DIFFERENCES OF WOMEN S GOSSIP AND MEN S GOSSIP IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE

Transcription

1 DIFFERENCES OF WOMEN S GOSSIP AND MEN S GOSSIP IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas Student Number: ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 201

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4 STATEMENT OF WORK S ORIGINALITY I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should. Yogyakarta, 11 September 2017 The Writer Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas iv

5 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas Nomor Mahasiswa : Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: DIFFERENCES OF WOMEN S GOSSIP AND MEN S GOSSIP IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 11 September 2017 Yang menyatakan Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas v

6 ABSTRACT Ardhyningtyas, Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas. (2017). Differences of Women s Gossip and Men s Gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. This research analyzes the difference of language used by a certain group of women and men in Pitch Perfect movie. The difference of language used by a group of women and men in that movie could be clearly seen through its conversations. Therefore, the researcher is motivated to do a deeper study in order to discover the real differences of language used by women and men when they talk to the same gender in a certain group. Moreover, the researcher tried to prove that not only women do gossip but men also do that. In this study, there are two research problems which are going to be analyzed: (1) Which linguistic features are used by women and men in Pitch Perfect movie s speech? (2) What are the differences between women s gossip and men s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie? To answer those two research problems, the researcher uses Lakoff s (1975) theory about women language and Tannen s (1990) theory about the definition and the function of gossip in society. The researcher uses qualitative research method in which discourse analysis and document analysis were used during the study. The document needed in this study is not only books as the references but also movie s script of Pitch Perfect also used as a tool to analyze the data. In this study, the researcher also takes a role as a human instrument who is involved significantly in conducting the data. Based on the study result, the researcher found some terms that show the difference of women s language and men s language that commonly used in daily conversations. The researcher also found the difference of women s gossip and men s gossip related to its content based on the movie. Moreover, the researcher could prove that not only women do gossip, but men also do that even the content they discussed is not similar to women s have. Keywords: Pitch Perfect movie, women s gossip, men s gossip, gender language vi

7 ABSTRAK Ardhyningtyas, Francisca Romana Maria (2017). Differences of Women s Gossip and Men s Gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sanata Dharma. Penelitian ini menganalisis perbedaan bahasa yang digunakan oleh sekelompok perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film Pitch Perfect. Perbedaan bahasa yang digunakan antara sekelompok perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film ini sangat terlihat melalui beberapa percakapan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti terdorong untuk melakukan penelitian tentang perbedaan bahasa yang digunakan oleh perempuan dan laki-laki. Serta membuktikan bahwa tidak hanya perempuan saja yang bergosip tetapi laki-laki juga melakukannya. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua rumusan masalah yang dianalisis: (1) Fitur linguistik apa yang digunakan oleh perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film Pitch Perfect? (2) Apa perbedaan gosip perempuan dan gosip laki-laki dalam film Pitch Perfect? Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti menggunakan teori Lakoff (1975) tentang bahasa wanita, teori Tannen (1990) tentang definisi dan fungsi gosip dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif di mana analisis wacana dan dokumen digunakan selama penelitian berlangsung. Dokumen yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini tidak hanya buku sebagai referensi, namun transkrip film Pitch Perfect juga digunakan sebagai alat untuk menganalisis data. Peneliti berperan sebagai human instrument yang terlibat secara signifikan dalam pengumpulan data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan beberapa hal yang menunjukkan perbedaan antara bahasa perempuan dan bahasa laki-laki yang sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Peneliti juga menemukan perbedaan isi dalam gosip antara perempuan dan laki-laki yang ditarik berdasarkan film tersebut. Terlebih lagi, peneliti berhasil membuktikan bahwa tidak hanya perempuan saja yang bergosip, namun laki-laki juga melakukannya meski dalam cara yang berbeda dan topik yang mereka bicarakan tidak sama dengan yang dibicarakan oleh wanita. Kata kunci: Pitch Perfect movie, women s gossip, men s gossip, gender language vii

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for blessing and guiding me during I working on my thesis. I dedicate my thesis to my special mama and papa (Geoveva Sumartiningsih and Dominikino Suwardi) who strengthen me up through their everyday prayer. For all my sisters, Regina Ardhy, Maria Ardhy and Rossa Ardhy. I thank them who are never tired in giving me support and helping me to solve my problems. I would like to express my special thanks to my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D., for guiding me to finish my thesis. He kindly encouraged me in my working to always give the best on my thesis. I would also like to thank to all my lecturers in ELESP for invaluable knowledge that I have learned during my study in Sanata Dharma University. They give me many things to be learned. My appreciation goes to Rian, who has spared her busy time to help me proofread my thesis. For all my friends in ELESP USD, I thank them for accompanying me from the very first semester until I finish my study in Sanata Dharma University. To all my friends, I appreciate for teaching me many things, both in academic and non academic study. My biggest thanks go to my special one Vebry Prakoso who always accompanies me in my up and down. He never stops in giving me support to jump over the barriers. I would also like to thank everyone who has taken parts during these five years study. Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE... i APPROVAL PAGE... ii STATEMENT OF WORK S ORIGINALITY...iv PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... v ABSTRACT...vi ABSTRAK... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LIST OF APPENDICES... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Research Background... 1 B. Research Problems... 5 C. Problem Limitation... 5 D. Research Objectives... 6 E. Research Benefit... 6 F. Definition of Terms... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 8 A. Theoretical Description Language Linguistic Features of Language Gossip As Language Variation Characteristic of Gossip Function of Gossip B. Theoretical Framework CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ix

10 B. Research Setting C. Research Data D. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique E. Data Analysis Technique F. Research Procedure CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. The Difference of Linguistic Features Used by Women and Men in Pitch Perfect Movie Women s Linguistic Features Men s Linguistic Features B. The Difference of Women s Gossip and Men s Gossip in Pitch Perfect Movie Women s Gossip Men s Gossip CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions B. Implications C. Recommendations REFERENCES APPENDICES x

11 LIST OF APPENDICES Page APPENDIX. A APPENDIX. B APPENDIX. C xi

12 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of six sections. The first one is the research background which is concerned about the reasons why the researcher chose the topic. The second research problems which is deal with the problems that will be analyzed in chapter four. The third section is problem limitation which becomes the scope and the focus of the study. The fourth section is about the objectives of the study which provide the purpose of this study. The next part is the benefit of the study which contains the use of study. The last part is the definition of terms which consists of an explanation related to the important terms in this study. A. Research Background Language has always been an important part in human life. People need the language to express their emotions, ideas, feelings, and thoughts by using speech. The language has some functions, Holmes (2013) states that though language serves many functions, language can convey objective information of a referential kind, and it can also express how someone s feeling (p.10). It makes people are capable in interacting and communicating with one another for whatever they do in their everyday life. Thus, it can allow people to maintain social relationships with other people. However, the way individual speaks is different from one another, especially men and woman. Holmes (2013) says that languages provide a variety of ways of saying the same thing addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying 1

13 2 compliments. Therefore, even though women and men are saying the same thing to the same receiver, they will deliver it in a different way and also in a different style. It occurs because of the gender differences in linguistic features and its functions. Some research had proven that some characteristics show the differences between women s language and men s language. Even if they grow up in the same neighbourhood, on the same block, or in the same house, girls and boys grow up in different worlds of words (Tannen, 1990). Thus, even though there is a woman and a man who are siblings as brother and sister, they were born to be different as man and woman. Holmes (2013) adds that men and women may use language for different social purposes, having been socialised in different ways from earliest childhood. Those factors may influence both men and women to speak in a different way. In a real social life, both women and men are naturally act differently, especially in the way they deliver something. People who speak in a different style from one another might accept others talk in a different assumption and might interpret it in different meanings too. In perceiving others speech, men and women have different ways to take. Sometimes, men choose to use language as a tool to give comment on others opinion when others argument is not the same with their idea. In contrast, women are more likely to be silent when others start to invite them into a debate. Silence may be the best ornament of a woman, but it is one she all too seldom wears (Holmes, 2013). However, we could not decide directly when both women and men are silent, it means that they avoid to have a debate with others. Silence has different meaning for women and men, in case of perceiving other s saying. If a

14 3 man is silent, this may well be seen to confirm his authority and potency; if a woman is silent, this may be taken as a confirmation of her weakness or timidity (Holmes, 2013). The use of language itself can be varied based on the individuals who use it. Therefore, in this research, the researcher is going to prove one of language s use as a gossip in human life, especially for both women and men. Most people in this world have the same perception about gossip in which women are the one gender who are likely to do gossip rather than men. Moreover, since there is a myth which says that the one who most do gossip is women, the researcher is motivated to change the statement related to that myth. That myth has successfully influenced the way people think about who frequently do gossip. This occurrence becomes the reason for the researcher to change the way people s perspective related to that myth. Furthermore, people s understanding about the meaning of gossip itself is not totally true. For most people, gossiping is talking about someone else or an absent third party. Nevertheless, the way people define the meaning of gossip is similar to the definition of gossip in a dictionary which says that gossip is an informal talk about other people, especially about other private lives. Meanwhile, there are some meanings of gossip asides from it. Each expert describes the different meaning of gossip based on their own theory. Some studies have already shown that men are talking much more than women in reality. There is abundant evidence that men talk more than women (Holmes, 1990). In the same situation, Tannen (1990) argues that men think women talk a lot because they hear women talking in a situation where men would not. In fact,

15 4 men actually do gossip, but they choose to gossip with their fellow who are in the same gender rather than talking with women. Thus, the researcher tries to learn deeper about language and gossip, especially about gossip and its function for women and men. Hence, the researcher has checked the previous research which is conducted by English education s students in the same university. As a result, most of the studies are talking about women s language only, without comparing it with men s language. The contain of the study defines about the linguistic features of women s language only. For this reason, the researcher tries to compare the linguistic features used by women and men in their speech, and tries to analyze the difference of gossip talked by women and men. As an English learner, it is good to understand about language used by women in their speech, but it is better to understand the language used by both women and men in their speech. Not only understand about language and its linguistic features only, but also learn to understand about the variation of language use in social life is good for English learners. To understand about gossip as one of language variations, the example of women s gossip and men s gossip is shown in Pitch Perfect movie in which there are some dialogues of women s speech and men s speech which could be categorized as gossip. Those speeches show that women s speech and men s speech in the movie is not similar. Moreover, the content of women s speech and men s speech is different, especially when both women and men is talking in a all-female group or all-male group. Thus, in this study, the researcher is interested

16 in analyzing the differences of women s speech and men s speech in Pitch Perfect movie. 5 B. Research Problems 1. Which linguistic features are used by women and men in Pitch Perfect movie s speech? 2. What are the differences between women s gossip and men s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie? C. Problem Limitations This research focuses on two points. The first is the differences in women s speech and men s speech in Pitch Perfect movie. Another one is the differences between women s gossip and men s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. To gather the data of this study, the researcher only focuses on analyzing the dialogue done by the two main groups of all-female capella group and all-male capella group who appear frequently in the movie. The character s speech among both women and men is analyzed only through their dialogues. There are some linguistic features that indicate the differences between women s speech and men s speech and there are some characteristics that indicate the differences between women s gossip and men s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. D. Research Objectives The aim of this study is to describe how women s speech differs from men s speech which shows in a certain movie. This study is done to find the

17 6 linguistic features used by women and men in their speech and also the content of their speech. Moreover, the aim of this study is to prove that in fact, not only women do gossip but men also do it. E. Research Benefits The researcher believes that this study will be beneficial for the readers and for those who deal with language education. They are: 1. English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) Students This study will be useful for ELESP students because this study will help the students know more about the differences of women s speech and men s speech. Through this study, the students could also understand that there are not only women who do gossip, but men also do that, even in different ways and different contexts. Moreover, this study could be the reference for the students in order to know about one of some branches in sociolinguisticss that commonly done by the majority of society, and it is called gossip. 2. English Lecturers The result of this study is expected to be useful not only for the ELESP students but for the lecturers also. Hopefully, this study could be one of learning sources in teaching English or other related subjects. Since this study is analyzed about gossip and proved that not only women do gossip, but men also, it might be one of interesting topics to be learned by the students. 3. Readers This study is about sociolinguisticss which is relevant not only with linguistic terms, but also with society. Thus, it might be useful for everyone who

18 read it. For those who do not concern about linguistic, this study can give the readers information related to the differences of gender language. 7 F. Definition of Terms In order to help the readers in understanding the content of this research, the terms used in this research are defined as follows: 1. Gossip Gossip is informal talk about other people especially about their private lives (Oxford Dictionary, 2008). In other sides, Foster (2004) describes gossip as efficient and at time exclusive means of gathering or disseminating information. Tannen (1990) argues that to him (men), talk is for information, but to her (women), talk is for interaction (p.38). When gossiping, women are likely to share about their feeling and try to build a closer relationship with others. Meanwhile, men are more likely to share about an information rather than talking about their feelings. 2. Pitch Perfect Movie Pitch Perfect movie is an American movie, which is created based on a book by Mickey Rapkin and directed by Jason Moore. This movie tells about two capella groups which consist of Bellas as the women capella group and Trebles as the men capella group. They compete to perform at the International Championship of Collegiate a Cappella.

19 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two sections. They are theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, the researcher reviews some theories to support the researcher s ideas in the study. Then, in the theoretical framework, the researcher elaborates the way how the theories are implied for analyzing the dialogues in the movie. A. Theoretical Description In supporting the idea of the analysis, some relevant theories are used, as follows. 1. Language Holmes (2013) states that languages provide a variety of ways of saying the same thing addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying compliments (p.3). The variety of language is able to be seen when a communication happens between two persons, especially men and women, then they are saying the same thing, but they deliver it in different ways. Even though the purpose of those different person are the same, but when the same things are said by different individual, it could be delivered in a different way too. This situation caused by individual factors where every person has their own different character and style in delivering their thought. 8

20 9 Definition of language by Lado (1957) is the system of speech sound by which human beings, communicate with one another. However, Tannen (1990), who wrote the book You Just Don t Understand, stated that communication isn t as simple as saying what you mean. The way you say what you mean is crucial and differs from one person to the next. According to Cameron (1998), men and women are members of cultures in which a large amount of discourse about gender is constantly circulating. They do not only learn, and then mechanically reproduce, ways of speaking appropriate to their own gender; they learn a much broader set of gendered meanings that attach in rather complex ways to different ways of speaking, and they produce their own behavior in the light of these meanings. By looking at the name quickly, people are able to interpret the meaning of sociolinguisticss directly without finding out further in a dictionary. We could easily know that the word comes from society and language, which means there is a relation between language and in society. In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics s book which is written by Holmes (2013), it supports that sociolinguisticss studies the relationship between language and society. Wardhaugh (2006) has described earlier about the definition of sociolinguistics which means a study that concern about the relation between language and society with the goal to understand how languages function in communication. Through the study of language, social relation, and communication could be better understood.

21 10 Thus, it can be simply concluded that sociolinguisticss means a theory of language which is used by people in a group of society. Holmes (2013) states that sociolinguisticss interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social context. That means sociolinguisticss explains to us why everyone speaks differently from one another, why people who live in different area have to speak in different language, why those people in a certain area always speak in a high intonation, and so on. It is related to the function of sociolinguisticss, where sociolinguisticss is concerned about identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (Holmes, 2013). The theory which is being focused in sociolinguisticss can be vary, it could be the structure of language, the function of language, or even various the language politeness in a certain group of society. Talking about language and society, we could directly think about what language that people commonly use when they are talking with others in their own region. For example the language used by a group of people in a certain area is different from other s language which is used in other different areas too. For majority of Indonesian people, when a native speaker of American is talking American English, the speech which is talked by American people sounds too fast and difficult to be understood by Indonesian people. This occurrence happens because native speakers are talking their language with their own style, and this is what we called by dialect. According to Yulia and Ena (2006), dialect is simply linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and

22 11 pronunciation; the speech of people from different social, as well as regional groups, may be differed in these ways. A certain group of people who lived in different areas certainly speaks in different languages too. Every country has their own language variety and every region has their own traditional language which is varied too. Therefore, every individual could learn diversity from other s different language. Through this diversity, everyone is expected to be able to respect one another, therefore everyone could build solidarity and loyalty among the society. That solidarity will always be growing up until there will be no gap between one another. 2. Linguistic Features of Language Language as a tool for people to communicate with others has linguistic features to determine the meanings of the language s content. Both women and men have their own different linguistic features of their own language since the language uttered by them are different from one another. According to Wardaugh (2006), linguistic variables or linguistic features are items in the structure of a language, an item that has alternate realizations, as one speaker realizes it one way and another a different way or the same speaker realizes it differently on different occasions. Therefore, linguistic features become an important part in the way people communicate through language and it is functioned to determine the meaning of language. The function of language itself is not only to tell the meaning of language which someone utters, but also to indicate the speaker of the language, whether the speaker is a man or a woman. Men and women are different psychologically

23 12 in the way they act, from the style in which they communicate to the way in which they attempt to influence others. These gender differences in communication and influence tactics also have implications for gender differences styles of men and women. (Merchant, 2012). To differentiate the language made by woman and man, both woman and man have their own difference linguistic features. a. Linguistic Features of Women s Language Lakoff (1975) provides a list of ten linguistic features which characterize women s speech. The first one is lexical hedges or fillers, e.g. you know, sort of, well, you see. The second is tag questions, e.g. she s very nice, isn t she? The third is rising intonation on declaratives, e.g. it s really good? The fourth is empty adjectives, e.g. divine, charming, cute. The fifth is precise color terms, e.g. magenta, aquamarine. The sixth is intensifiers such as just and so, e.g. I like him so much. Then the seventh is hypercorrect grammar, e.g. consistent use of standard verb forms. The next is super polite forms, e.g. indirect requests, euphemisms. The other one is avoidance of strong swear words, e.g. fudge, my goodness. The last is emphatic stress, e.g. it was a brilliant performance. (Holmes, 2001) Moreover, women are reported to use more polite forms and more compliment than men (Wardaugh, 2006). Even when communicate with the same gender or with their opposite gender, women tend to use more polite language rather than their language will sounds rude by others. Women are somehow predisposed psychologically to be involved with one another and to be mutually

24 13 supportive and non-competitive (Wardaugh, 2006). When women engage with their partner in a conversation, they tend to support their friend s argument and avoid to against another in order to keep others feeling instead of hurting other s feeling. They also give more responses, little words like mhm, uh-uh, and yeah, sprinkled throughout someone else s talk, providing feedback loop (Tannen, 1990). Tannen (1990) adds that women respond more positively and enthusiasticaly by agreeing and laughing (p.69). Those responses indicate women in showing their attention as a good listener to others. Tannen (1990) found a fact that, women also tell jokes even not as much as men do. Unlike men, women preferred a small audience of one or two, rarely more than three. It is different from most of men who are freely telling jokes in a public. In contrast, women tend to refuse if they are asked to tell jokes in a public or in a larger group. Entertaining others is a way of establishing connections with them, and telling jokes can be a kind of giving where the joke is a gift that brings pleasure to receivers (Tannen, 1990). b. Linguistic Features of Men s Language Men and women speak differently. Men s speech was seen as logical, concise and dealing with important topic (Weatherall, 2002). Wardaugh (2006) says that in cross-gender conversations, men try to control what topics are discussed and are inclined to make categorical statements. When a father asked her beloved daughter to continue her study based on the father s choices, while in other sides her daughter has a different idea from him, the father starts to take

25 14 control of their conversations and persuade her daughter to follow his idea. Moreover, men are more competitive and prone to conflict (Tannen, 1990). The corresponding strategies of men given fewer listener responses, making statements rather that asking questions, and challenging rather than agreeing, can be understood as moves in a contest by incipient speakers rather than audience members (Tannen, 1990). Most of men are not interested to be a good listener like most women do. Men have different ways of showing expression that they are listening to others. Tannen (1990) argues that men tend to say yeah only when they agree. When a man refrains from expressing negative thought or feelings, he seems to be overestimating the power of this words to hurt a woman, when, ironically, she is more likely to be hurt by his silence than his word (Tannen, 1990). Tannen (1990) an American linguist found that men like to tell jokes. Men preferred and were more likely tell jokes when they had an audience at least two, often four or more (Tannen, 1990). Men are more confident to tell jokes in a public, even they are engaged with a group in a same gender or with an opposite gender. Tannen (1990) argues that the idea that telling jokes is a kind of selfdisplay does not imply that it is selfish ot self-centered. By telling jokes, men are getting closer and really involve with people in a group. 3. Gossip as Language Variation Nowadays, gossip has already been an important part of everyday life for everyone in who are living in this world. In people real life, gossip has beco``me a tradition in their society. Whether they realize it or not, most of people do gossip

26 15 in many different ways. Sometimes people are making mistakes in interpreting the meaning of gossip. Gossip as one of language variation can be transferred in more than one meaning. The definition of gossip itself, not only about a conversation which is done by a group of men or women or a tool which is used to spread out a negative things done by someone or a certain group to give a negative influences on others. Foster (2004) says the definition of gossip is a personal information about an absent third party that is conveyed in an evaluative manner. As what majority people know so far that gossip is a conversation where the topic is an absent third party. Aside from the entertaining, the nature of gossip as a form of storytelling, gossip can be used to transmit information, exert social influence, increase intimacy, and as a mechanism for social comparison processes (Levin & Arluke, 1987; Foster, 2004; Rosnow & Georgoudi, 1985). Thus, gossip is not only used to talk about third parties, but also could be used as a tool to disseminate an information. Another definition of gossip by Foster (2004) that at the most general level, gossip behavior includes idle talk or chit chat about daily life. In reality, people could not be stayed away from getting conversation with other people around them. Although the topic people talk is not related to human, but it is still called by gossip because the topic which is being told is an absent of third party. In 1990, Tannen said that troubles talk is just one aspect of the ongoing intimate conversation that can be called gossip (p.48). Therefore, the actual meaning of

27 16 gossip is not only for talking about other s negative story or other s positive information, but a little conversation belongs to gossip also. While some studies have found women are more likely than men to gossip (e.g. Nevo, Nevo, & Derech-Zehavi, 1994), others have suggested this is an artifact of gender norms and men are simply more likely to underreport the amount of gossip they engage in. Levin and Arluke (1985) examine gender differences relating to gossip and found men and women gossiped in fairly equal amounts, however the topics they gossip about is differed. Men were more likely to gossip about sports athletes, while women were more likely to gossip about personal relationships. 4. Characteristic of Gossip In everyday life, it is sure that someone will have a conversation with one another, whether the conversation happens between women and women, men and men, or even women and men. Not only conversation that people could see in a real life, but also gossip happens in a daily life. Gossip has already become a part of people s daily conversation since a long time. At the most general level, gossip behaviour includes idle talk or chit chat about daily life (Foster, 2004). Myth has successfully influenced people s perception to say that the one who are the most do gossip is women. However, some studies have already proven that men are much more frequently gossiping than women do. Even though both men and women do gossip, they will do it in a different way. In their different style of language, men and women have their own different topic when they do gossip. Because men and women are regarding the landscape from

28 17 contrasting vantage point, the same scene appear very different to them, and they often have an opposite interpretation of the same action. (Tannen, 1990). It means that men and women have different assumption about the place of talk in relationship (Tannen, 1990). a. Characteristic of Women s Gossip Tannen (1990) writes that women tend to show understanding of another woman s feelings. As we know that most of women in the world have a more sensitive feeling than men. Wardaugh (2006) adds that when women talked to women, the equivalent categories were the self, feelings, affiliation with others, home and family. If women do not have someone to tell their thought and impression to, they do feel alone (Tannen, 1990). Knowing that they have someone to share their feelings, it makes them feel that they are not alone. For most women, getting together and telling about their feelings and what is happening in their lives is at the heart of friendship (Tannen, 1990). In the recent year, Waddington (2012) agrees that women were more likely to gossip about friends and family. Likewise, a study by DeBacker, Nelissen, and Fisher (2007) found that, when presented with gossip, women were most attentive to information about the attractiveness of other women. Telling thing is a way to show involvement and listening is a way to show interest and caring (Tannen, 1990). That is what women do when they are engaged with their partner and having such a consultation or a sharing moment. When a woman meets her friends to tell her problem, then her friend will kindly listen to her and offer solution. Women show concern by

29 18 following up someone else s statement of trouble by questioning her about it (Tannen, 1990). By giving questions to others who are sharing their feelings, it shows that the listener is following the discussion. Mutual understanding and giving advice is symmetrical, and this symmetry contributes to a sense of community (Tannen, 1990) In contrary with men who are likely to give an information to others in order to higher their status, women are more inclined to be givers of praise than givers of information (Tannen, 1990, p.32). Women are known as a language user who speaks in a polite form. Therefore, most women love to give praise when they see or hear a good thing. Women tend to focus on intimacy (Tannen, 1990). Intimacy is key in a world of connection where individuals negotiate complex networks of friendship, minimize differences, try to reach consensus, and avoid the appearance of superiority, which would hilight difference (Tannen, 1990). Women are more often attuned to the nego tiation of connections. Since a relation is very important for women, so most women appreciate their relation with other, and they try to have a good connection with people around them. Women expect decisions to be discussed first and made by consensus. They appreciate the discussions itself as the evidence of an involvement and communication. Men and women have different concept in making decisions. For most women, it is natural to have consultations with their friends when they got a problem, then making decision by having discussion together. However, many

30 men feel oppressed by lengthy discussion about what they see as minor decision and they feel hemmed in if they can t just act without talking first (Tannen, 1990). 19 b. Characteristic of Men s Gossip On the contrary, women who are inclined to use their feelings in responding something, men in the majority commonly use their logic to analyze something they see instead of using their feeling. It also influences on what usualy men are talking about. When men talked to men, the content categories of such talk focused on competition and teasing (Wardaugh, 2005). Likewise, a study by DeBacker, Nelissen, & Fisher (2007) found that men were attentive to information about the wealth and status of other men. In the recent year, Waddington (2012) added that men were more likely to gossip about celebrities and sports figures. When most men talk to their friends on the phone, they may discuss what s happening in business, the stock market, the soccer match, or politics (Tannen, 1990). It is different from women where they tend to talk about feeling, men are more likely to talk about fact. Since men value the position of center stage and feeling of knowing more, they seek opportunities to gather and disseminate factual information (Tannen, 1990). Thus, in the way of disseminate information whether the content is about factual information or not, men also do gossip in the way they are. They tend to talk about political rather than personal relationships: institutional power, advancement and decline, a proposal that may or may not get through the commitee, a plan for making money (Tannen, 1990). By exchanging one information to another, men are able to get and share knowledge related to

31 20 their daily life and what is going on around them. For man, despite a lack of information, might still give the experts run for his money and possibly gain the upper hand by the end (Tannen, 1990). To say that many men do not exchange secrets about their own and other s lives for the purpose of establishing intimacy is certainly not to say that they do not have a need and a way to bond with others through talk (Tannen, 1990). Men do have a moment to tell their secret to their partners, but it is not going on in turns. When they think that the matters is not a big deal, they will not tell it to others. Men tend to focus on independence (Tannen, 1990). In a world of status, independence is key, because a primary means of establishing status is to tell others what to do, and taking orders is a marker of low status. Intimacy is key in a world of connection where individuals negotiate complex networks of friendship, minimize differences, try to reach consensus, and avoid the appearance of superiority, which would highlight differences (Tannen, 1990) Many men are automatically making decisions by their own when they got a problem, because it is not important for them to have a consultation with their partner. Men do not respond to each other the way women respond to each other in troubles talk (Tannen, 1990). For a man, sharing their feelings is not a common thing for them. Men are more often inclined to focus on the jockeying for status in a conversation (Tannen, 1990). For most men, talk is primarily a means to preserve indepence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order (Tannen, 1990).

32 21 5. Function of Gossip Gossip has become a part of human life in the world. Each individual has their own perception of the function of gossip in their daily life. Dana (2012) says that gossip may be used as a tool to gain acceptance in the group, as gossip is an effective way to express group loyalty and adherence to group norms. Gossip helps to maintain the unity and the morality of the group involved in the gossip (Gluckman, 1963). For some people, especially they who are in a marginal group or even do not have much friends, they are usually disseminating an information or lets say gossiping to be closer to others. Gluckman (1963) says that gossip circle maintains group unity, control, aspiring individuals, and make possible the selection of leaders without embarrasment. It does occur on women in most. Not all gossip, in all situations, will increase intimacy. Gossip can serves a crucial function in establishing intimacy-especially if it is not talking against but simply talking about (Tannen, 1990). The things which is going to discuss is something positive instead of saying negative things that could against others. Moreover, if the goal of gossip is creating a closer bond with the group, the gossiper needs to be strategic about who they are talking about and what they are saying, particularly if the gossiper is a peripheral group member. However, if the gossiper delivers the bad things, it will cause other functions of gossip, such as social influences instead of building loyalty. The function of gossip is based on the content of the gossip itself. However, most of people often gossip in a negative conversation about negative things. Actually this is totally wrong. Gossip is not always a tool for someone to

33 22 talk about others vice or others guilt, but gossip can be a tool for someone to disseminate an information. There are some differences about the function of gossip for men and women. Foster (2004) argues the function of gossip as efficient and at time exclusive means of gathering or disseminating information. It is true that through gossip, people could gather or disseminate much information, and it could be positive and negative for people who are engaged in. One gossip that could be seen clearly which has a function to disseminate an information is the one which is shown on television. In addition to provide the listener with information, the act of gossiping is likely to increase intimacy between those involved in the exchange of gossip (Levin & Arluke, 1987). Sometimes when someone does gossip with another, it is because they already feel close with that certain person or group. Likewise, a study by DeBacker, Nelissen, & Fisher (2007) suggest that gossip is frequently used to gain knowledge about a potential sexual rival and gossip is an important part of reproductive strategy. In other words, for both women and men, gossip has the same function to gain deeper information related to their cross gender. It is important for both women and men get more information from their cross gender, especially when they are starting to interact with. Aside from the entertaining, the nature of gossip as a form of storytelling, gossip can be used to transmit information, exert social influence, increase intimacy, and as a mechanism for social comparison processes (Levin & Arluke, 1987; Foster, 2004; Rosnow & Georgoudi, 1985). Tannen (1990) argued that to

34 him (men), talk is for information, but to her (women), talk is for interaction. That is the main point from the function of gossip for women and men. 23 B. Theoretical Framework This section defines the overview of all the theories used in this study and how each theory is applied in the analysis. The reason why the theories used in supporting the statement is given by the researcher will also be explained in the following section. Men and women have their own different language style and their own language features of the different language they have. In a social circumstance, women are expected to be more polite and more expressive than men in their communication. Therefore, to answer the first research problem which is related to linguistic features of men s language and women s language, the researcher applied Lakoff s theory (1975), Wardaugh s theory (2006) and supported by Tannen s theory (1990) to analyze linguistic features of women s language. There are ten linguistic features of women s language defined by Lakof. Lexical hedges or filler such as well, which commonly used by most of women, then tag question which is used to show uncertainty, rising intonation which is used to strengthen a question, empty adjective and emphatic stress which have function to deeper an expression, intensifier that commonly used to strengthen a statement, hypercorrect grammar to show a formality, superpolite form which is indicated by using indirect form and has a function to show women s politeness in speaking and avoidance of swear words.

35 24 Whereas, the characteristic of men s language is not to with women s language. In contrast, when women try to speak using hypercorrect grammar to show formality and politeness, most of men do not give much attention to their language into detail, especially in the grammar correction. Moreover, men commonly put more swear words in their speech rather than putting some praise to someone they speak with. One thing that indicates the most difference of women s language and men s language is men are likely to speak using their logic, while women are likely to speak using their feeling. Whereas, to answer the second research question, the researcher uses Tannen s theory supported by Wardaugh s theory for analyzing the content of both women s gossip and men s gossip. Both women and men are likely to do gossip even the topic they talk are not similar. Moreover, gossip has different function for women and men. Majority experts said that most of women are likely to tell about their feeling, their problem and sharing information about the newest gossip around them. For most women, gossip has a function as a way to build an intimacy among women. On other sides, the topics that men commonly talk are about information, actual fact, sport, and knowledge. For men, gossip has a function as a tool to gain more information and wider their knowledge instead of building an intimacy.

36 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter is divided into six sections. They are research setting, research subject, instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure. The first section is the research method which contains with the explanation of the chosen method. The second section is about where and when the research was conducted. The third section explains the subject of the study. The fourth section is about the instruments and the data gathering technique which explain about the research instruments in the study. The fifth section is the data analysis technique which describes the ways of how the findings are analyzed to answer the research questions. The last section is the research procedure which summarizes the steps taken in conducting the study. A. Research Method This research analyzed the dialogues of each character in the movie entitled Pitch Perfect. The analysis used the script movie written by Paul Brooks. The methodology employed to find out the answer to the two research problems. (1) What kind of linguistic features used by women and men in Pitch Perfect movie s speech? (2) How does women s gossip differ from men s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie? Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) write in their Introduction to Research In Education book, quantitative research focuses on understanding 25

37 26 social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in natural settings (p.22). In the same way, this study is going to discuss about social phenomenon which is almost everyone are exactly experienced with. The focus of this study is gossip among both women and men. There are eight of the most widely used approaches types of qualitative research: basic interpretative studies, case studies, document or content analysis, ethnography grounded theory, historical studies, narrative inquiry, and phenomenological studies (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010, p.29). Among those types of qualitative research, this study used document and content analysis to analyze the data. In document or content analysis type, the material may be public records, textbooks, letter, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other documents (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010, p.29). In the same way, this study used movie and the script movie as the document to analyze the data. Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) add that the materials analyzed can be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents (p.457). Since the materials of document analysis includes speeches also, the researcher analyzes the women s speech and men s speech to prove that linguistic features made by women and men in their speech are not similar. Data analysis emphasizes how humans construct meaning through speech and text, and its object of analysis typically goes beyond individual sentences (Nkwi, Nyamongo, & Ryan, 2001, p. 15). The researcher applied data analysis since it is used to examine the meaning and the purpose of gossip talked by