A student s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style

Transcription

1 A student s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style Version: June 2014 This publication is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Page 1 of 17

2 Table of Contents Topic Page Introduction Bibliography and Reference List Acceptable abbreviation in the Reference List Examples Books Newspaper, Journal or Magazine articles Brochures, Pamphlets and Fact sheets Conference papers, Acts of Parliament and Government Publications Online material - general principles for web documents, sites & other electronic media ebook Electronic Dictionary or Encyclopedia Databases /Electronic Resources /Webpages Lecture notes and Theses Multimedia Music Recording Sample APA Bibliography/Reference List Page 2 of 17

3 Introduction Why reference? Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your argument. Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from plagiarising which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else s thoughts, words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own. It is technically stealing and is a breach of ethics. Referencing tells the reader where the original idea can be found. What should be referenced? Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing: A concept or idea A paraphrased quote A direct quotation Personal communication Class notes Script or screenplay A contestable argument General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example: Canberra is the capital of Australia. But if you read that The Yass-Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety this would have to be referenced. A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be: It is a fact that Lady Denman rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra. In-text referencing This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found. Always include the author s surname, the year of publication and for quotations, the page number(s) if available. If there is no author use the title of the work. If the author is not known but the organisation is known list the organisation as author. Page 3 of 17

4 What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References? A bibliography is comprehensive as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading. A list of references on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment. Using referenced quotations Use quotes wisely and don t use too many no more than 10% of the essay or report. Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum. Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read. Direct quotations Short Quotes If the quotation is less than about 40 words, it should be contained within the text inside double quotation marks. For example Longer quotes She stated, The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied. Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 5-7 spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark. For example: Miele s 1993 study found the following: The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) Please note that paraphrased information ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to acknowledge the source. Page 4 of 17

5 A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from the WSI library website. Before using this referencing style check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator. Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the citation. Links may also become out of date. The APA style is an author-date referencing system. APA requires a hanging indent (5-7 spaces) and double-spacing for its citations (for the purposes of this guide, single spacing is used). Book titles, journal titles, and journal volumes are italicised (but not journal issues numbers). In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters and books, capitalise the letter of the first word and proper nouns, except in in text citation. Provide city and state for US and Australian publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ; Rockhampton, Qld. Provide city, state and country for all other publications. Do not give the name of the city or state if it is part of the name of a university as the publisher. Capitalise all words in journal, magazine & newspaper titles. Reference entries always finish with a full-stop, except when the reference ends with a URL Entries are in alphabetical order by author s surname or by title if no author, and double spaced. Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit when citing journal and magazine articles. For web documents, sites & other electronic media, use retrieval (availability) statements where source material is likely to change over time. Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include: ed. Edition Ed. ( Eds) Editor(s) n.d. No date p. (pp.) Page (pages) Ser. Series Suppl. Supplement Rev. ed. Revised edition Vol. or Vols. Volume(s) No. Number Trans. Translator(s) 2nd ed. Second Edition Pt. Part Tech. Rep. Technical Report Chap. Chapter Page 5 of 17

6 Examples Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Books One to two authors Three to five authors Robinson (2008, p.25) has argued that... OR This was seen in a study (Smythe & Jones, 2001),.. Cite the names every time the reference occurs Ampersand (&) can be used within parentheses, while and is used in sentences. If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year in the order they appear...curwen, Palmer and Ruddell (2000) demonstrated For the first text citation of a work by three to five authors cite all authors. For all subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. If the work is cited more than once within the same paragraph, omit the year after the first citation. Robinson, M. (2008). Child development 0-8: A journey through the early years. Maidenhead, Kent: Open University Press. References that are more than one line should be indented as shown above. Details about edition, volume number, report number or chapter page range are placed directly after the title in parentheses, with the period after the parentheses, e.g., (2nd ed.). Or (Report No. ABC-123). No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication. Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. (Brief Therapies Series). London: Sage. List all author names. 6 or more authors It was argued that (Johnson et al., 2005) Cite just the last name of the first author followed by et. al. and year for the first and all other citations. Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far is far? London: McMillan. References with multiple authors: give surnames and initials for up to seven authors. With eight or more authors, include the first six authors names, then insert three ellipses and add the last author s name. No author (Psychological effects, 1999) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of so-called "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House. If there are no authors or editors, move the title to that position No date (Douglas, n.d., p.203)... Douglas, G. (n.d.). Studying at University: a student guide. Walcha, NSW: Waupub. Page 6 of 17

7 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Two or more books in one year by same author (Santrock, 2009a, 2009b) Distinguish works by a b, etc after publication date. Santrock, J.W. (2009a). Child development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Santrock, J.W. (2009b). Life-span development (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. List books in alphabetical order by title Edited books (Beckman & Ma, 2008) Beckman, K. R., & Ma, J. (Eds.). (2008). Still moving: Between cinema and photography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Use author rules as listed above. Where there is editor instead of author, follow author rules, but include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses. Edited books Dictionaries encyclopaedias. The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (1980, p.85) defined it as Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London.: Macmillan Lindgren, H.C. (1994). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp ). New York, NY: Wiley. Book : chapter, essay or article in an edited book Work in an anthology (Ogden, 2001) Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book. Ogden, J. (2001). Health psychology. In J. Naidoo & J. Willis (Eds.), Health Studies: An introduction (pp ). New York, NY: Palgrave. When the editor s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials and surname. Translated book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: for sport and manual therapies of everyday life. (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Authors last name, first initial, followed by the year of publication and book title. First initials and last name of the translator and notation 'Trans.' then included in parentheses. Next location, publisher and lastly include original publication date in parenthesis if applicable (eg Original work published xxxx). Reprinted book (from another source) (Newton, 1998/1999) If the work is reprinted, give both publication dates in chronological order, separated by a slash (/). Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp ). New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26, August 1998). Page 7 of 17

8 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Direct citations (pages, sections and paragraphs) Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45). OR This theory was put forward by Smith (2005, chap. 7), who said the most important thing was attitude To cite a specific part of a source, indicate page, table, figure, chapter or equation at appropriate point in text. When one author refers to another (Secondary citation) Miller s study (as cited in Agrios, 2005)... Acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information. Include the primary source first then insert "as cited in" before the secondary source. Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. In the list of references, cite the source where you found the citation (e.g. Agrios, 2005), not the original source (e.g. Miller). Work by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002) OR Queensland Health (2002) recommends that. If an organization can be recognized by abbreviation, cite the name first time in full, followed immediately by its abbreviation in square brackets. Use abbreviation in subsequent citations Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane, Qld: Queensland Health. Page 8 of 17

9 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Newspaper, journal or magazine articles Standard format for citation: Article Author, A. A. (Year, date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper: Section, inclusive page numbers With author Mellers (2000) thought that. With author Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill: Who is the victim when a battered woman kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6. Brochure, pamphlet & fact sheet Conference papers, symposia & meetings No author - the title becomes the first entry Southern Cross University, 2008 (Bohrer, Zielke, & Freiburg, 1995) Capitalise names of symposia, conferences & meetings. If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand No author the title becomes the first entry. Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p.22. Give full date for newspaper & magazine articles as in example above. Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff. [Brochure]. Lismore, Australia: Author. Treat as you would a book. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the publisher is the same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher. Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway. Acts of Parliament Health Act 1985 Government publications Sex Discrimination Act 1984 When citing an act of parliament give name and year of the act as they appear in the title. No author is required. (Queensland Health, 2005) With a number Health Act 1985, 6270 Parliament of Victoria (1995). Without a number Sex Discrimination Act 1984, Commonwealth of Australia (1994). Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane, Qld: Queensland Government. Page 9 of 17

10 Online material - general principles for web documents, sites & other electronic media As with any published reference, the goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents The basic form of the citations follows the principles listed for print sources (see above). name(s) of author(s) date/ year of publication title of publication format of item date item retrieved if the source material may change over time (eg wikis) name or site address on the internet The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. Include the publisher identity as a part of the retrieval statement only if it is not clear from author s name, URL, or database name The database name is no longer a necessary element of the reference, unless it is considered a hard-to-find item. No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or updated, such as a journal article or book. Provide addresses that work where possible. Use "Available from" when the URL (internet address) leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself). The URL should not be underlined or a different colour; hyperlinks need to be removed. A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique numbering system assigned by the International DOI Foundation that identifies electronic resources (ebooks or journal articles) and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. Always use the DOI when available instead of URL or database name. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate content. It is often found with the bibliographic information, such as the journal title and volume, at the top or bottom of the first page. When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g. Comprehensive information about WSI Libraries can be found at or the WSI Libraries website.) Give the home page or menu page URL for works whose full text is accessible by subscription only, for reference works such as online dictionaries or encyclopedias, and for materials presented in frames. Page 10 of 17

11 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples (i) Standard format for citation: Author s last name, Initials. (date ). Title of book: Subtitle [e-reader book type]. Retrieved from URL or DOI Ebook Levitt & Dunbar, 2010). Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle version]. Retrieved from (ii) If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google Books, ebrary, NetLibrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed information from the reference Author s last name, Initials. (date). Title of book: Subtitle.. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving success in second language acquisition doi: /cbo / (iii) Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself). Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available from Provide the commercial URL of the ebook vendor, NOT the university web address e eg the correct URL for EBL titles is For e-reader titles type Kindle version or Kobo version in square brackets, and put or as the URL. Page 11 of 17

12 ebook : chapter or article -in an edited ebook (Hundersmarck, 1999) Hundersmarck, L. F. (1999). Plato. In I.P. McGreal (Ed.), Great Thinkers of the Western World (p.21). From General Reference Center Gold : GRGM&sw=w OR Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). doi/ / ch1/summary For a chapter in an e-book, include the chapter title and page numbers (if available). Author s last name, Initials. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx xx). Retrieved from Entry from electronic dictionary or encyclopedia (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev ed.) Retrieved from Page 12 of 17

13 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Articles retrieved from databases / electronic sources / webpages with DOI number** Articles retrieved from databases/ electronic sources /webpages without DOI number Zhao and Gasmuck, ) OR (Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1) For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the symbol or abbreviation para. If neither is visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material. For electronic sources such as Web pages, provide a reference to the author, the year and the page number (if it is a PDF document), the paragraph number if visible or a heading followed by the paragraph number. (Atherton, 2011) Treat as for articles retrieved from databases/ electronic sources with DOI number). Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5), doi: /j.chb Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add a retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information. Generally it is not necessary to include database information. Atherton, J.S. (2011). Learning and Teaching : Behaviour Modification. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from OR Cooper, A. & Humphreys, K. (2008). The uncertainty is killing me: Self-triage decision making and information availability. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1). Retrieved from Enter either the URL of the journal's website (for subscription journals), or the full URL of the article (for articles available free on the web). Enter the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add a retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information. Page 13 of 17

14 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Articles retrieved from databases/ electronic sources /webpages without DOI number & no author Behaviour modification, (2007) Treat as for articles retrieved from databases/ electronic- with DOI number. Use title instead of author name. Otherwise, treat as for other articles retrieved from databases/ electronic sources/ webpages. Behaviour Modification. (2007). Retrieved from Webpage of a company or organisation (corporate author) Coles (2011) has been a Diamond partner of Landcare since 2008 Coles. (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved March 20, 2012, from Coles/Sustainability.aspx Personal communications. , interview, telephone call or discussion list, unpublished lecture notes. Mr E. Robbins, stated that the (personal interview, 4 January 2007) OR (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2007) Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, blog or , without supporting data is referenced in the text only, NOT included in reference list. Lecture notes (Lewis, 2011) Treated like books if they are published, but like personal communication if your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission. Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba: University of Southern Queensland. OR Bond, T. (2009). Lecture 7: Arrays and matrices ED1401: Foundations of education, week 6 notes. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Do not include State if listed in University name. Theses Retrieved from database Theses - Unpublished (Bozeman, 2007) (Imber, 2003) Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive performance in children with seizure disorders. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Proquest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI ) Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Melbourne, Vic, Monash University, Page 14 of 17

15 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples Books downloaded to mobile devices (without a DOI). Tzu, S. (2011). The art of war [Kobo version]. Berkeley, CA: Shambhala Podcasts Powerpoint presentations are an effective way of capturing.( Png & Dharmarajah, 2008) Png, V. & Dharmarajah, J. (Presenters). (2008, October / November). Effective PowerPoint presentations. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary contributors (the director, presenter, producer, or all). Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title. Message posted to a newsgroup, electronic mailing list or online forum (Blaire, T, 2009) Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership. [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from the Politics and Government electronic mailing list: Fact sheets, brochures and press releases online (Florek, 2003) Or if no author: (Title, Date). Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction : Patterns of extinction. [Factsheet]. Retrieved from National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (n.d.). Professional boundaries.[brochure]. Retrieved from Apple Inc. (2007). iphone delivers up to eight hours of talk time [Press release]. Retrieved from Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the publisher is the same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher Page 15 of 17

16 Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples - Online video - Youtube - TV or radio program (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) (Norton, 2006) (Macintyre, 2002) Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. United States: Davidson Films. Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Blog posts (Reville, 2006) Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to find fundraising ideas. [Web log post]. Retrieved from Wiki (no author, no date) Motion pictures, videos and DVDs Music recording Ex. 1: Music album Ex. 2: Music recording on an album ( Happiness, n.d.) (Kubrick, 1980) (Wienhorst, 1999) OR In "Seven Words of Christ on the Cross" (Wienhorst, 1999, track 10), the song... Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7, 2009 from No retrieval date is needed unless the source material is likely to change over time (for example, a wiki). Anyone can contribute to a blog or a wiki - - no evidence that information is reliable. Kubrick, S. (Director). (1980). The Shining [Motion picture]. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers. Format: use motion picture, video recording, DVD. Wienhorst, R. (1999). Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. Wienhorst, R. (1959). The seven words of Christ on the cross (Recorded by American Repertory Singers). On Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. (1999)]. Bruelman, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris, France: MM Musique. List artist, year, track, album title, medium of recording, place & record label. If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in parentheses after author, & provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period. Page 16 of 17

17 Sample APA Bibliography / Reference List Your Bibliography should appear on a separate page at the end of your assignment. List your sources in alphabetical order as in the example below. If the source description is longer than one line, indent the second and subsequent lines Advanced Education Council. (1982). Future perspectives for advanced education: A discussion paper. Canberra: Author. Brookfield, S. (1985). Self-directed learning: A critical review of research. In S. Brookfield (Ed.), Self-directed learning: From theory to practice (pp. 5-16). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Brookfield, S. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. (1998). The characteristics and performances of higher education institutions. Canberra: AusInfo. Department of Education, Science and Training. (2008). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved from DETST Web site: Employee Relations Act 1992, 83 Parliament of Victoria (1995). Gawler, I. (Speaker). (1992). Deepening your meditation: Two profound exercises to practice. In The meditation tapes (Tape 12, Side B) [Cassette recording]. Yarra Junction, Vic: Ian & Grace Gawler. Hbllproduction. (2010, July 15). New Spice: Study like a scholar, scholar [Video file]. Retrieved from Peters, M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education? Journal of Nursing Education, 39(4), Retrieved from Proquest database. Pitkala, K., Mantyranta, T., Strandberg, T., Makela, M., Vanhanen, H., & Varonen, H. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to teach critical scientific thinking to medical undergraduates. Medical Teacher, 22(1), Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from 0,23739, ,00.html West, L., Hore, T., Eaton, E., & Kermond, B. (1986). The impact of higher education on mature age students. Canberra: Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission. Wickert, R. (1991a). Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Open letter: Australian Journal for Adult Literacy Research and Practice, 2(1), Wickert, R. (1991b). You can get them to listen but can you control what they hear? Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Paper presented at the 16th National Conference of the Australian Reading Association, Adelaide. Zharo, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5), doi: /j.chb Page 17 of 17