METAPHOR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THEME DEVELOPMENT ON SARA BAREILLES SONGS

Transcription

1 METAPHOR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THEME DEVELOPMENT ON SARA BAREILLES SONGS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANITA SULISTIYAWATI ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

2 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis METAPHOR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THEME DEVELOPMENT OF SARA BAREfi.,LES'S SONGS By ANITA SULISTIYAWATI Approved by Dr. Ad ernadine Ria Lestari M.Sc. sor August 15,2016 Arina Isti'anah S.Pd, M.Hum Co-Advisor August 15,2016

3 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis METAPHOR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THEME DEVELOPMENT OF SARA BAREILLES'S SONGS By ANITA SULISTIYAWATI Student Number: Defended before the board ofexaminers On August 31,2016 and declared acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Chairperson Secretary Member 1 Member 2 Member 3 : Dr. FX Siswadi, M.A : Sri Mulyani, Ph.D : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum : Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M. S : Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd, M.Hum ~~~~Is Ari Subagyo, M.Hum

4 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I celiify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the awards ofany other degree at any university, and that, to the best ofmy knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contain no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text ofundergraduate thesis. /1 Anita Su1 stiyawati IV

5 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama: Anita Sulistiyawati Nomor mahasiswa: Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang beljudul: METAPHOR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THEME DEVELOPMENT OF SARA BAREILLES' SONGS Berserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada universitas sanata dharma dalam hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secm a terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akasemis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selam tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 31 Agustus 2016 Yang menyatakan v

6 vi

7 vii

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This page is written to offer my gratitude for Jesus Christ for His grace. Without Him, I would never finish this thesis. The journey of this past 4 years has been done with His blessing. I also thank my parents, Harun Satija, SE. and Yuniarti Sulismiharti for the support verbal and financial. After everything that my family has been trough in pain, finally I can make a new smile for my parents. I also thank my sister Haniek Setiyawati for her support, Niendy Listiyawati for never tired listening to my stories, and Renaldo Yosia Setianto for being the best brother who can always cheer me up after I was stressed about something. After that, I would like to thank Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. as my beloved thesis advisor in the making process of this thesis. I thank her for always helping me and giving me the best suggestion. I also thank Arina Isti anah S.Pd, M.Hum for never being tired listening to my opinion and always giving her smile every time I met her for consulting this thesis so that I could accomplish this undergraduate thesis at the right time, and all the lecturer and staff of English letters department of Sanata Dharma University who helped me a lot during accomplishing my study. Last but not least, I want to thank my dearest dearest sister, Angelica Chrestella Famila for her accompaniment during my ups and downs all of this year in Sanata Dharma. Thank you for never tired giving me support and advice and for showing the meaning of togetherness, happiness and real friendship. I also want to thank E-United girls, Esthi, Lea, Selvy, Mentari, Stefi, and Anggi for sharing viii

9 almost everything all of this year, for them who are never being tired to keep my head up in my darkest time. I also want to thank to my dearest Babo, Raras Arum Wulandari, Wijayanti Juniarti, Firda Yasmin Maimunah, and Novy Amalia for showing me the sweetness of friendship and happiness that we shared for past 6 years. Thank you for Nur Fitriani who is always supporting and making me better every time I got a problem even though we are miles away. Thank you to all of my friend who I could not mention each of their names for the presence during my college life, thank you for giving me happiness and support to keep up in this thesis. The last one, I want to thank my dearest partner, Michael Aquila Machiavelli for his patient supporting and encouraging me in the progress of making this thesis. I am so lucky to have you. Anita Sulistiyawati ix

10 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE... i APPROVAL PAGE... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iii LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH... iv STATEMENT OF OGINALITY... v MOTTO PAGE... vi DEDICATION PAGE... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix ABSTRACT... x ABSTRAK... xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study... 1 B. Problem Formulation... 5 C. Object of the Study... 5 D. Definition of Terms... 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES A. Review of Related Study... 7 B. Review of Related Theories Theory of Song Semantics Lexical Semantics Figurative Language Pragmatics Theory of Theme C. Theoretical Framework CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study B. Approach of the Study C. Method of the Study Data Collection Data Analysis CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. The Metaphorical Expression and the Classification Dead Metaphor Live Metaphor B. Meaning of the Metaphor C. Metaphor Contribution to the Theme of the Song CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION x

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES xi

12 ABSTRACT Sulistiyawati, Anita. Metaphor Contribution towards Theme Development on Sara Bareille s Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University Metaphors are really common to be used in daily life. Metaphors can be found in so many written texts and spoken language such as in television, advertisement, and songs. Written texts in literature is the most often text that uses metaphor toad aesthetic in it. Song is one of literature artworks that uses metaphors quite often. The purpose of the metaphors in the song is to invite people imagination to the song. Metaphors are often make confusion for people to define the meaning because metaphors can be created by everyone. There is always a new metaphor every day. Also, it is because the word that is used as metaphor has lexical meaning or literal meaning that is fixed in dictionary. The purpose of the study is to give enlightenments to people about the meaning behind the metaphors that author created in the songs. This study answers the problems which are the metaphors that the songs have and the classification, the meaning of the metaphors, and how the metaphors contribute to make theme of the song. The semantic approach is used to define the meaning of the metaphors. The first step is to find the metaphors and to classify them to dead and live metaphor and the use lexical meaning to define the real or the literal meaning using fixed source like English dictionary. The theory of metaphor is used to define the meaning of the metaphorical expression. Context will have the contribution to find the transferred meaning in the context. The study analyzes five Sara Bareilles songs which are Brave, Manhattan, King of Anything, Gravity, and Love song. The study found twenty one metaphors in the songs as the data. Sara Bareilles songs mostly used free metaphors or live metaphor. There are also dead metaphors in her songs or often called as idiom. This study concludes that every live metaphor has different meaning one to another in the lyrics because the meaning depends on the context of the songs. In addition, the classifications also influence the meaning of the metaphors. This study is aimed to see the contribution of the metaphors in creating the theme for the song. xii

13 ABSTRAK Sulistiyawati, Anita. Metaphor Contribution toward Theme Development on Sara Bareilles Songs. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma Metafor sangatlah sering penggunaannya di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Orang-orang sudah sangat tidak asing the metaphor. Metaphor biasa ditemukan dalam bahasa tulisan, dan bahasa lisan seperti di televisi, media periklanan, dan lagu. Bahasa tulisan di sastra adalah salah satu yang paling sering meggunakan metafor untuk memperindah karya tersebut. Lagu adalah salah satu karya sastra yang sering menggunakan metafor. Tujuan dari penggunaan metafor adalah untuk membuat orang berimajinasi tentang isi dari lagu tersebut. Metafor terkadang membuat kebingungan bagi pendengar untuk mengartikannya. Ini disebabkan kata kata dari metaphor tersebut memilik dua arti yang berbeda secara arti harafiahnya di kamus. Tujuan dari pembelajaran ini dalah untuk memberi pencerahan kepada orang-orang tentang metafor yang penulis buat dalam lagunya. Penelitian ini menjawab tiga rumusan masalah, yaitu: metapfor dan klasifikasinya, arti dari metaphor, dan bagaimana metafor memberikan kontribusi untuk membuat tema dalam lagu. Pendekatan semantik digunakan untuk mencari arti metafor tersebut. Langkah pertama adalah mencari metafor dalam lagu tersebut dan mengklsifikasinya menjadi metafora mati dan metafora hidup dan menggunakan arti leksikal untuk mencari arti secara harafiah menggunakan kamus bahasa Inggris. Teori metafor digunakan untuk mencari arti dari ungkapan metafor tersebut. Dan konteks dalam lagu tersebut membantu menentukan dari dari secara kiasan dalam lagu. Pembelajaran ini menganalisis lima lagu Sara Bareilles dan menemukan dua puluh satu metafor dalam lagu tersebut. Sara Bareilles palings sering menggunakan metafor hidup. Ada juga metaofr mati dalam lagunya dalam bentuk idiom. Pembelajaran ini menyimpulkan bahwa setiap metafor memili arti yang berbeda dari yang lain karena arti tersbut bergantung pada konteks dari lagu tersebut. Sementara itu, kalsifikasi juga mempengaruhi arti dari metafor tersebut. Setelah menegtahui arti dari metafor, studi ini berjuan untuk melihat bagaimana metafor memberikan kontribusi dalam menyimpulkan tema untuk lagu tersebut. xiii

14 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Human use communication system different from any other species. They create a lot of words to communicate with others. Creativity is a thing that shows the unique characteristic of human language. This creativity is the speaker s ability to create infinity of sounds, words, sentences and even a language. Human language helps people to have another information and also express their feeling as well. We also use human language in our daily basis activity no matter where the place is and what the situation is. Language is measured as the vital and the most important thing because the language enables us to receive and give some information. English is an international language in this world. English connects people from across countries to share their own information and knowledge. English is used in any literary works like poem, song, play, drama, and novel. However, language style in literary works and in daily basis activity are different. Most of literary works use non-verbal language, because they are written in the format of text. One kind of non-verbal literary works is song. A song is a short piece of music with words that are sung. Songs contain 2 elements, they are music and words. The combination of both elements make a harmony that we know as song. People usually listen to the song when they feel either happy or sad. Songs denote emotions. Song lyrics is one of important thing to attract the listener, song lyrics 1

15 2 give certain vibe or feeling to the song and support the author to give the message in the song. In another word song is a popular way to express the feeling, situation, or experience to somebody. One of popular song writers in the U.S. is Sara Bareilles. Sara Bareilles is a singer that has so many hit songs in the United States. Most of her songs are based on her experience of her love story. She released 6 albums in past 12 years. Her very first album was Careful Confession that was released in the U.S. in 2004 that contains Love Song in it, three years passed and she released Little Voice which a song titled Gravity was included in this album. In 2010, she released Kaleidoscope Heart which has 13 songs including King of Anything. Gain a lot of successes, in 2012 she continued releasing her fourth album (EP) titled Once upon another Time which has 5 songs in it. Within a year, she released another album titled The Blessed Unrest which contains 12 songs including Brave and Manhattan. Brave was a big hit for her career, this song is certified as platinum in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand. In 2015 she released an album for her musical drama; Waitress titled What s Inside: Songs from Waitress. Sara Bareilles uses figurative language in order to attract the listener. She uses the metaphor expression for of her songs to add deeper vibe to the listeners. Her songs contain a lot of figurative language that can be analyzed in Semantic approach. However, the limitation of the analysis only on Sara Bareilles songs entitled Love Song, Gravity, King of Anything, Brave and Manhattan. 2

16 3 Sara Bareilles is known for her songs that use figurative language to describe the meaning of the songs. There are so many types of figurative languages that English language has, some of them are metaphor, personification, and idiom. Therefore, the writer becomes interested in analyzing one of the figurative language, which is metaphor and how it contributes in her songs. The descriptive words of metaphor have a meaning in sense other than literal, even the words carry precise meaning. Before this study goes further, Metaphor is going to be explained first. Metaphor is one of figurative language that compares a thing to another thing that has similar meaning. Metaphor is usually has a different meaning in lexical meaning. The first song that is going to be analyzed is Love Song. Love Song is a song that tells about how love could be in bad and good condition at the same time. This song is from Sara Bareilles 1 st studio album titled Careful Confession. The use of the words in this song is really interesting. This song contains a lot of words as signs to deliver the main point and the story of the songs. This song contains signs that make some speculation about the message that she wants to deliver to the listeners. The second song is titled Gravity. Gravity is Sara Bareilles 2 nd album. This song tells about a girl who cannot get freed from her boyfriend. The interesting part is the lyrics that is really deeply poetic. This song describes a girl who really wants to forget the boy but she cannot, because the boy keeps give his affection to the girl, so that the girl stuck in the middle of her in between feeling. 3

17 4 The third song is entitled King of Anything from Sara Bareilles 3 rd studio album called Kaleidoscope Heart. This song tells about a man that is dominating the girl s life. However, the girl just wants to be free to choose anything that she wants in her life. The fourth song is Brave. This song tells about how someone cannot be brave because of some fears of the surroundings. This is the song in her latest 6 th album called The Blessed Unrest. This album was well-known because this song became a hit single in the U.S. and certified as platinum for a couple times. The last song is called Manhattan. This songs tells about how a girl and a boy finally end up their relationship for chasing after their own dreams. This song is also one of a song that is contained in her latest album. Referring to the explanation above, the writer is interested in analyzing figurative language focused on metaphor used on five Sara Bareilles songs which are Love song, Gravity, King of Anything, Brave, and Manhattan. Semantic approach is used in this study because the semantic approach focuses on the meaning of the language. This study expects to give clearer meaning of the song lyrics, so the listener will be able to find out the clearer message from the song. 4

18 5 B. Problem Formulation To analyze the topic the researcher has mentioned before, the researcher has formulated three research problems: 1. What metaphors are found on Sara Bareilles songs? 2. What are the metaphor interpretations from the Sara Bareilles songs? 3. How do the metaphors give contribution to the theme of her song? C. Research Objective This paper has been made to analyze five songs written by Sara Bareilles in order to reveal the meaning of her songs. The aim is achieved by first explicating the metaphor of the songs to get the meaning of the songs. The next step is identifying the figurative language which is metaphor employed in the songs. Further analysis will be revealing the contribution of the metaphor for the theme of her songs. D. Definition of Terms To avoid misunderstanding in reading this thesis, the specific terms to this study are defined as some theories. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning (Palmer 1967: 1), in another hand the sematic branch that this study used is figurative language and lexical semantics. Lexical meaning is meaning that is based on common dictionary (Djajasudarma 1993: 34). Lexical meaning shows the literal meaning of the word. 5

19 6 In another hand, metaphor is a word which appears with literal meaning and transferred meaning (Palmer, 1976: 103). Figurative language is a way to say a language using figures of speech. A figure of speech is assumed as a way to saying a thing and meaning another (Perrine, 1969: 65). Figurative language is one of characteristic of any literature text. Perrine says that figurative language consists of metaphor, personification, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, overstatement, understatement, and irony. In this study, the figurative language that is going to be used is only metaphor. Metaphor is a word has two meaning; literal meaning and transferred meaning (Palmer 1976: 103). This word is mentioned quite a lot in previous part. Basically, metaphor is part of linguistic in semantic field that is really common of its usage in daily life. 6

20 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies Figurative language is one element in poetry to deliver the message to the reader, nowadays it is also the element that is also used in another literary work like songs and novels as well as means of communication. Most of literary works use figurative expression like idiom, personification and metaphor. The study carried by Maria Maya Sylvia entitled Metaphorical of Coldplay s song lyrics (2015) is focused on figurative language in specific way which is metaphor. Sylvia analyzes 19 metaphor expressions from 15 Coldplay s songs. She reveals the metaphor expressions that Coldplay has in their songs. She classified each metaphor used in the lyrics and then explained the meaning of the metaphoric expressions with the classifications. As the result of her thesis, she divided the metaphor into two kinds of metaphor, they are dead metaphor and live metaphor. In the end of her study, she concluded that every metaphor contained in the songs is different. The different meaning in each metaphor is influenced by the context of the songs and also the classification. In her study, she said that the metaphor that the Coldplay s songs used is to express the feeling and describe the person. The second study is from Maria Godeliva Rettob entitled The Metaphor Analysis of Selected Eminem s Rap Song Lyrics (2015). She also focused on the 7

21 metaphor on the lyrics. She analyzed the meaning of several lyrics of Eminem s song. In her study she chose four rap songs, they are White America, Without me, Superman, and Cleanin Out My Closet. As the method of the study, she used library research. Formalist approach and biographical approaches are used in order to answer the problem formulation of her research. In the end of her study, she found 17 metaphors in four selected Eminem s rap song lyrics. She classified the metaphor based on connotation classification. After she found the metaphor and its meaning, she aimed to explain the function of the connotation meaning on the metaphor that the lyrics have. This present study has the same aim of seeking the meaning of the metaphor in song lyrics. This study also uses the same method of study which is library research. Rettob and Sylvia theses give some enlightenments in order to find the meaning of the metaphor. In addition, the study gives brief information on Sara Bareilles explicit way in delivering idea and meaning through her songs. Although the review gives some useful insight for the analysis the songs meaning occupied in this thesis, the revise has not answered the third problem formulation. Based on consideration, this study will be focused on the study of the metaphor employed in the poems to reveal the contribution of the metaphor on Sara Bareilles songs towards the theme. 8

22 B. Review Related Theories 1. Theory of Song A piece of music is a continuous progress of harmony and melody for a duration. Those elements usually develop within a section of the song, before turning to the very end of the section. The basic knowledge about song is that song has 4 basic section which are verses, choruses, bridges, and other structural devices. The structure of a song is a way a sections arranged by the author and usually it comes with repetition to create a good artwork ( A proper song structure will be creating musical experience for the listener. 2. Semantics Semantics is a study of meaning. This study is focusing on sign and signifier as the mark of what meaning that they stand for. According to Palmer semantics is a study of linguistics that has a focus on the meaning of word, phrases, and sentences. Meaning of a phrase, sentence or word is not only determined by dictionary. It can be determined by the aspect like how they are formed. In the study of semantics, there is a scope called naming (Palmer, 1967: 17). Naming is a process of giving a name or labeling an object. This process usually happens when children learn a language in their earlier age. a. Lexical Semantics In a simple way, lexical semantics is a study based on dictionary. Lexical semantics is one of semantics terms that focuses on literal meaning of sentences, phrase and words. Lexical meaning is simply taking dictionary as the real meaning 9

23 of the word, sentence, or phrase without include any influence of any context. For example, the word red. Based on Longman dictionary, red means having the color of blood, but if red is being used in another context it would have different meaning. Saussure explains about how meaning is being analyzed by signifier and signified (Palmer 1976: 24). Signifier is the word that our brain says and known daily and signified is what the word stands for. Here are the table to show how meaning will be analyzed in this study: Lexical Semantic Signifier Signified word representative image of the word b. Figurative Language Figurative language can be found in literature, poetry, and songs. Where the writing entreaties to the minds. It can do this by gives a word or phrase an exact meaning that may be different from the literal meaning or definition. Sometimes figurative language compares two things in a way that someone finds the comparison interesting and descriptive. There are so many kinds of figurative language such as metaphor, personification and idiom. i. Metaphor According to Bradford metaphor is the comparison of two things without using the words like or as. According to Christopher, metaphor is figure of speech that is comparing one thing to another directly. In another words, metaphor 10

24 is words that establish an analogy between objects without actually saying. However, it directly suggests comparison of two things by creating as equation. The use of metaphor in a song is to explain and elucidate emotion, feelings, and relationship between other elements that probably cannot be explained directly in usual language. Metaphor is when a word has two meaning; literal meaning and transferred meaning (Palmer 1976: 103). Here are the analysis of metaphor. Metaphor Literal meaning transferred meaning For example, red, in literal meaning is a word to describe a color. When someone mentions the word red, people will know exactly what it is in mind. If red is mentioned in another term like in a song, it will have different meaning. Red probably will have transferred meaning. For example but loving him was red (Taylor Swift Red). Red in here has a different meaning, red in this sentence has transferred meaning because the writer uses red to compare something. Red in this context has meaning as the description of loving someone. but loving him was red this lyric means, loving him was so intense and usually the emotion of intense is symbolized with red. Red Color emotion of intense 11

25 For this example, the word Red has no relation between literal meaning and transferred meanings. The transferred meaning usually pervades our conceptual system. It means that, the transferred meaning could be interpreted from experience and knowledge in daily life. Most of the evidence of interpreting the meaning of the metaphor has come from the human experience and sense (Lakoff 1980: 115). Larson, in her book, she divides metaphor into two classifications that are dead metaphor and live metaphor. Dead metaphor is a figurative language that the usage of it is already well-known among people. Usually, when people state one of dead metaphor, they will know it for sure the meaning of its metaphor because the expression is a kind of familiar and used in daily life. People will have no concern how dead metaphor is formed because it is already common and they often use it as daily conversation (Larson, 1998: 249). It s time to face the music is one of the example of dead metaphor. This metaphor has meaning to face the punishment. In the literal meaning music is harmony of an instrument. There is no relation between music and punishment. This metaphor is really common among people in daily life. Dead metaphor is also known as idiom. Idiom is considered as dead metaphor and vice versa. In the usage of idiom, people would not think about the comparison in literal meaning nor transferred meaning. Live metaphor can be categorized as a new term or classification of metaphor. Live metaphor is made by author and usually the meaning of this metaphor could be known by explaining the meaning of the word. Live metaphor is made by an author to give implicit message toward the audience. Live metaphor 12

26 can give a lesson to the audience by an expression. Everyone can make a new live metaphor because live metaphor is free, it is not bounded to any expression. Live metaphor is usually used to make the audience of the artwork have their own imagination towards the metaphor. In a simple way live metaphor is a figurative language that is made in an event and able to be understood without any additional information. Live metaphor is really common to be used in lyrics. The author will create new metaphor (live metaphor) or use dead metaphor to deliver a message through song. 3. Pragmatics Pragmatics is a study about meaning in the context. According to Teun A Van Djik, pragmatics is dealing with the context in order to get clearer meaning in a situation or in the text (Djik 1977: 191). Pragmatic is subfield of linguistics and semiotic. In pragmatic, context is used to get the meaning or the transferred meaning behind a word. Pragmatics also used dictionary to get the literal meaning and compared both of context and literal meaning. a. Context According to Teun A Van Dijk, context is place that the acts of a word is placed and formulate the conditions which a words are acceptable in which situation and the technical terms that is used for such a situation is context (Djik 1977: 191) 4. Theory of Theme Theme is one element that literary work has is giving the difference between one to another literary artwork in the atmosphere of the literary works. According 13

27 to Norton Dudeque, theme in music is the summarized of the idea of basic outline from every variation in structured song (2005: 194). Theme is the meaning of a story that may be the discovered story (Kenney 1966: 91). It means the theme is a central idea that dominates in a word where all elements in a work are focused. C. Theoretical Framework In this analysis, the writer uses four theories which are theory of song, semantics, theory of figurative language, pragmatics in context and theory of theme. The first one, which is the theory of song, is used to give the understanding of the nature of song. Also, the first theory is used to give strategies in comprehending the songs. The second theory which is the semantic, is beneficial in examining some features from the songs and also the basic understanding of the topic which is discussed in the study. The third theory is used to give brief explanation of the meaning of the words that the metaphor has and also give the comparison to find the transferred meaning. Using the figurative language theory, the writer also uses the theory to find the meaning behind the figurative language that the song writer by study of dictionary. The theory of context is used to imply the transferred meaning after being compared with semantics terms in lexical meaning. The last theory is used to summarize the metaphor in a word that clarifies the theme of the song. It is estimated that the meaning of metaphor can clarify how they contribute creating theme of the songs. 14

28 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of The Study Sara Bareilles is an American song-writer. She has sold more than one million records for the past 5 years and been nominated for Grammy awards. She has written over 70 songs and has released 5 albums from 2004 until Her first albums Careful Confessions contains 11 songs. This is her debut album for indie singer. The album was made and released when she was attending college in The United States. Her second album named Little Voice, contains 13 songs, including her hit song Love song and Gravity. This album became her official debut album in The United States and was nominated for 51 st Grammy Awards. Kaleidoscope Heart is her third album which was released on September 7 th, This album contains 13 songs, including King of Anything as single of the album. Her latest album; The Blessed Unrest has been nominated in Grammy Awards for album of the year. Brave become her lead single for the album that lead her into a nomination for 56 th Grammy Awards. This album contains 12 songs including Brave and Manhattan. Dealing with the songs, the writer wants to find the meaning behind the metaphor in the song lyrics and also how they contribute to make the theme of the song. 15

29 B. Approach of The Study In analyzing the songs, semantic approach is applied. In specific terms, these songs will be analyzed in terms of figurative language, which is metaphor, to analyze the sentence that Sara Bareilles uses in writing the songs. The semantic approach is used to determine the meaning of the metaphorical expression that Sara Bareilles used in her songs. In Semantics, we could conduct meaning of a written text. This study uses printed lyrics of Sara Bareilles songs as the object of study of the analysis. The semantics approach helps find out the contribution of the metaphor in terms of creating the theme for the songs. The following metaphors use lexical semantic in order to find the literal meaning of the word, then after the literal meaning is found, the research will compare the literal meaning in order to find the transferred meaning. In the end of this study, it will reveal how the metaphor give the contribution the theme of the song. C. Method of The Study 1. Data Collection In conducting the research, some steps were taken. For the first step, the writer randomly picked songs from Sara Bareilles. The method that is used in order to find the data is random sampling. The writer chose 5 songs that are popular in each of the Sara Bareilles album. The works and choices are Love Song, Gravity, King of Anything, Brave, and Manhattan. The second step, the writer will collects the metaphors that contained in the songs. The theory of metaphor helps the writer to find and group the metaphor. 16

30 2. Data Analysis After collecting all metaphor, the data analysis is done. The data analysis consisted of three steps. First, all metaphors are categorized and grouped based on the title of the songs. Second, determining the meaning of the metaphor by defining the metaphors with literal meaning to make comparison. Here is the example: Lexical Semantics Signifier Signified Drug A thing to heal someone Drug a thing to heal A word that is aimed to encourage and advice someone The example is taken from the song entitled Brave. In this song, drug has a meaning word to encourage someone. Drug can have metaphorical meaning by comparing with the lexical meaning of drug itself. After knowing the literal meaning, next is using the meaning of the metaphors to analyze. The context puts the meaning and finally can make a new transferred meaning based on the context of the song. The last step is taken to draw the conclusion by comparing the meaning and the context of the songs from the analysis. The conclusion is the summary of the answer for the questions formulated. 17

31 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS This chapter is the discussion to answer the problem formulation that the researcher made which has been mentioned in the first chapter. This study will provide the metaphor of Sara Bareilles songs to answer the question of the problem formulation. A. The Metaphorical Expression and the Classification The writer has analyzed five songs from Sara Bareilles. The researcher has found that Sara Bareilles uses metaphors into her song lyrics. Metaphors allow us to know about an experience in another terms and definitions (Lakoff 1980: 117). This study deals with 5 songs which are Love Song, Gravity, King of Anything, Brave, and Manhattan. The writer has been done sorting out the lyrics which contain the metaphors. In order to sort the lyrics, the writer compared the literal meaning with the transferred meaning of the lyrics. All of the literal meaning are taken from the Longman Dictionary 5 th Edition. All song lyrics are taken from internet source. There are 21 metaphors that are found in the lyrics which are taken from 5 different songs. Here are the data: Table 4.1 List of Metaphors in Brave No. Metaphor in the lyrics 1. You can turn phrase into weapon or drug Dictionary meaning: [n] something that you use to fight with or attack someone with, such as a knife, bomb, or gun [n] a medicine, or a substance for making medicines 18

32 19 Metaphorical meaning: to intimidate or to heal someone 2. Bow down to the mighty Dictionary meaning: [adj] very strong and powerful, or very big and impressive Metaphorical meaning: respect the powerful one 3. Don t run, stop holding your tongue Dictionary meaning: [v] to speak up Metaphorical meaning: to speak up 4. Maybe there s a way out of the cage where you live Dictionary Meaning: [n] a structure made of wires or bars in which birds or animals can be kept Metaphorical Meaning: a place to keep someone. Table 4.2. List of Metaphors in Love song No. Metaphor in the lyrics 1. I m not gonna write you a love song Dictionary Meaning: [n] a short piece of music with words that you sing Metaphorical Meaning: a good and nice experience in love 2. Hello to high and dry Dictionary Meaning: [adj] measuring a long distance from the bottom to the top [adj] without water or liquid inside or on the surface Metaphorical Meaning: To be stranded; to be left out of things. 3. Is that why you wanted a love song? Dictionary Meaning: [n] a short piece of music with words that you sing Metaphorical Meaning: a good and nice experience in love 4. I ll walk the seven seas Dictionary meaning: [n] seven salty water that covers earth surface Metaphorical meaning: to do everything to gain something Table 4.3. List of Metaphors in King of Anything No. Metaphor in the lyrics 1. Who made you king of anything Dictionary Meaning: [n] a man who rules a country because he is from a royal family Metaphorical Meaning: the one who ruled someone s life 2. Ride off into your delusional sunset Dictionary Meaning: [n] the time of day when the sun disappears and night begins Metaphorical Meaning: false hope

33 20 3. You re so busy making maps with my name on them in all caps Dictionary Meaning: [n] a drawing of a particular area for example a city or country, which shows its main features, such as its roads, rivers, mountains etc. Metaphorical Meaning: planning for future Table 4.4. List of Metaphors in Gravity No. Metaphor in the lyrics 1. You hold me without touch Dictionary Meaning: [n] the action of putting your hand, finger, or another part of your body on something or someone Metaphorical Meaning:Permission 2. You keep me without chain Dictionary Meaning: [n] a series of metal rings which are joined together in a line and used for fastening things, supporting weights, decoration etc Metaphorical Meaning: Tie in status 3. Drown in your love, not feel your rain Dictionary Meaning: [n] a strong feeling of caring about someone, especially a member of your family or a close friend [n] water fall from clouds in the sky. Metaphorical Meaning: Intense affection feeling. Cannot have it 4. I don t wanna fall another moment into your gravity Dictionary Meaning: [n] technical the force that causes something to fall to the ground or to be attracted to another Metaphorical Meaning: The affection given by someone 5 I stand so tall Dictionary Meaning: to support yourself on your feet or be in an upright position: Metaphorical Meaning: to act in a proud and confident way 6 All my fragile strength is gone Dictionary Meaning: [adj] easily broken or damaged Metaphorical Meaning: weakness or uncertainness 7. I live on my knees Dictionary meaning: [v] living inside the knee Metaphorical Meaning: The period after a break up when depression sets in and you want him/her back.

34 21 Table 4.5. List of Metaphors in Manhattan No. Metaphor in the lyrics 1. You can have Manhattan Dictionary Meaning: [n] an island and Borough of New York City in New York Bay, between the Hudson River and the East River. It is the business and cultural centre of New York City. When people say that they have visited New York, they often mean that they have been to Manhattan. Metaphorical Meaning: good future 2. I ll gather up the avenues and leave them on your doorstep Dictionary Meaning: [n] used in the names of streets in a town or city Metaphorical Meaning: chance 3. That holding us in place is simple fear of what s already change Dictionary Meaning: [n] the feeling you get when you are afraid or worried that something bad is going to happen Metaphorical Meaning: the bad past 4. When I was one half of two Dictionary Meaning: [adj] one of two equal parts of something Metaphorical Meaning: alone The following metaphor are classified into dead metaphor and live metaphor in order to narrow the scope of classification of the metaphor. According to Larson (Larson 1998: 249), there are two types of metaphor, they are dead metaphor and live metaphor. Classification of discussion and division of the type of lyrics as follow: 1. Dead Metaphor According to Larson, dead metaphor is a metaphor that is part of idiomatic construction of the lexicon of the language (Larson 1998: 249). When people hear about dead metaphor, they will surely understand about the meaning of the dead metaphor because it is commonly used in society. They will not think about every word, but instead the whole idiomatic expression that the metaphor has. In a simple way, dead metaphor is an idiom of a word that a language has that the speakers already know about the meaning.

35 22 This study finds some dead metaphors in Sara Bareilles songs. The writer compares the literal meaning and the context in the lyrics. In the previous table, the study is showing the comparison of literal meaning based on only one dictionary. In order to gather the meaning and compare the literal meaning and transferred meaning, the writer uses several dictionary. The result is based on several English dictionaries. Here are the metaphor: Table 4.6. Dead Metaphors in the 5 Chosen Sara Bareilles s Songs no Song Title Dead Metaphor Meaning 1. Brave Don t run, stop holding your tongue 2. Brave Bow down to the mighty 3. Love Song Hello to high and dry 4. Gravity I stand so tall 5. Gravity I live on my knees Not to speak (Cambridge English Dictionary Online) Respect the powerful one (Cambridge English Dictionary Online) Difficult situation which a person enable to do anything about. (Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Idioms) To be stranded; to be left out of things (Dictionary of idioms and their origins) to act in a proud and confident way (Cambridge Dictionary Online) Cannot move on (Urban Dictionary)

36 23 2. Live Metaphor Unlike dead metaphor, live metaphor is a metaphor that is not common in society. It needs to be explained to know the meaning of the live metaphor. Live metaphor is usually used by the author to represent the message of the author s artwork such as in the songs, poems, or novel to the audience in another word or in another concept. In some occasion, live metaphor is used by the author to create imagination for the audience, so the audience can know the relation between the metaphor and the context of the song. In the other hand, live metaphor is understandable after the audience paying special attention to the comparison which is being made (Larson 1980: 249). Most of Sara Bereilles songs contain live metaphor. She created the metaphor in order to give brief message to the audience. This study finds some live metaphors in Sara Bareilles songs. The study uses several dictionaries as well in order to search the meaning behind the live metaphor. Unlike the first table, in this table, the words of the live metaphors are already in the transferred meaning. Here are the metaphors: Table 4.7. Live Metaphors in the 5 Chosen Sara Bareilles s Songs no Song Title Live Metaphor Meaning 1. Brave You can turn phrase into weapon or drug Maybe there s a way out of the cage where you live A thing to intimidate a person (Penguin Dictionary of Symbol) A thing to heal someone or encourage. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) A place that is kept someone. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

37 24 3. Love Song 5. King of Anything 8. Gravity I m not gonna write you a love song I ll walk the seven seas Ride off into your delusional sunset You re so busy making maps with my name on them in all caps Who died and made you king of anything You hold me without touch You keep me without chain Drown in your love, not feel your rain I don t wanna fall another moment into your gravity All my fragile strength is gone 13. Manhattan You can have Manhattan I ll gather up the avenues and leave them on your doorstep A good love experience (Penguin Dictionary of Symbol) Do everything for someone (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) A false hope (Penguin Dictionary of Symbol) Planning with the lover (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) The ruler of someone s life (Encarta Webster College Dictionary) Permission (Encarta Webster College Dictionary) To tie two beings in a status (Penguin Dictionary of Symbol) Intense affection feeling (Penguin Dictionary of Symbol) A thing that she cannot have (Encarta Webster College Dictionary) The affection given by someone (Encarta Webster College Dictionary) Weak or uncertain (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) Good future (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) Something to be gained (Encarta Webster College Dictionary)

38 25 That holding us in place is simple fear of what s already change. When I was one half of two Bad past experience (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) Alone (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) B. Interpretation of Metaphors 1. Metaphor in Brave Brave tells about a person who is encouraging the outcasts to speak up about their minds or perception. It is proved with the phrase contained in the song. The line Say, what you wanna say, and let the words fall out is one of the way the author encouraged the audience. This song contains 4 metaphors. The metaphor are written in italic bold. The table in each discussion of the metaphors is the conclusion in the end of the discussion. Here are the following metaphor and the discussion about the meaning of the metaphor: a. You can turn phrase into weapon or drug A metaphor is defined way of comparing two things which are unlike but they share similar characteristic (Perrine, 1969: 65). In this line, the author used weapon and drug to represent the message. The use of word is very specific. In lexical semantic which means meaning in literal by dictionary, weapon is used to attack the enemy. Weapon could be anything made of metal like knife and gun, or it can be invisible like words. Words are like them, the attack can caused pain for someone. In this song, along with the weapon there is also drug. Drug can be good

39 26 and bad in one condition as well. Drug can be healing someone in good way. In the bad way, drug can also kill someone by the wrong use of its drug. Those metaphor are used for giving the result how word can cause something to someone. The word drug has two results which are healing and killing. In this song the word drug refers to the meaning of healing. The reason is because the word or in the middle of the weapon and drug. According to Longman Dictionary, the word or is used between two words or phrases to show that either of two things is possible. The possibilities of the result of the words that someone has been spoken are good or bad. Weapon is as the cause of the word that can harm or attack someone and make someone hurts. Weapon is the bad cause of the word. Unlike weapon, drug in here is supposed to heal. In this lyric, weapon and drug are in contrast, which mean they have different significant meaning In this song, the weapon is aimed to insult someone. The word is the thing that is used by someone to insult other people. It caused bad result as the weapon can cause in literal meaning. In different case drug is aimed to heal someone by advice or tips for someone to encourage someone. i. Table 4.8. Lexical Semantics of the Word Weapon and Drug Lexical Semantic Signifier Signified Weapon a thing to attack someone

40 27 Lexical Semantic Signifier Drug Signified A thing to heal someone ii. Metaphor Weapon a thing to attack such as gun or knife A word that is aimed to insult a person Drug a thing to heal A word that is aimed to encourage and advice someone b. Bow down to the mighty The metaphorical expression of bow down to the mighty is classified as dead metaphor which means everyone who hear this metaphorical expression will know the meaning of this. Bow in literal meanings means bend the body to respect or greet someone. According to Longman Dictionary, bow means to bend the top part of your body forward in order to show respect for someone important, or as a way of thanking. In this song, bow is followed by down that gives another meaning in literal as well. According to same dictionary, bow down is a dead metaphor or often called as idiom which means to let someone give you orders or tell you what to do. In the context of the song, bow down is followed by the mighty which shows that someone has to obey the orders of someone who is more powerful. In society this thing always happens because usually society is ruled by someone. If the word bow down are separated, they would have different meaning. In the

41 28 dictionary bow down can be also bend over to show respect or greet someone. This has same meaning with the word bow by itself. In the other hand, the word down means a lower place or position or a feeling of sadness. So, if bow down to the mighty is elaborated literal meaning, it will become to bend over to lower position to the mighty. Metaphorically, they will have a meaning as to obey to someone's orders without offering confrontation from the one who is more powerful. i. Table 4.9. Lexical Semantics of the Word Bow Down Lexical Semantic Signifier Signified bow down to bend over to show respect or greet someone ii. Metaphor Bow Down to bend over Obey the powerful one c. stop holding your tongue Hold your tongue is classified as dead metaphor. This dead metaphor is really common used in any text and context. This metaphorical expression is idiom or in another meaning it cannot be separated or they will have different meaning word by word. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, hold your tongue means to tell someone to stop talking or to not tell someone about something. In order to find the significant meaning of this popular dead metaphor, the writer compares the meaning with another dictionary. According to Cambridge

42 29 English Dictionary hold your tongue means to not speak. Both of the dictionaries state that hold your tongue is an informal way to make someone stop talking. This metaphor is usually used in informal situation ore sometimes in rude way. In the song, hold your tongue comes after stop. The word stop change the meaning to be speak up about your mind. So, if it is combined, it will become to not just keep in silent. Hold your tongue has 3 words that has different meaning in literal if they are staying together. Lexically, if hold your tongue in literal meaning means holding tongue with hands. It is has significant different meaning if literal meaning is being compared with the metaphorical meaning. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English the word hold has meaning as to have something in your hand, hands, or arms and tongue has meaning as the soft part inside your mouth that you can move about and use for eating and speaking. In the context of the song, stop holding your tongue is stated in the verse 2. In the context of the song this has meaning that we have to speak up to show that we are brave enough to express our self because this metaphor came up after the word don t run. The word don t run strengthen the meaning of the metaphor itself. i. Table Lexical Semantics of the Word Hold Your Tongue Lexical Semantic Signifier Signified hold your tongue holding the tongue with hands