It does not describe how he spoke, as in B, his feelings about playing the bugle, as in C, or the cleanliness of his lungs, as in D. 12. B is correct. The phrase is ironic because the narrator does not really consider the idea to be brilliant. A is incorrect because the word brilliant indicates overstatement rather than understatement. C and D are incorrect because there is no imagery or symbolism in the phrase. 13. C is correct. The children want to please Mama, but their gift makes her break out in a rash. A, B, and D can be eliminated because these events are not the opposite of what is expected or planned. 14. C is correct. The word pasta and the name Maria are clues that salami is Italian. A, B, and D are incorrect because there are no clues that support these origins. 15. A is correct. Paris and Eiffel Tower are clues that bouquet is French. No clues support Greek, Arabic, or German origins, as in B, C, and D. assessment practice 775

7 20. C is correct. The words middle and center are synonyms. A, B, and D are incorrect because these meanings do not relate to the word center. 21. A is correct. In A Hike in New York City, Mama is against the idea of the children going on a hike in the park. The Heckscher Playground describes how many people opposed the building of the playground in Central Park. B, C, and D are incorrect because these do not reflect the attitude in A Hike in New York City. 22. B is correct. The children wanted to have fun in the park. The children s activities and equipment that were added relate to this desire. A and C are incorrect because these do not reflect the changes that took place in the park. D is incorrect because the changes took place even though some groups opposed them. 23. D is correct. Reformers wanted to make Central Park more friendly to visitors. A, B, and C are incorrect because these do not relate to enjoying the public space in the park. 24. A is correct. The unexpected site of the crowded park creates humor, since people visit parks to enjoy nature, not to be around crowds of people. B is incorrect because the cartoon does not show typical behavior in a park. C and D are incorrect because there is nothing humorous or unexpected about showing tall trees or men and women. 25. B is correct. The caption shows the irony and humor of escaping to a crowded area. There is nothing humorous about A, C, or D, making those answers incorrect. 20. The Latin root centrum means center. What does Central mean in the phrase Central Park in paragraph 1? A. Very large part B. A colorful thing C. Near the middle D. Circular in shape Use A Hike in New York City and The Heckscher Playground to answer questions Reflect on an adult s attitude about children using Central Park in the 1920s in A Hike in New York City. How is that attitude reflected in The Heckscher Playground? A. Children were not generally welcome in the park in the 1920s. B. The park was designed for adults and children to share. C. A philanthropist wanted to provide a playground in the park. D. The original plan for the park included a playground. 22. Think about the children s desires in A Hike in New York City. How did their desires relate to the changes that took place in The Heckscher Playground? A. People stayed away from the park. B. Organizations added children s activities and equipment to the park. C. The city decided that the park should remain the same. D. More organizations began to oppose changes to the park. 23. Which statement from A Hike in New York City reflects the reformers attitude in The Heckscher Playground? A. There was always a chance that it might rain. B. We went on because we didn t know what to do if we stopped. C. I wish I was young and free like you. D.... it was so much more enjoyable to fall off a mountain than off a fire escape. Use the visual representation on page 773 to answer questions 24 and The cartoonist creates humor by A. placing a crowd where it does not belong B. showing typical behavior in a park C. illustrating tall trees D. including both men and women 25. The cartoonist makes the caption humorous by A. writing about how much fun it would be to be in a crowd in the woods B. claiming that he gets away from crowds while being in a crowd at the same time C. stating that he wants to get away from crowds D. explaining that he really wants to be in a crowd of people SHORT CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE Write a short response to each question, using text evidence to support your response. 26. Find two examples of irony in A Hike in the Park and identify each as situational, verbal, or dramatic irony. 27. Find two examples of Sam Levenson s humor, and explain how the words, images, or sentences contribute to the humor. SHORT CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE Possible responses: 26. An example of situational irony is when the kids exchange sandwiches because one kid is tired of his mother s sandwiches, but they all end up with salami (paragraph 25), or when one of the children says he is too hot to go on and suggests starting a fire (paragraph 22). An example of verbal irony is the description of the lunch items as all squashed together neatly (paragraph 24), since they cannot be both squashed together and neat. An example of dramatic irony is when Mama suggests that a bear 776 unit 6: style, voice, and tone 776 will eat the kids (paragraph 15), since it is unlikely that the kids will meet a bear in a park in New York City. 27. Examples of humor include the wordplay in paragraph 1, the use of exaggeration in Mama s objections to the hike, her list of conditions, and the names Operation Hike and Miracle of the Sandwiches. Other examples include the images of hikers loaded down with equipment, bumbling through Central Park (paragraph 22) and Georgie blowing a bugle blast that could cause armies to retreat and ferries to collide (paragraph 23). Levenson s use of irony contrasts the children s serious attitude about their hike and the ridiculous things they do.

8 Assessment Practice Revising and Editing DIRECTIONS Read this passage and answer the questions that follow. (1) Central Park occupies 843 acres of land in New York City. (2) It is the most visited park in the nation. (3) When the city bought the land in the mid 1800s, it had to be cleared of farms, livestock, and open sewers. (4) The city held a competition for the new park s design. (5) Officials chose a plan. (6) The completed park looked natural. (7) It consisted of artificial lakes and imported trees and shrubs. (8) Now the park is a popular spot for bird watching. (9) It is an oasis for migrating birds. 1. How might you use an appositive phrase to combine sentences 1 and 2? A. Central Park is the most visited park in the nation and occupies 843 acres of land in New York City. B. The most visited park in the nation is Central Park, and it occupies 843 acres of land in New York City. C. Central Park, the most visited park in the nation, occupies 843 acres of land in New York City. D. Occupying 843 acres of land in New York City, Central Park is the most visited park in the nation. 3. How might you combine sentences 6 and 7 to form one complex sentence? A. The completed park looked natural, but it consisted of artificial lakes and imported trees and shrubs. B. Though the completed park looked natural, it consisted of artificial lakes and imported trees and shrubs. C. The completed park looked natural but consisted of artificial lakes and imported trees and shrubs. D. The completed park looked natural, consisting of artificial lakes and imported trees and shrubs. answers Revising and Editing 1. C is correct. The phrase the most visited park in the nation is an appositive for Central Park and is correctly set off by commas. A, B, and D do not contain an appositive phrase. 2. B is correct. It contains two independent clauses. A, C, and D are incorrect because none of them contain two independent clauses. 3. B is correct. It contains one dependent clause. A can be eliminated because it is a compound sentence. C and D are incorrect because neither contains both a dependent and an independent clause. 4. C is correct. The phrase an oasis for migrating birds is an appositive for The park. Choices A, B, and D do not contain an appositive phrase. 2. How might you combine sentences 4 and 5 to form one compound sentence? A. The city held a competition for the new park s design, choosing a plan. B. The city held a competition for the new park s design, and officials chose a plan. C. After the city held a competition for the new park s design, officials chose a plan. D. The city held a competition for the new park s design and chose a plan. 4. How might you use an appositive phrase to combine sentences 8 and 9? A. Migrating birds now make the park an oasis and a popular spot for bird watching. B. Because it is an oasis for migrating birds, the park is now a popular spot for bird watching. C. The park, an oasis for migrating birds, is now a popular spot for bird watching. D. The park is an oasis for migrating birds, so now it is a popular spot for bird watching. 777 differentiated instruction for english language learners Assessment Support Discuss these terms and examples: appositive phrase (items 1, 4): a noun phrase that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun in the sentence Ira, my cousin, is a mountain climber. An experienced mountain climber, he loves the outdoors. compound sentence (item 2): two independent clauses, often joined by the conjunctions and, or, but, or nor We might hike, or we might go swimming. Mama told us we could go hiking, but she said we had to be home early. complex sentence (item 3): one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, which may begin with a word such as after, because, although, since, until, where, or who Because I often get lost, I always carry a compass. Yesterday I went to the gym, where I worked out for two hours. assessment practice 777