A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style. TAFE NSW Libraries July 2017

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1 A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style TAFE NSW Libraries July 2017 Jun

2 Table of Contents Topic Page Introduction... 2 Why reference?... 3 Acceptable abbreviations in the Reference List... 4 Examples Books... 5 Dictionaries, Encyclopedias... 9 ebooks... 9 Theses & Ephemera Journals, Newspaper, & Magazine Articles, Articles retrieved from Databases Figures: Original / Website / Database / Print Government Publications ABS, Standards Legal sources, Acts of Parliament Bills & Cases Conference papers Online video /YouTube/Film/DVD/Motion Picture TV & Radio Programs, Podcasts Lecture notes & Personal Communications Messages posted online & Music recordings Webpages, documents from websites Facebook Twitter, Blog Posts & Wikis Sample APA Reference -Tips & List A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 1 of 33

3 Why reference Introduction Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your argument. Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from plagiarising, which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else s thoughts, words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own. It is technically stealing and is a breach of ethics. Referencing tells the reader where the original idea/ information can be found. What should be referenced? Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing: A concept or idea A paraphrased quote A direct quote Personal communication Class notes Script or screenplay A contestable argument General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example: Canberra is the capital of Australia. But if you read that The Yass Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety this would have to be referenced. A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be: It is a fact that Lady Denman, rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra. In-text referencing This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found. Always include the author s surname, the year of publication and the page number(s) if available. If there is no author use the title of the work. If the author is not known but the organisation which produced the work is known, list the organisation as author. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 2 of 33

4 What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References? A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading. A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment. In APA you use a list of references, not a bibliography. Using referenced quotes Use quotes wisely and don t use too many no more than 10% of the essay or report. Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum. Direct quotes (citations) Short quotes If the quotation is less than about 40 words, it should be contained within the text inside double quotation marks. Note: In the example below, the spelling behaviors is only retained inside the quotation itself. Outside a direct quotation, words should reflect accepted spelling for the intended audience. For example: She stated, The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviours were studied. Longer quotes (Block quotes) Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 5-7 spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. Put the final parenthesis after the closing punctuation mark. For example: Miele s 1993 study found the following: The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) Please note that paraphrased information ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to acknowledge the source. This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries and is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), but it is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available from a number of TAFE NSW libraries. A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from your TAFE NSW library website. Before using this referencing style check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 3 of 33

5 Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the citation. Links may also become out of date Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include: ch. chapter ed. edition Ed. (Eds.) editor (editors) n.d. no date n.p. no place no. number p. (pp.) page (pages) para. ser. suppl. Trans. rev. vol. (vols.) paragraph series supplement translator(s) revised volume (volumes) Some other points to note: The APA style is an author-date referencing system. Book titles, journal titles, and journal volumes are italicised (but not journal issues numbers). In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters and books, capitalise the letter of the first word and proper nouns, except in in text citation. Provide city and state for US publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ. Provide city and country for all other publications. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Do not give the name of the city or state if it is part of the name of a university as the publisher. APA requires a hanging indent (5-7 spaces) and double-spacing for its citations (for the purposes of this guide, single spacing is used). Capitalise all words in journal, magazine & newspaper titles. Footnotes and references always finish with a full-stop, except when the reference ends with a URL or DOI. Entries are in alphabetical order by author s surname or by title if no author, and double spaced. Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit when citing journal and magazine articles. For a URL, retrieved from generally means a publically available site. Available from" generally means an item not directly available online such as a subscription site. APA 6 recommends to only cite the homepage URL. The exact URL should be used if the page is not properly indexed or easy to find from the homepage. For blog posts, user contributed content, and discussion forums, APA 6 recommends to include the exact URL. For web documents, sites & other electronic media, use retrieval (availability) date statements only where source material is likely to change over time. A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link than a URL to a publication such as a journal article. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate content. No concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 4 of 33

6 Books One to two authors Three to five authors Robinson (2008, p. 25) has argued that... OR This was seen in a study (Smythe & Jones, 2001)... Cite the names every time the reference occurs Ampersand (&) can be used within parentheses, while and is used in sentences If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year in the order they appear...curwen, Palmer and Ruddell (2000) demonstrated For the first text citation of a work by 3-5 authors cite all authors, subsequent citations include only the first author surname followed by et al. eg (Curwen et al., 2000). If the work is cited more than once within the same paragraph, omit the year after the first citation Robinson, M. (2008). Child development 0-8: A journey through the early years. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. References that are more than one line should be indented as shown above Details about edition, volume number, report number or chapter page range are placed directly after the title in parentheses, with the period after the parentheses, e.g. (2nd ed.). or (vol. xvi). No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy (Brief Therapies Series). London, England: Sage. List all author names Author Surname, Initials., Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. 6-7 authors It was argued that (Johnson et al., 2005) Include the first author followed by et al. and year for the first and all other citations 8 or more authors Paraphrase: (Berman et al., 2012) Direct Quote: (Berman et al., 2012, p. 59) Include first author followed by et al. and year Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F., Keddie, A., Lets, W., & Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching: Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Include all author names in the Reference List Use author rules as above Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia. Include the first six authors names, then insert three ellipses ( ) and add the last author s name. Other details as above examples for fewer authors. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 5 of 33

7 Two or more books: one year same author (Santrock, 2009a, 2009b) Distinguish works by a b, etc. after publication date Santrock, J.W. (2009a). Child development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Santrock, J.W. (2009b). Life-span development (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. List books in alphabetical order by title. No author (Psychological effects, 1999) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of so-called "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House. Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher. No date (Douglas, n.d., p. 203)... Douglas, G. (n.d.). Studying at University: A student guide. Walcha, Australia: Waupub. Author Surname, Initials. (n.d.). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. Edited books (Beckman & Ma, 2008) Beckman, K. R., & Ma, J. (Eds.). (2008). Still moving: Between cinema and photography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Use author rules as listed above. Where there is editor instead of author, follow author rules, but include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses. Editor Surname(s), Initial(s). (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. Corporate author (Organisation as author) A recent study (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2009) highlighted For corporate authors with long names, spell out the full name include an abbreviation in the first in-text reference The AIHW (2009) found that Use the abbreviation in subsequent references Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous housing needs 2009: A multimeasure needs model (AIHW cat. no. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia: Author. Corporate Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Report No. xxx {if available}). Place of Publication: Publisher. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 6 of 33

8 When one author refers to another (secondary citation) Miller s study (as cited in Agrios, 2005)... Name the original author, then the author of the secondary publication which cites the original (primary) source Use cited in when info about the original source is paraphrased and mentioned in the secondary source, but use quoted when the secondary source includes a quote from the original source/study Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. In the list of references, cite only the source where you found the citation (e.g. Agrios, 2005), not the original source (e.g. Miller). Author Surname, Initial(s). [of the source you read]. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (edition if not the first.). Place of Publication: Publisher. Reprinted book: from another source (Newton, 1998/1999) If the work is reprinted, give both publication dates in chronological order, separated by a slash (/) Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp ). New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26, August 1998). Translated book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies of everyday life. (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. (Translator Initial(s). Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 7 of 33

9 Book: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology (Compiled works) (Freud, 1900/1953) (Ogden, 2001) Bourke, (1989) argued that Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the reference list Chapter Author(s) Surname (Year, page number) if applicable Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a dream. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4). Retrieved from Ogden, J. (2001). Health psychology. In J. Naidoo, & J. Willis (Eds.), Health studies: An introduction (pp ). New York, NY: Palgrave. Bourke, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter note that initials in this position appear before the family name Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter Use rules similar to those of Dictionaries and Encyclopedias When the editor s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials and surname Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 8 of 33

10 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Print Dictionary: no author Online encyclopedia: author identified ebooks Field theory is defined as "a systematic approach describing behaviour in terms of patterns of dynamic interrelationships between individuals and the psychological, social and physical situation in which they exist" ("Field theory", 2007, p. 375). For unknown authors, use double quotations marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report Low and Jin (2012) comment that urging someone to do their best does not appear to be as effective as involving the person in setting specific and relatively difficult goals Where the author is identified for entries in print or online encyclopedias, provide the author and year as for other authored sources Field theory. (2007). In G. R. VandenBos (Ed.), APA dictionary of psychology (p. 375). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Article Title. (Year). In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of dictionary (edition if not the first, vol. no., pp.). Place of Publication: Publisher. Low, R., & Jin, P. (2012). Achievement motivation and learning. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp ). doi: / If retrieved from a database, do a Web search for the home page of the publisher of the encyclopedia and use the URL in the reference or DOI Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article Title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (edition if not the first, vol. no., pp.). DOI or Retrieved from URL ebook: accessed via online library or database (e.g. Google Books, ebrary, EBSCO ebooks): (Harris, 2008) Harris, P. (2008). Designing and reporting experiments in psychology. Retrieved from When referencing a print article obtained from an online database that provides ebook content, use appropriate print citation information, allowing users to retrieve the print version if they cannot access the database from which the book was retrieved. If the book would be difficult to locate, then include database information Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). ebook title: Subtitle. Retrieved from homepage URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 9 of 33

11 ebook: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology ebooks: accessed via an ebook reader Beidler (2009) argued that Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the reference list (Levitt & Dubner, 2010) Schiraldi (2001) claimed that. Beidler, P. (2009). Fear Itself. In K. Bernheimer (Ed.), Fairy tale review: The white issue (pp ). Retrieved from When the editor s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials and surname The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter note that initials in this position appear before the family name Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter. If the e-book chapter does not have page numbers, omit Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Initial(s). (Year). Article or Chapter title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed.), ebook title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Retrieved from URL Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Schiralidi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe digital version]. doi: / For books that have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), include the DOI in the reference list entry. Otherwise give URL, or homepage URL of the Publisher Do not add a full stop after a DOI or URL. Date of retrieval is not required Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). ebook title: Subtitle [E-reader version, if applicable]. DOI or Retrieved from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 10 of 33

12 Theses and Ephemera General Format: Published Thesis General Format: unpublished Thesis (Baker, 2008, p. 10) Imber, 2003 Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (PhD thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No ) Hardcopy: Institutional repository: Baker, C. A. (2008). The seduction of loss (Unpublished PhD thesis). Retrieved from Hardcopy: Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection (Unpublished PhD thesis). Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Thesis title (Unpublished PhD/DBA/Master s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Ephemera* (pamphlet, brochures, factsheets, and flyers): print Ephemera* (pamphlets, brochures, factsheets, and flyers): online Southern Cross University, 2008 stated that Author Surname OR Corporate Author, Year (Australian Museum, 2003) Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff [Brochure]. Lismore, Australia: Author. Treat as you would a book. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the publisher is the same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item [Type of Publication]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Corporate author. (Year). Title of item [Type of Publication]. Retrieved from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 11 of 33

13 Journals If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently. Journal titles are given maximum capitalisation. Only the first letter of the title is capitalised in journal articles. Use ampersand - & - before the last name in the Reference List. The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list. It s OK to use et al in the in-text reference but not in the Reference list. Journal: general (Author Surname, Year) OR (Author Surname, Year, page number) Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. DOI OR Retrieved from URL of journal home page [if available] Author known: 1 Author Author known: 6 or more Authors Author unknown Mellers (2000) thought that. (Dietz et al., 2007, p. 1517) (Author Surname et al., Year) OR (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) If more than five authors, list the first author s name followed by et al ( Meeting the needs of counsellors, 2001) Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), Retrieved from Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22. The title becomes the author Magazine article (Wilson & Wilson, 2007) Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. (2007, November 3). Survival of the selfless. NewScientist, 196(2628), Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Magazine Title, Volume(issue), page range. DOI OR Retrieved from URL of home page [if viewed online] Newspaper article Hutcheon, (2011) said Hutcheon, S. (2011, March 25). ipad 2 leading the charge. The Brisbane Times. Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title, page range. Retrieved from URL of home page [if viewed online] A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 12 of 33

14 Articles retrieved from databases (Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1) Konek (2012) stated that Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), doi: /j.chb Konek, S. (2012). The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: A goal for excellence in pediatric health care. Topics In Clinical Nutrition, 27(3), Retrieved from CINAHL Plus database. Cite as you would an online journal article If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database Finish the retrieval element with a period unless it ends with an internet or DOI address Use the words retrieved or available from" as required when using a URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 13 of 33

15 Figures Source In-text referencing examples Reference list examples APA does NOT provide specific rules or examples for citing images. Figures include Artworks, Charts Diagrams, Drawings, Graphs, Images, Paintings Photographs, Prints, Tables, etc. When you use a figure in your paper that has been adapted or copied directly from another source you need to reference the original source. This reference appears as a double spaced caption directly underneath the figure that you copied or adapted for your paper. Names of works are italicized. Artist/creator/designer and date in brackets after the name. If there is no named artist/ author, use image title followed by the date If viewed in person, "Year" refers to the year that the image or artwork was created. If you don t know the date, use n.d. (no date). If date is approximate, use c. (circa). If the figure is self-authored, such as a photograph use the copyright author s name. Students can reproduce images for an assignment under Australia s fair use copyright provisions, however if an image, figure or table is reproduced from another source for a published work (including posting it online), permission must be sought from the copyright holder and must be included in the caption, it is not enough to cite the source. For example, add: Copyright 2014 by the ABC Company. Reprinted with permission. If you include your own unpublished photograph as a figure, you do NOT need to give a copyright or permission statement as it is your photo. Sources for tables must be listed in your reference list. Sources for other images or figures are not required in your reference list however if you do use them, they should follow format for the whole item. Ie Figure sourced from a journal article. Reference the whole article as per normal. The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list. It s OK to use et al in the in-text reference but not in the Reference list. Figures: viewed in person Golden summer, Eaglemont (Streeton, 1889) is an Australian idyll painted during a summer of drought Streeton, A. (1889). Golden summer, Eaglemont [Painting]. Canberra, Australia: National Gallery of Australia. Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title [Format]. Location: Museum/Gallery. Figures: in print, referred to in text...the painting The market cart (Gombrich, 1995, p. 207)....the painting Mona Lisa. If you make a passing reference to a famous image it does not need a reference Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London, England: Phaidon. When you refer to a figure in your work, use the usual format for the source. For example, if the figure was sighted in a book, use the APA book format in your reference list; if your figure was sighted in a journal article, use the formatting for journal articles A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 14 of 33

16 Figures: online, referred to in text Rose, (1994) (Tunbridge, 2003) Rose, D. (1994). On the road to Oberon [Stencil screen print]. Retrieved from Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from Figures: in print, reproduced in text Each reproduced figure must be numbered and figures are referred to in the text by their number e.g. see Figure 1 below Each figure should be displayed with a caption below the figure which describes the contents, then ends with the citation information. Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL If the reference has already been included in your normal reference list, there is no need to reproduce the reference for the individual figure If reproducing a figure in a work you will publish including online, permission must be sought from the copyright holder and must be included at the end of the caption. For example: Copyright 2014 by the ABC Company. Reprinted with permission. Example of a caption below a figure: Figure from a book Figure 2. Short-term memory test involving pictures. Reprinted from Short-term memory loss (p. 73), by K. M. Pike, 2008, New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Figure from a book Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memory loss. New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Figure X. Descriptive caption for figure. Reprinted [or adapted] from Title (page number or plate number), by Author Initial(s). Surname, Year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Artist/Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 15 of 33

17 Figure in Journal Figure 1. Annual growth rate of electricity consumption per capita for selected countries between 1971 and Adapted from Past, Present, and Future Status of Electricity in Turkey and the Share of Energy Sources, by H. Ozturk, A. Yilanci, and O. Atalay, 2005, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(2), p. 187 Figure X. Title or descriptive caption for figure. Adapted [reprinted] from Title of article, by A. Author, B. Author, and C. Author, Year, Journal Title, Volume(issue), page number. Ozturk, H., Yilanci, A., & Atalay, O. (2005). Past, present, and future status of electricity in Turkey and the share of energy sources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(2), Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. Figures: online, reproduced in text Caption under Figure Figure 1. An example of the cobra yoga position. Reprinted from List of yoga postures. In Wikipedia, n.d., Retrieved October 28, 2009, from Figure X. Title or descriptive caption for figure. Reprinted [or adapted] from [title of article. In] Title of Website, by Author Initial(s). Surname, Year, Retrieved from URL List of yoga positions. (2007). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 28, 2009, from Title. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, use n.d.). In Name of wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of specific document Include the retrieval date for items that are likely to change over time like Wiki articles. Figure 1. Salgado, J.F. (Photographer). (2010). Up close and personal with the very large telescope [Digital image]. Retrieved from Salgado, J.F. (Photographer). (2010). Up close and personal with the very large telescope [Digital image]. Retrieved from Figure X. Creator's last name, first initial. (Role of creator). (Year of creation). Title of image or description of image [Type of work]. Retrieved from URL/database Creator's last name, first initial. (Role of creator). (Year of creation). Title of image or description of image [Type of work]. Retrieved from URL/database A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 16 of 33

18 Government publications Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure. Often the author of government publications is a department or agency. Cite the full name (use correct capitalisation of departments or agencies as they appear in the source in the first instance and give the abbreviation in brackets. Then use the abbreviation in subsequent references. If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author. If a document has no obvious author, cite the sponsoring agency as the author. If the authoring organisation is also the publisher, use the word Author in place of the publisher. If a report number is available, place after the title in parenthesis. The author and publisher should be recorded as they appeared when the document was published, whether in print or online - not amended to their current title. This style does not require the inclusion of the government jurisdiction (or level) e.g. Australian Government, State in the reference; use the Department or agency name only. If the name of the State is part of the department name e.g. Queensland Health then it should be included. Government publications Departmental author: print Departmental author: online The Department of Human Services (2011) has outlined their direction and priorities for workforce diversity and inclusion. Department of Health and Community Services. Primary Care Division. (1994). Victorian families. Melbourne: Author. Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title (Report No. xxx [if available]), Place of Publication: Publisher. Department of Human Services. (2011). Workplace diversity and inclusion strategy Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title (Report no., if available). Retrieved from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 17 of 33

19 Australian Bureau of Statistics (publication with identifying number includes report numbers, catalogue numbers, etc.) Standards: print Standards: online First in text citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008) Each subsequent citation: (ABS, 2008) Standards Australia (2010, p. 3) recommends the sample is warmed to 35 plus or minus 5 degrees C and mixed thoroughly. The holding temperature of milk must not exceed 4 degrees C after the cooling process, according to the current Australian Standard for farm milk cooling and storage systems (Standards Australia, 1996, p. 6). Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (cat. no ). Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat. no. XX). Retrieved from URL OR Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Year). Title of publication: Subtitle (cat. no. XX). Place of Publication: Publisher. Standards Australia. (2010). Methods of chemical and physical testing for the dairying industry - Liquid milks - Determination of lactose (AS ). Sydney, Australia: Author Standards Organisation Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Place of Publication: Publisher. Standards Australia. (1996). Farm milk cooling and storage systems (AS ). Retrieved from Standards Organisation Name. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Retrieved from URL or database A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 18 of 33

20 Legal sources Jurisdiction: - make it obvious in the text, e.g. Victoria's Equal Opportunity Act 1995 prohibits... or place the abbreviated information in brackets after the date. Use Cwlth for Commonwealth Acts, e.g. the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) Units of division: - For sections, you may need pinpoint reference abbreviations. These should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. - for Acts and regulations, pinpoint references for page, paragraph, section, clause, etc. can be used. For example, s. = section; pt. = part, ss. = sections. They should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. Example: The Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), s.4,... - for Bills pinpoint references are often to clauses or sub clauses. For example, cl = clause; sub-cl - for Cases pinpoint reference to a page (number), paragraph (number in square brackets), section ('s' followed by number), etc. Round brackets are used when the report series is organised by volume numbers, square brackets are used when the reports are organised by year rather than volume. Ensure that the brackets used in your citation match the type of brackets used in your source. In references to legislation, the year is in italics as it is considered to be part of the title of the Act. Secondary sources: if you do not read the actual case or Act, but only read about them in another source, only include the source in your reference list. Cases and legislation retrieved electronically require the electronic source to be added to the reference. If the content of the document is likely to be updated include the retrieved date. Jurisdictions are abbreviated and in brackets e.g. (Cwlth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, (UK) for United Kingdom. Legislation: Acts of Parliament... by virtue of s 25.2 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cwlth)... Title of the Act Year Title of the Act Year (abbreviation of the jurisdiction) When citing an Act of parliament give name and year of the act as they appear in the title. No author required Aged Care Act 1997 (Cwlth). Available from Title of the Act and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of division, if relevant. Available from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 19 of 33

21 Legislation: Bills (Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cwlth)) Bills should appear in the same format as legislation but titles and year should not be italicised as they are not published Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013 (Cwlth). Available from Title of the Bill and Date of publication (abbreviation of the jurisdiction), Unit of division, if relevant. Retrieved or available from URL of electronic source Legal Cases... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland,1988). Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186. Case Name (year) volume number reporter abbreviation starting page. (Chappel v Hart, 1998) proved this point Chappel v Hart (1998) HCA 55. Retrieved from Case Name (year) Jurisdiction abbreviation and volume number. Retrieved or Available from URL of electronic source Available from indicates that you won t go direct to the document from the quoted URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 20 of 33

22 Conference papers Published conference paper/proceedings: print (Game, 2001) Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J. R. Morss, N. Stephenson, & J. F. H. V. Rappard (Eds.), Theoretical issues in psychology: Proceedings of the International Society for Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp. 3-12). Sydney, Australia: Springer. Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Conference paper title. In Editor Initial(s). Surname (Ed(s.)), Title of published proceedings which may include place held and date (page range). Place of Publication: Publisher. Published conference paper/proceedings: online Taylor (2006) concludes that Taylor, J. A. (2006, November). Assessment: a tool for development and engagement in the first year of university study. Paper presented at the Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education (FYHE) Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Conference paper title. Paper presented at the Conference Title, Place. Retrieved from URL Unpublished conference paper (Santhanam, Martin, Goody & Hicks, 2001) Santhanam, E., Martin, K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O. (2001, February). Bottom-up steps towards closing the loop in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project. Paper presented at Teaching and Learning Forum - Expanding horizons in teaching and learning, Perth, Australia. For unpublished papers, include the phrase Paper presented at... before the name of the conference. You do not need to put the conference name in italics Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented at the Conference Title, Place. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 21 of 33

23 Videos and Broadcasts Online video YouTube (Norton, 2006) If the author's name is not available, use the screen name. (Author Surname OR Screen name, Year) Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day {of video post}). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific video Film/DVD/Moti on Picture (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. San Luis Obispo, CA: Davidson Films. Kubrick, S.P. (Producer & Director), & Clarke, A.C. (Writer). (1980). 2001: A Space Odyssey [Motion picture]. Beverly Hills, CA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Place format in square brackets at end of the title [Motion picture, DVD or VHS] Producer Surname, Initial(s). (Producer), & Director Surname, Initial(s). (Director), & Writer Surname, Initial(s). (Writer). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 22 of 33

24 TV or radio program: single episode or broadcast TV program or radio program: entire series (Macintyre, 2002) (Bernstein, ) MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the century [Television series episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Specify the full broadcast date for a single episode or broadcast. Format eg: [Television series episode], [Television broadcast] If accessed online, provide URL in place of publication and publisher. Writer/Reporter Surname, Initial(s). (Role in production). (Year, Month Day of release). Title of episode [Format]. In Initial(s). Producer Surname (Role in production), Title of series. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bernstein, M., & Gilligan, V. (Producers). ( ). Breaking bad [Television series]. Retrieved from Producer/Creator Surname, Initial(s). (Role in production). (Years aired). Title of series [Television series]. Retrieved from URL Online podcasts PowerPoint presentations are.(png & Dharmarajah, 2008) Png, V., & Dharmarajah, J. (Presenters). (2008, October / November). Effective PowerPoint presentations [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from Quince, A., & Phillips, K. (Presenters). (2012, November 25). Australia's welfare state [Audio podcast]. In Rear Vision. Retrieved from Give the name and, in parentheses, the role in production of the originator or primary contributors (the director, presenter, producer, or all) Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Producer Surname, Initial(s). (Role in production). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 23 of 33

25 Miscellaneous Lecture notes (Lewis, 2011) Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba, Australia: University of Southern Queensland. OR Bond, T. (2009). Lecture 7: Arrays and matrices ED1401: Foundations of education, week 6 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Do not include US State if listed in University name Personal communications In an dated May 6, 2011, Ms C Jones wrote the crime was committed during daylight hours. OR It was confirmed recently that the crime was committed during daylight hours (C Jones, personal communication, May 6, 2011). Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, private social media posts or , without supporting data is cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list Obtain the permission of the person being referred to Initials of the person precede the surname Consider indicating the role of the person being cited and their organisation Initial(s) Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 24 of 33

26 Message posted to a newsgroup, electronic mailing list or online forum (Blaire, 2007) Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from the Politics and Government electronic mailing list: Include title of the message, and URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets Music recordings Music album Wienhorst, (1999) Wienhorst, R. (1999). Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. Music recording on an album In "Seven Words of Christ on the Cross" (Wienhorst, 1999, track 10), the song... In-text citation includes side and band or track numbers Wienhorst, R. (1959). The seven words of Christ on the cross (Recorded by American Repertory Singers). On Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. (1999). Bruelman, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris, France: MM Musique. List artist, year, album title, medium of recording, place & record label If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in parentheses after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation after period Writer Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of song (Recorded by Initial(s). Artist Surname, [if different from writer]. On Title of Album [Material Type]. Place of Publication: Recording co. (Date of recording if different from copyright date). A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 25 of 33

27 Webpages, documents from websites In-text citation Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website this provides a more accurate indication of your source. When you have printed a document or webpage, do not cite the printed page numbers. This will not assist your reader to find the source. Provide page numbers for paginated document. For unpaginated documents, you may cite the chapter/section heading or the paragraph number. The date should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time. Reference list Tip: to find the date of a webpage look for 'last updated' date, which is usually in the footer. If possible, cite a webpage rather than an entire website this provides a more accurate indication of your source. However, to avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to cite a homepage URL. If using an article sourced from a database, provide the title of the database and the Internet address of the referring location. Articles retrieved from databases are usually in PDF form with page numbers. Library-subscribed resources usually have URLs that will not work independently, so URLs are not generally included when citing database resources especially if they are easy to find. However, try to make sure you can identify the source of the information. Use the terms retrieved or available from" as required. Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author known Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author unknown Coles (2011) has been a Diamond partner of Landcare since 2008 (Buckminster, 2017) Behaviour modification, (2007) Coles. (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title. Website name. Retrieved from Month Day, Year, URL The Author could be an organisation, rather than an individual. Include Website name if it is not the same as the corporate author Include a retrieval date only if the content is likely to be moved or deleted Buckmaster, L. (2017). The National Disability Insurance Scheme: A quick guide. Retrieved from Departments/Parliamentary_ Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/NDIS Behaviour Modification. (2007). Learning and teaching. Retrieved from If author is unknown use the title of the text and date Title. (Year). Website name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 26 of 33

28 Facebook Twitter & Blog posts If you paraphrase or quote retrievable information from social media, provide an in-text citation (with author and date) and a reference list entry Facebook and Twitter posts are generally not considered to be scholarly. If you cite them, provide enough information to access the source. Generally, this will include the author or user name, date of post (if available), title of post, the type of post in square brackets (e.g. [Facebook update] or [Twitter post]), the retrieval date** and the URL. Posts that are public should be cited in text and in the reference list. Posts from a private Facebook page, blog or wiki are treated as personal communication; they are cited in text, but not in the reference list. **Do not provide a retrieval date if the post has a specific date associated with it already (e.g., status updates, tweets, photos, and videos. Provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words) as the title. Facebook & Twitter posts: General Gregory Andrews uses Twitter ( and Facebook ( to keep citizens up to speed on initiatives regarding Australian Threatened Species To cite Facebook and Twitter in general just mention the URL in text in parenthesis. No reference list entry Facebook posts: Personal Communications (accounts which are not publicly accessible) We were all asked to spare a thought for migratory birds today (G. Andrews, Threatened Species Commissioner, personal communication [Facebook], April 10, 2016) If you paraphrase or quote from social media but your readership is unable to access the content (e.g., because of privacy settings or it is a private message), treat as a personal communication. You may choose to identify the source [Facebook] or [Twitter], as a reference list entry is not required for personal communication A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 27 of 33

29 Facebook posts: (publicly accessible accounts) The Threatened Species Commissioner Gregory Andrews (2016) said that shorebirds were increasingly coming under threat Threatened Species Commissioner. (2016, April 10). Spare a thought for migratory birds today [Facebook post]. Retrieved from Username or Group Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Facebook post/update]. Retrieved from Twitter posts BirdlifeAustralia (2016) voiced concern for the endangered cockatoo BirdlifeAustralia. (2016, May 2). The Green Growth Plan spells bad news for #carnabysblackcockatoo in Perth. Just 10 days left to have your say birdsyoulove.org/act-now 1/3 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from Username or Group Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Page type]. Retrieved from Blog or Wiki Blog (Dean, 2008) Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Blog post]. Retrieved from Author Surname, Initial(s). OR Author screen name {as it appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day). Title of specific post [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL of specific post Wiki: no date ( Happiness, n.d.) Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from When listing a frequently updated source, note that the retrieval date is needed as the source material may change over time Title. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). In Name of wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL of specific document A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 28 of 33

30 Sample APA Reference List - Tips The reference list identifies the items cited in a document in enough detail so they can be located by another person. The elements required for a reference list are outlined below: The References list appears at the end of the article/report/document on a separate page. It is headed by the centred title References. The References list is organised in alphabetical order. All references should be double-spaced, and should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces) for the second and subsequent lines for each entry. References cited in text must appear in the References list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in the References list. In the case of secondary sources, if you have not consulted the primary source, only include the secondary source in your References list. Use only the initial(s) of the author s given name, not the full name. If the References list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological (date) order with the earliest first. If the author s name is unavailable, use the first few words of the title of the article, book or Web source, including the appropriate capitalization and italics formatting. e.g. (Scientists Say, 2000). Where the place of publication is required, for US locations, provide city and state (abbreviated) - e.g. Boston, MA. For all other locations, provide city and country. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Note: for London, you may use either London, England, or London, United Kingdom. Arrange Reference entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or first word if there is no author. Ignore the words A, An, and The when alphabetising by title. In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and books, capitalise only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns, except in parenthetical (in text) citations. Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do NOT italicise issue numbers. If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on either a print or an electronic source it is included in the reference. It is often found on the first page of an article. When the References entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at another logical division point. Remember to set your Word preferences to remove hyperlinks from URLs to prevent them appearing with an underline. References by the same author published in the same year are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding 'A' or 'The'), with the suffixes a, b, c, and so on, assigned accordingly. A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 29 of 33

31 Sample APA Reference List References Advanced Education Council. (1982). Future perspectives for advanced education: A discussion paper. Canberra, Australia: Author. Brookfield, S. (1985). Self-directed learning: A critical review of research. In S. Brookfield (Ed.), Self-directed learning: From theory to practice (pp. 5-16). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Brookfield, S. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Department of Education Science and Training. (2008). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved from Department of Education Training and Youth Affairs. (1998). The characteristics and performances of higher education institutions. Canberra, Australia: AusInfo. Employee Relations Act 1992 (Vic). Retrieved from Gawler, I. (Speaker). (1992). Deepening your meditation: Two profound exercises to practice. In The meditation tapes (Tape 12, Side B) [Cassette recording]. Yarra Junction, Australia: Ian & Grace Gawler. HBLL Multimedia Production Unit. (2010, July 15). New Spice: Study like a scholar, scholar [Video file]. Retrieved from Kessel, M. (Director). (1995). The making of a monologue: Robert Wilson's Hamlet [Video]. New York, NY: Cinema Guild. Koriat, A. (2008a). Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, doi: /mc Koriat, A. (2008b). Subjective confidence in one s answers: The consensuality principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, doi: / A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 30 of 33

32 Newbold, C. R. (2014). Can I use that picture? The terms, laws, and ethics for using copyrighted pictures. Retrieved from Peters, M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education? Journal of Nursing Education, 39(4), Retrieved from Proquest database. Pitakala, K., Mantyranta, T., Strandberg, T., Makela, M., Vanhanen, H., & Varonen, H. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to teach critical scientific thinking to medical undergraduates. Medical Teacher, 22(1), Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from West, L., Hore, T., Eaton, E., & Kermond, B. (1986). The impact of higher education on mature age students. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission. Wickert, R. (1991, July). You can get them to listen but can you control what they hear? Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Paper presented at the 16th National Conference of the Australian Reading Association, Adelaide, Australia. Zharo, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), doi: /j.chb This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries and is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available from a number of TAFE NSW libraries. The copy of this guide on the TAFE wide Equella Collection remains the most up to date version. Printed copies are considered uncontrolled A student s basic guide to referencing: APA style July 2017 v3 Page 31 of 33

33 TAFE NSW Student Services, Libraries Page 32 of 33