Vertical and Horizontal Cultural Adaptation: From Archaic Chinese to Modern English
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1 Vertical and Horizontal Cultural Adaptation: From Archaic Chinese to Modern English Dr Aiqing Wang Department of Languages and Cultures 1
2 Outline 1. Linguistic Discrepancy Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission 2. Cultural Adaptation Horizontal Adaptation Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Translation Techniques 2
3 Doctorate Research Area Historical syntax Phenomenon Preverbal positioning of wh- and non-wh-phrases Language Archaic Chinese (11 th c BC-221 BC, Zhou Dynasty) Corpus Peking University Corpus Translation Archaic Chinese to Modern English 3
4 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission Subject Object Subordinating conjunction Copula Preposition 4
5 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb (1) 余 不 女 忍 殺 (Zuozhuan) yu bu ru ren [sha t]. I not you bear kill I cannot bear to kill you. 5
6 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb (2) 余 何 有 焉? (Guoyu) Yu he [you t] yan? I what have Q What do I have? 6
7 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb (3) 女 將 惡 乎 比 予 哉? Ru jiang wu hu [bi yu [t t]] zai? you Fut what to compare me Q 若 將 比 予 于 文 木 邪? (Zhuangzi) Ruo jiang [bi yu [yu [wen mu]]] ye? you Fut compare me to useful wood Q To what will you compare me? Will you compare me to useful wood? 7
8 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb (4) 彼 知 吾 將 用 之, Bi zhi wu jiang yong zhi, 3.Subj know I Fut employ 3.Obj 必 不 吾 予 也 (Guanzi) bi bu wu [yu t] ye. must not me give Decl (If) he knows I will employ him, (he) must not give (him to) me. 8
9 Linguistic Discrepancy 1. Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English SOV SVO Object of monotransitive verb Object of ditransitive verb Translation Technique Adjustment of word order 9
10 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission Subject Object Subordinating conjunction Copula Preposition 10
11 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of subject (5) 歸 之, 未 絕 之 也 Gui zhi, wei jue zhi ye. send.home 3.Obj not.yet divorce 3.Obj Decl (The emperor) sent her home, (but) has not divorced her yet. (Zuozhuan) 11
12 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of subject (6) 必 將 殺 之 (Guanzi) Bi jiang sha zhi. certainly Fut kill 3.Obj (They) will certainly kill him. 12
13 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of object Object of monotransitive verb Prepositional complement Pivotal construction 13
14 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of object Object of monotransitive verb (7) 愛 之, 能 勿 勞 乎? Ai zhi, neng wu lao hu? love 3.Obj can not dedicate.to Q 忠 焉, 能 勿 誨 乎? (Analects) Zhong yan, neng wu hui hu? be.loyal Decl can not admonish Q If (I) love him, (how) can (I) not dedicate to (him)? If (I) am loyal, (how) can I not admonish (him)? 14
15 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of object Prepositional complement (8) 士 志 於 道, 而 恥 (Analects) Shi zhi yu dao, er chi scholar aspire to knowledge Conj be.ashamed.of 惡 衣 惡 食 者, 未 足 與 議 也 e yi e shi zhe, wei zu yu yi ye. bad clothes bad food Decl not worthy with discuss Decl (If) a scholar aspires to knowledge, but is ashamed of bad clothes and food, (it is) not worthy of discussing with (him). 15
16 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of object Pivotal construction (9) 雍也, 可使南面 (Analects) Yong ye, ke shi nan mian. Yong Decl can make south face Yong, (one) can make (him) a government official. (Lit Yong, (one) can make (him) face south. ) 16
17 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of subordinating conjunction (10) 不 當 應 而 應 鼓, bu dang ying er ying gu, not should reply Conj reply drum 主者 斬 (Mozi) zhuzhe zhan. commander decapitate (If a solider) should not reply to but reply to the drums, his commander (will be) decapitated. 17
18 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of copula (11) 谷之不成, 孤之咎也 Gu zhi bu cheng, gu zhi jiu ye. millet ZHI not mature I Gen fault Decl (The situation that) millets do not mature (is) my fault. (Guoyu) 18
19 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission of preposition (12) 惡 乎 取 之? 取 之 曹 也 Wu hu qu zhi? Qu zhi cao ye. where from take 3.Obj take 3.Obj Cao Decl From where to take it? Take it (from) Cao. (Guoyu) 19
20 Linguistic Discrepancy 2. Archaic Chinese vs Modern English Omission Translation Techniques Reference to contexts Recovery of elliptical constituents Provision of recovered constituents in brackets 20
21 Cultural Adaptation 1. Horizontal Adaptation Modern Chinese Modern English 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Archaic Chinese Modern Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English 21
22 Cultural Adaptation 1. Horizontal Adaptation Modern Chinese Modern English (13) 飯 疏食 飲 水, 曲 肱 而 枕 之, Fan shushi yin shui, qu gong er zhen zhi, eat fodder drink cold.water bend arm Conj rest.head.on 3.Obj 樂 亦 在 其 中 矣 (Analects) le yi zai qi zhong yi. pleasure also lie.in Gen inside Decl Eating fodder, drinking cold water, bending an arm and resting the head on it (as a pillow); pleasure also lies in them. 22
23 Cultural Adaptation 1. Horizontal Adaptation Modern Chinese Modern English (14) 不義 富 且 貴 Buyi fu qie gui, ill-gotten wealth Conj honour 於 我 如 浮 雲 (Analects) yu wo ru fu yun. to me be.like drifting cloud Ill-gotten wealth and honour are like (illusory and insignificant) drifting clouds to me. 23
24 Cultural Adaptation 1. Horizontal Adaptation Modern Chinese Modern English (15) 奚 以 之 九 萬 里 Xi yi zhi jiu wan li what for go 9 ten.thousand li 而 南 為? (Zhuangzi) er nan wei? Conj south Q For what (do you) go (up for) ninety thousand lis (a length unit) and (fly towards) south? 24
25 Cultural Adaptation 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Archaic Chinese Modern Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English (16) 谷 之 不 成, 孤 之 咎 也 (Guoyu) Gu zhi bu cheng, gu zhi jiu ye. millet ZHI not mature I Gen fault Decl (The situation that) millets do not mature (is) my fault. 25
26 Cultural Adaptation 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Archaic Chinese Modern Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English (17) 雍也, 可使南面 (Analects) Yong ye, ke shi nan mian. Yong Decl can make south face Yong, (one) can make (him) a government official. (Lit Yong, (one) can make (him) face south. ) 26
27 Cultural Adaptation 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Archaic Chinese Modern Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English (18) 八佾 舞 於 庭, 是 可 忍 也, Bayi wu yu ting, shi ke ren ye, 8.line dance in court this can endure Decl 孰 不 可 忍 也! (Analects) shu bu ke ren ye! which not can endure Decl Eight-line dance in the court, (if) this can be endured, which cannot be endured! 27
28 Cultural Adaptation 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Archaic Chinese Modern Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English (19) 子 欲 居 九 夷 (Analects) Zi yu ju jiu yi. Confucius want live 9 Yi.tribe Confucius wants to live (in the settlements of) nine Yi tribes. 28
29 Cultural Adaptation 1. Horizontal Adaptation 2. Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets Combination of free translation and literal translation Provision of translator s notes 29
30 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets (20) 不義富且貴 Buyi fu qie gui, ill-gotten wealth Conj honour 於 我 如 浮 雲 (Analects) yu wo ru fu yun. to me be.like drifting cloud Ill-gotten wealth and honour are like (illusory and insignificant) drifting clouds to me. 30
31 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets (21) 奚 以 之 九 萬 里 Xi yi zhi jiu wan li what for go 9 ten.thousand li 而 南 為? (Zhuangzi) er nan wei? Conj south Q For what (do you) go (up for) ninety thousand lis (a length unit) and (fly towards) south? 31
32 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets (22) 君子 不 器 (Analects) Junzi bu qi. gentleman not utensil A gentleman (should) not (be) an utensil (which only has a particular function, rather than being versatile). 32
33 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets (23) 下佐食 取 牢 一切 肺 于 俎 (Yili) Xiazuoshi qu lao yiqie fei yu zu. xiazuoshi take sacrifice all lung from vessel Xiazuoshi (an ancient name for worshippers of a particular rank) took all the lungs of the sacrifices from the vessel. 33
34 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets (24) 述 而 不 作, 信 而 好 古, Shu er bu zuo, xin er hao gu, inherit Conj not create trust Conj appreciate history 竊 比 於 我 老 彭 (Analects) qie bi yu wo lao peng. personally compare to me Laodan Pengzu (I) inherit but not create, (I) trust and appreciate history; (I) personally compare myself to Laodan and Pengzu (two ancient sages). 34
35 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Combination of free translation and literal translation Metaphor Simile Metonymy 35
36 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Combination of free translation and literal translation Metaphor Simile Metonymy (25) 今 魯國 獨 非 君 之 皮 邪? Jin Luguo du fei jun zhi pi ye? now Lu.State alone not.be Your.Majesty Gen fur Q Now isn t the State of Lu alone Your Majesty s cursed treasure? (Lit Now isn t the State of Lu alone Your Majesty s fur? ) (Zhuangzi) 36
37 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Combination of free translation and literal translation Metaphor Simile Metonymy (26) 非獨染絲然也, 國亦有染 Fei du ran si ran ye, guo yi you ran. not.be alone dye silk like.this Decl state also have dyeing As silk being dyed, states can also be affected. (Lit (It) is not only dyeing silk (which is) like this; states also have dyeing. ) (Mozi) 37
38 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Combination of free translation and literal translation Metaphor Simile Metonymy (27) 雍也, 可使南面 (Analects) Yong ye, ke shi nan mian. Yong Decl can make south face Yong, (one) can make (him) a government official. (Lit Yong, (one) can make (him) face south. ) 38
39 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Provision of translator s notes (28) 飯 疏食 飲 水, 曲 肱 而 枕 之, Fan shushi yin shui, qu gong er zhen zhi, eat fodder drink cold.water bend arm Conj rest.head.on 3.Obj 樂 亦 在 其 中 矣 (Analects) le yi zai qi zhong yi. pleasure also lie.in Gen inside Decl Eating fodder, drinking cold water, bending an arm and resting the head on it (when sleeping); pleasure also lies in them. 39
40 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Provision of translator s notes (29) 谷 之 不 成, 孤 之 咎 也 Gu zhi bu cheng, gu zhi jiu ye. millet ZHI not mature I Gen fault Decl (The situation that) millets do not mature (is) my fault. (Guoyu) 40
41 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Provision of translator s notes (30) 八佾 舞 於 庭, 是 可 忍 也, Bayi wu yu ting, shi ke ren ye, 8.line dance in court this can endure Decl 孰 不 可 忍 也! (Analects) shu bu ke ren ye! which not can endure Decl Eight-line dance in the court, (if) this can be endured, which cannot be endured! 41
42 Cultural Adaptation Translation Techniques Provision of translator s notes (31) 子 欲 居 九 夷 (Analects) Zi yu ju jiu yi. Confucius want live 9 Yi.tribe Confucius wants to live (in the settlements of) nine Yi tribes. 42
43 Conclusion 1. Linguistic Discrepancy Archaic Chinese vs Modern Chinese/English (SOV SVO) Archaic Chinese vs Modern English (Omission) 2. Cultural Adaptation Horizontal Adaptation Vertical & Horizontal Adaptation 3. Translation Techniques Linguistic Discrepancy Cultural Adaptation Inclusion of explanatory information in brackets Combination of free translation and literal translation Provision of translator s notes 43
44 References Wang, Aiqing Object Preposing in Late Archaic Chinese. York Papers in Linguistics 13: Wang, Aiqing The Intervention Effect of Negation on Wh-Adverbials in Late Archaic Chinese. Proceedings of the Second Asian and European Linguistic Conference (AE-Link 2): Wang, Aiqing Clause-Internal Preposing in Late Archaic Chinese. Ph.D. Dissertation. 44
45 謝謝 Thank you 45
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