April 20 & 21, World Literature & Composition 2. Mr. Thomas

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1 April 20 & 21, 2016 World Literature & Composition 2 Mr. Thomas

2 60 Second Warm Up At your tables, discuss: If you want to convince your parents to let you go out with your friends on a weekend or to give you money to go shopping, what are some factors you might consider before approaching them? Why do you think that these factors have an impact on their decision?

3 Today s Essential Questions/ Learning Objectives How can the knowledge and use of rhetoric help someone to win an argument? What are logical fallacies and why are they harmful to an argument? 1. Students will understand and identify different types of rhetorical strategies. 2. Students will understand and identify the different types of logical fallacies.

4 Today s Agenda 1. Intro to Debate Notes Rhetoric Logical fallacies Debate terms

5 Rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It involves knowing what to say and how to say it.

6 Rhetoric Logos (logic) an appeal to reason All reptiles lay eggs. Snakes are reptiles. Therefore, snakes must also lay eggs. Pathos an appeal to emotion As the ice caps continue to melt, the habitat of polar bears and other arctic animals is put at risk. Unless we take action to stop global warming, all of the arctic animals will die. Ethos an appeal to credibility, like using a quote or establishing expertise Nine out of ten doctors recommend the use of our product to lower cholesterol levels and strengthen your heart.

7 Other Rhetorical Strategies Repetition - a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect. Leading Questions a question that requires no answer because the answer is obvious and doesn t need to be stated. Hesitation a refusal to answer a question, which, in itself, is an answer Intimation a suggestion of what is possibly true (but not necessarily true)

8 Hyperbole Metaphor Simile Other Rhetorical Strategies Personification Imagery

9 Commercial Analysis

10 Logical Fallacies Ad Hominem - In an ad hominem argument, the arguer attacks his or her opponent instead of the opponent's argument. Bandwagon - The bandwagon fallacy is committed whenever one argues for an idea based upon an irrelevant appeal to its popularity. Hasty Generalization- A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence (i.e. small sample size or personal anecdote). In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.

11 Logical Fallacies Guilt by Association -A fallacy in which a person rejects a claim simply because it is pointed out that people he/she dislikes accept the claim. Post Hoc -Is committed when it is concluded that one event causes another simply because the proposed cause occurred before the proposed effect. Red Herring -A fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic

12 Logical Fallacies Relativist Fallacy -Is committed when a person rejects a claim by asserting that the claim might be true for others but is not for him/her. Slippery Slope -A fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed. Straw Man -Committed when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position

13 Other Debate Terms Debate - a competition between persuasive speakers to convince an audience one side of a topic is correct using researched information and the ability to listen and respond respectfully to the other speakers in the argument. Resolution - the normative statement that the affirmative team argues for and the negative team argues against. Normative Statement - expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable in terms that are debatable Affirmative - the side that argues in favor of the resolution Negative - the side that argues against the resolution

14 Debate Structure Terms Constructive Speech - the first speech given by a debater that establishes the position and begins to build the overall argument. Rebuttal Speech - a speech used to refute or disprove by offering contrary arguments and providing further evidence from research Cross Examination - a final detailed questioning of an opponent s position by scrutinizing their facts, sources, perceptions, and motives. It s an attempt to discredit the other side s testimony, knowledge, or credibility Annotated Bibliography - a list of all sources referenced during research and drafting of the arguments, including a brief summary of information available from each source

15 Taylor Swift - Rhetorical Analysis

16 On an exit slip, write: 60 Second Closure 3 types of rhetoric/logical fallacy you are confident in knowing and identifying 2 types of rhetoric/logical fallacy that you don t yet feel confident in knowing and identifying 1 specific question about rhetoric or logical fallacies