Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books

Transcription

1 GLOSSARY Introduction aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avión arm /El/ brazo bakery /'VMYLpi/ panadaría basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto bath /'VEe/ bañeira bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño bed /VCX/ cama, leito bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio bicycle /'VOgBYo/ bicicleta boat /VNW/ barco brother /'VpJfL/ irmán bus /VJg/ autobús butcher s /'VHaLh/ carnizaría car /YE/ coche carpet /'YEUBW/ alfombra chair /as/ cadeira computer technology /YLlUqIWL WCY'mFoLbi/ informática cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario cycling /'goyobn/ ciclismo desk /XCgY/ escritorio; pupitre eagle /'AZo/ aguia ear /R/ orella eye /O/ ollo football /'chwvgo/ fútbol fridge /cpbb/ frigorífico frog /cpfz/ ra geography /bi'fzplci/ xeografía grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ avó hat /kdw/ gorro, sombreiro, chapeu history /'kbgwpi/ historia horse /kgg/ cabalo hospital /'kfgubwo/ hospital jacket /'bdybw/ chaqueta, cazadora jeans /bamh/ pantalóns vaqueiros kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña lamp /odlu/ lámpada library /'oovplpi/ biblioteca living room /'obdbn pil/ sala de estar, salón maths /ldeg/ matemáticas mother /'ljfl/ nai motorbike /'lnwlvoy/ moto paw /UG/ pata, pouta, gadoupa scarf /gyec/ bufanda science /golmg/ ciencias shelf /icoc/andel, estante shoe shop /'ii ifu/ zapataría shorts /igwg/ pantalóns curtos sink /gbny/ lavabo sister /'gbgwl/ irmá skateboarding /'gymwvgxbn/ir / montar en monopatín skirt /gykw/ saia snake /gmmy/ serpe socks /gfyg/ calcetíns sofa /'glhcl/ sofá son /gjm/ fillo sports centre /'gugwg gcmwl/ polideportivo sweater /'grcwl/ xersei swimming /'grblbn/ natación swimsuit /'grblgiw/ bañador table /'WMVo/ mesa tail /WMo/ cola, rabo tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis tiger /'WOZL/ tigre trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalóns T-shirt /'WAiKW/ camiseta de manga curta van /ddm/ furgoneta washing machine /'rfibn lliam/ lavadora Unit 1 beef /VAc/ carne de vitela benefit /'VCmBcBW/beneficio, proveito bill /VBo/conta biscuit /'VBgYBW/galleta blood /VoJX/sangue brain /VpMm/cerebro broccoli /'VpFYLoi/brócoli butter /'VJWL/manteiga cannoli /YL'mNoi/cannoli (doces típicos de Sicilia) carrot /'YDpLW/cenoria chew /ai/ mastigar, mascar chewing gum /'aibn ZJl/ goma de mascar crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritidas (de bolsa) delicious /XB'oBiLg/ gorentoso/a disturbance /XB'gWKVLmg/ barafunda, balbordo drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn afyolw/batido de chocolate, chocolate líquido

2 glossary eater /'AWL/ persoa que come eating habit /'AWBn kdvbw/ hábito alimenticio egg /CZ/ ovo eyesight /'OgOW/ vista first course /ckgw 'YGg/ primeiro prato fizzy drink /'cbhi XpBnY/ bebida gasosa fresh /cpci/ fresco/a frozen /'cpnhm/ conxelado/a fruit /cpiw/ froita healthy /'kcoei/ saudábel, san/sa improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar lemonade /ocll'mcbx/ limoada main course /lcbm 'YGg/ segundo prato meal /lao/ comida milk /lboy/ leite moussaka /li'geyl/ musaka (prato grego) muesli /'lqihoi/ muesli mushroom /'ljiphl/ cogomelo natural /'mdaplo/ natural oily /'Qoi/ aceitoso/a on time /Fm 'WOl/ puntual pancake /'UDmYMY/ freixó, filloa pepper /'UCUL/ pemento popcorn /'UFUYGm/ flocos de millo prawn /UpGm/ gamba research /pb'gka/ investigación, esculca salmon /'gdllm/ salmón salty /'ggowi/ salgado/a sausage /'gfgbb/ salchicha schoolwork /'gyiorky/ traballo de clase score /gyg/ resultado, nota seed /gax/ semente soup /giu/ sopa sour /'gpl/ agre spicy /'guogi/ picante, con especias sugarless /'ihzlocg/ sen azucre sweet /graw/ doce tip /WBU/ propina unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/pouco/a san/sa watermelon /'rgwllcolm/ sandía weight /rmw/peso Unit 2 artist /'EWBgW/ artista beautiful /'VqIWBco/ fermoso/a, precioso/a bin /VBm/ cubo do lixo; papeleira boring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/a, que aborrece bridge /VpBXj/ ponte bright /VpOW/brillante; intelixente; vivo/a, rechamante (cor) brilliant /'VpBoiLmW/ xenial cartoon /YE'WIm/ banda deseñada, viñeta cartoonist /YE'WImBgW/ debuxante cave /YMd/ cova cave painting /'YMd UCBmWBn/ pintura rupestre clown /YoPm/ pallaso cute /YqIW/ precioso/a, curro/a dancer /'XEmgL/ bailarín/ina design /XB'hOm/ deseño disappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ decepcionante draw /XpG/ debuxar, pintar drawing /'XpGBn/ debuxo dull /XJo/ esmorecido/a, aborrecido/a eggshell /'CZiCo/ casca de ovo exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario/a focus /'cnylg/ centrarse graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/graffiti graffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/ graffiteiro/a imaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/ imaxinativo/a inside /Bm'gOX/ interior, parte de dentro item /'OWLl/ artigo mural /'lqhlplo/ mural musician /lqi'hbim/ músico/a ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corrente painter /'UCBmWL/ pintor/a painting /'UCBmWBn/ cadro, pintura photograph /'cnwlzpec/ fotografía photographer /cl'wfzplcl/ fotógrafo/a potter /'UFWL/ oleiro/a pottery /'UFWLpi/ cerámica, olaría remain /pb'lcbm/ permanecer sculptor /'gyjouwl/ escultor/a sculpture /'gyjoual/ escultura special /'gucio/ especial surprising /gl'upohbn/ sorprendente throw /epn/ tirar, guindar ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a watch /rfa/ reloxo de pulso wild /roox/ salvaxe Unit 3 BASE jumping /'VMg bjlubn/salto B.A.S.E. basket /'VEgYBW/ canastra bat /VDW/ pa, paleta

3 bossaball /'VFgLVGo/bossaball (deporte que harmoniza voleibol, fútbol e ximnasia) bounce /VPmg/ botar brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a break the law /'VpMY fl og/infrinxir / quebrantar a lei cool /YIo/ bo/boa, xenial cord /YGX/ corda court /YGW/ pista, cancha cycling shoes /'goyobn iih/ zapatillas de ciclismo extreme sport /BY'gWpAl gugw/deporte de aventura field /caox/ campo, terreo de xogo foolish /'ciobi/insensato/a, imprudente, aloucado/a golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/pao de golf hard /kex/ forte helmet /'kcolbw/ casco hit /kbw/ pegar, golpear hold /knox/ suxeitar, termar de, soster indoors /Bm'XGh/ dentro inflatable pad /Bm'coCBWLVo UDX/colchón inchábel jog /bfz/ facer footing kneepads /'maudxh/xeonlleiras leap /oau/ saltar, choutar, brincar licence /'oogmg/ permiso, licenza net /mcw/ rede outdoors /PW'XGh/ fóra parachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/ paracaídas parachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/guindarse, lanzarse / saltar en paracaídas pass /UEg/ pasar pull /UHo/ arrastrar, tirar de; atraer push /UHi/ empurrar referee /pccl'pa/ árbitro risk /pbgy/ arriscar rollerblades /'pnolvomxh/ patíns en liña shoulder pads /'inoxl UDXh/ ombreiras skate /gymw/ patinar skateboard /'gymwvgx/ monopatín skates /gymwg/ patíns ski /gya/ esquiar skydiver /'gyoxodl/paracaidista acrobático / de caída libre skydiving /'gyoxodbn/paracaidismo acrobático, caída libre slide /goox/ esvarar, escorregar tennis racket /'WCmBg pdybw/ raqueta de tenis tenpin bowling /WCmUBm 'VNoBn/ bolos trampoline /'WpDlULoAm/ cama elástica water bottle /'rgwl VFWo/ botella de auga Unit 4 glossary arid /'DpBX/árido/a, ermo/a bite /VOW/ morder, trabar cave /YMd/ cova cliff /YoBc/ acantilado, cantil climb /YoOl/ escalar corn /YGm/ millo damp /XDlU/ húmido/a deep /XAU/ profundo/a, fondo/a dense /XCmg/ denso/a, mesto/a diary /'XOLpi/diario (keep a diary: escribir un diario) expedition /CYgUL'XBim/ expedición explorer /BY'gUoGpL/ explorador/a fellow /'ccolh/ compañeiro/a, colega field /caox/ campo, eido flat /coæw/ chan / chá, plano/a freedom /'cpaxll/ liberdade get /ZCW/ chegar get down on one s knees /ZCW XPm Fm rjmh 'mah/ axeonllarse glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar ground /ZpPmX/ terreo, chan hide /kox/ agochar(se) high /ko/ alto/a hill /kbo/ outeiro, montaña ill /Bo/ enfermo/a, doente island /'OoLmX/ illa join /bqm/ unir(se), xuntar(se) jump /bjlu/ saltar, choutar, brincar land /odmx/ aterrar (un avión) lead /oax/ comandar, dirixir low /olh/ baixo/a mankind /læm'yomx/ humanidade raise /pmh/ recadar rest /pcgw/ descansar rocky /'pfyi/ rochoso/a route /piw/ ruta, percorrido run /pjm/ viaxe; carreira sail /gmo/ navegar sandy /'gdmxi/ areoso/a sea /ga/ mar sea captain /'ga YæUWBm/ capitán/capitá de barco shallow /'idon/ pouco fondo/a slave /gomd/ escravo/a slavery /'gomdlpi/ escravitude smell /glco/ olor, rastro, cheiro spaceship /'gumgibu/ nave espacial steep /gwau/ pino/a, esgrevio/a 3

4 glossary stream /gwpal/ regueiro, regato swamp /grflu/ pantano, lamazal, lameira unfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/lamentabelmente, desgraciadamente valley /'ddoi/ val waterfall /'rgwlcgo/ fervenza Unit 5 achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/ logro, fazaña arch /EWi/ arco bachelor s degree /'VDWiLoLh XBZpA/ licenciatura businessman /'VBhmLglDm/ home de negocios character /'YæpLYWL/ personaxe cheat /aaw/ facer trampas; copiar college /'YFoBb/ universidade confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a confusing /YLm'cqIhBn/ confuso/a, pouco claro/a courage /'YJpBb/ valor crime writer /'YpOl powl/escritor de novelas policiais deal /XAo/ trato, convenio delighted /XB'oOWBX/ encantado/a dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/a disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/ alporizado/a, indignado/a embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/a evil /'Ado/ maldade, mal exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ canso/a, esgotado/a exhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/ esgotador/a fingerprint /'cbnzlupbmw/ pegada dixital furious /'cqhlpilg/ alporizado/a, furioso/a guess /ZCg/ adiviñar guilty /'ZBoWi/ culpábel hairdresser /'kclxpcgl/ perruqueiro/a high school /'ko gyio/instituto de ensino secundario hire /'kol/ contratar jealous /'XjCoLg/ celoso/a judge /bjb/ xuíz/a lawyer /'ogql/ avogado/a lifetime /'oocwol/ vida look forward to /ohy 'cgrlx WL/ter ganas de, devecer por loop /oiu/ lazo murder /'lkxl/ asasinato murderer /'lkxlpl/ asasino/a nervous /'mkdlg/ nervioso/a noticeable /'mnwbglvo/ evidente, obvio/a optician /FU'WBim/ óptico/a pirate /'UOpLW/ pirata play /UoM/ obra de teatro primary school /'UpOlLpi gyio/ escola primaria prison /'UpBhm/ cárcere, cadea, prisión private detective /UpOdLW XB'WCYWBd/detective privado/a proud /UpPX/ fachendoso/a, orgulloso/a prove /UpId/ demostrar, probar realise /'palooh/ decatarse, darse conta reliable /pb'oolvo/ seguro/a, fiábel reporter /pb'ugwl/ xornalista, reporteiro/a robber /'pfvl/ ladrón/oa sailor /'gmol/ mariñeiro/a scared /gyclx/ amedrentado/a, asustado/a soldier /'gnobl/ soldado spy /guo/ espía success /gly'gcg/ éxito successful /gly'gcgco/ de éxito suspect /'gjgucyw/ sospeitoso/a trouble /'WpJVo/atranco, problema, dificultade (be in trouble: ter problemas) truth /WpIe/ verdade undercover /JmXL'YJdL/ secreto/a whorl /rko/ espiral worried /'rjpix/ preocupado/a Unit 6 avoid /L'dQX/ evitar back /VDY/ costas belt /VCoW/ cinto cap /YæU/ gorra, pucha; gorro cashmere /'YDilR/ caxemira chemist s /'YClBgWg/ farmacia comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ cómodo/a denim /'XCmBl/ tea vaqueira designer /XB'hOmL/ deseñador/a dressmaker /'XpCglMYL/ modisto/a earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes fashion /'cæim/ moda (in fashion: de moda) fashionable /'cæimlvo/ de moda flat /coæw/ plano/a gloves /ZoJdh/ luvas handbag /'kæmxvæz/ bolso high heels /ko 'kaoh/ tacóns altos hot /kfw/de moda item /'OWLl/ peza (de vestir) latest /'omwbgw/ último/a, derradeiro/a 4

5 glossary mini skirt /'lbmi gykw/minisaia modern /'lfxm/ moderno necklace /'mcyolg/ colar old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda outdated /PW'XMWBX/anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda platform boots /'UoDWcGl VIWg/botas de plataforma practical /'UpDYWBYo/ práctico/a rebellion /pb'vcoqlm/ rebelión ring /pbn/ anel smell /glco/ ulir sunglasses /'gjmzoegbh/ lentes de sol survey /'gkdm/ enquisa teenager /'WAmMbL/ adolescente, rapaz/a think for yourself /ebny cl qg'gcoc/pensa por ti mesmo/a tie /WO/gravata timeline /'WOloOm/ cronoloxía trendy /'WpCmXi/ á moda, moderno unfashionable /Jm'cæimLVo/ pasado/a de moda unsafe /Jm'gMc/ perigoso/a unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ pouco común / corrente watch /rfa/ reloxo Unit 7 astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/ astronauta beauty /'VqIWi/ beleza bring back /VpBn 'VDY/ traer de volta build /VBoX/ construír check /acy/ comprobar cloud /YoPX/ nube connect /YL'mCYW/ conectar cookbook /'YHYVHY/ libro de cociña cucumber /'YqIYJlVL/ cogombro design /XB'hOm/ deseñar develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver; elaborar engineering /CmbB'mBLpBn/ enxeñaría explain /BY'gUoMm/ explicar follow /'cfon/ seguir fortune teller /'cgaim WCoL/ adiviño/a god /ZFX/ deus gravity /'ZpDdLWi/ gravidade greenhouse /'ZpAmkPg/ invernadoiro grow /ZpN/ crecer, medrar; cultivar involve /Bm'dFod/ implicar, involucrar leave /oad/ deixar, marchar de light /oow/ lixeiro/a, livián/á meteor /'lawil/ meteoro; meteorito moon /lim/ lúa name after /mml 'EcWL/chamar como, pór o nome de ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corrente plan /UoDm/ planear planet /'UoDmBW/ planeta planetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/ planetario protect /UpL'WCYW/ protexer repair /pb'ucl/ arranxar, amañar, reparar solar system /'gnol gbgwll/ sistema solar space shuttle /'gumg ijwo/transbordador / lanzadeira espacial spacesuit /'gumggiw/ traxe espacial star /gwe/ estrela sun /gjm/ sol telescope /'WCoBgYNU/ telescopio war /rg/ guerra warm /rgl/ de abrigo Unit 8 add to /'DX WI/ aumentar airport /'CLUGW/ aeroporto alternative /Go'WKmLWBd/ diferente, alternativo/a ant /DmW/ formiga art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galería de arte battery /'VDWpi/ batería biologist /VO'FoLbBgW/ biólogo/a bus station /'VJg gwmim/ estación de autobuses car park /'YE UEY/ aparcamento, aparcadoiro carriage /'YDpBb/ carro, carruaxe catch /YDa/ coller change /ammb/ cambiar chariot /'WiDpiLW/ carro department store /XB'UEWlLmW gwg/grandes almacéns dog sled /'XFZ gocx/ zorra tirada por cans drive /XpOd/ conducir exit /'CYgBW/ saída factory /'cæywpi/ fábrica fold /cnox/ pregar get angry /ZCW 'DnZpi/enfadarse get hurt /ZCW 'kkw/ mancarse get in /ZCW 'Bm/entrar; chegar (un medio de transporte) get off /ZCW 'Fc/baixar de get on /ZCW 'Fm/subir a go around /ZLH L'pPmX/dar a volta a hurry out /kjpi 'PW/ saír correndo/ ás carreiras 5

6 glossary lead /oax/ levar, conducir miss /lbg/ perder narrow /'mdpn/ estreito/a obstacle /'FVgWLYo/ obstáculo office /'FcBg/ oficina park /UEY/ aparcar path /UEe/ camiño perhaps /UL'kDUg/ quizais, talvez pillar /'UBoL/ columna post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos quickly /'YrBYoi/ rápido, ás présas race /pmg/ carreira recharge /pa'aeb/ recargar rickshaw /'pbyig/ carro tirado por un home ride /pox/ir / andar en; montar Segway /'gczrm/segway (vehículo de transporte lixeiro) snowmobile /'gmnllvao/ motoneve stadium /'gwcbxill/ estadio stop /gwfu/ parar swimming pool /'grblbn UIo/ piscina take /WMY/ coller; levar take off /WMY 'Fc/ despegar (un avión) take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ ter lugar theatre /'eblwl/ teatro traffic jam /'WpDcBY bdl/ atasco two-wheeled /WI'rAoX/ de dúas rodas university /qimb'dkglwi/ universidade Unit 9 advertise /'DXdLWOh/ anunciar burn /VKm/ queimar chat room /'adw pil/ grupo de discusión, chat complicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/complicado/a, complexo/a contemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/ contemporáneo/a dirt /XKW/sucidade dishwasher /'XBirFiL/ lavalouza dryer /'XpOL/ secadora electric kettle /BoCYWpBY 'YCWo/fervedor eléctrico enormous /B'mGlLg/ enorme entertainment /CmWL'WCBmlLmW/entretemento; espectáculo find out /comx 'PW/ esculcar, investigar food processor /'cix UpNgCgL/ robot de cociña freezer /'cpahl/ conxelador hair dryer /'kcl XpOL/ secador de pelo hand-written /kæmx'pbwm/ escrito/a a man hi-tech /ko'wcy/ de alta tecnoloxía immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/decontado, inmediatamente improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar indispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/ indispensábel iron /'OLm/ ferro de pasar lazy /'ocbhi/ lacazán/ana; preguiceiro/a noisy /'mqhi/ ruidoso/a old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a oven /'Jdm/ forno password /'UEgrKX/ contrasinal pick /UBY/ colectar, recoller pocket money /'UFYBW ljmi/ diñeiro solto; paga pop /UFU/ estourar, estoupar portable /'UGWLVo/ portátil printing press /'UpBmWBn UpCg/ imprenta radio play /'pmxin UoM/obra de teatro para a radio report /pb'ugw/ crónica, reportaxe settler /'gcwol/ colonizador/a significant /gbz'mbcbylmw/ importante, significativo/a simple /'gbluo/ sinxelo/a, simple soap opera /'gnu FUpL/ telenovela; radionovela tablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/ mantel though /flh/ aínda que, anque tin opener /'WBm NUmL/ abrelatas toaster /'WLHgWL/torrador/a useful /'qigco/ útil useless /'qigolg/ que non serve para nada user name /'qihl mml/ nome de usuario vacuum cleaner /'ddyqhll YoAmL/ aspirador/a wheel /rao/ roda 6

7 SPEAKING GUIDE INTRODUCTION UNIT Classroom language Please be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Calade, por favor. Can you help me, please? /YLm qi 'kcou la UoAh/Podes axudarme, por favor? Can I borrow (a pencil), please? /YLm O 'VFpLH (L UCmgo) UoAh/ Empréstasme (un lapis), por favor? Open your books to page (15). /'NULm qg VHYg WL UMb (cbcwam)/abride o libro pola páxina (15). What is the homework? /rfw Bh fl 'knlrky/cales son os deberes?, Que deberes hai? What s this in English? /rfwg fbg Bm 'BnZoBi/Como se di isto en inglés? What page are we on? /rfw 'UMb L ra Fm/En que páxina estamos? Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qi pb'uaw fdw UoAh/ Podes repetilo, por favor? Unit 1 Ordering food Would you like (a drink)? /rhx qi 'ooy (L XpBnY)/Queres (unha bebida)? I d prefer (Italian food), please. /OX UpB'cK (BWDoBLm cix) UoAh/Prefiro (comida italiana), por favor. Do you want (sausages) or (beef )? /XL qi rfmw ('gfgbbbh) G ('VAc)/ Quere (salchichas) ou (carne de tenreira)? I d like (salmon), please. /OX ooy ('gdllm) UoAh/Tomarei / Quero (salmón), por favor. Making suggestions What about (Mexican food)? /'rfw LVPW (lcsbym cix)/ E / Que tal (comida mexicana)? Good idea! /ZHX O'XR/ Boa idea! Why don t we (go to a restaurant)? /ro 'XLHmW ra (ZLH WI L pcgwpfmw)/ Por que non (imos a un restaurante)? I don t really like (Chinese food). /O XLHmW pbloi 'ooy (WiOmAh cix)/en realidade non me gusta / Non me gusta moito (a comida chinesa). Unit 2 Asking for information When is the (painting course)? /rcm Bh fl ('UCBmWBn YGg)/Cando é o (curso de pintura)? What time does it start? /rfw WOl XJh BW 'gwew/a que hora comeza? How much does it cost? /kp lja XJh BW 'YFgW/Cando custa / vale? Describing a picture We can see (two men). /ra YLm 'ga (WI lcm)/vemos (a dous homes). There s (a dog). /fclh (L 'XFZ)/Hai (un can / unha cadela). He s got (a cat). /kch ZFW (L 'YDW)/Ten (un gato/a). In this picture, (there s a river). /Bm 'fbg UBYaL (fclh L pbdl)/neste debuxo / fotografía (hai un río). 7

8 speaking guide Unit 3 Responding to requests No, I m (using it tomorrow). /mn Ol (qihbn BW WL'lFpN)/Non, (vouno/na usar mañá). Sure. /ihl/ Por suposto. / Xaora. Of course. /Fd 'YGg/ Por suposto. No problem. /mn 'UpFVoLl/ Non hai problema. OK, but (I need them on Tuesday). /N'YM VJW (O max ecl Fm 'WqIhXM)/Vale / De acordo, mais (precísoos/as o martes). Sorry, (my friend has got it). /'gfpi (lo cpcmx klh ZFW BW)/Síntoo, (teno/a o meu amigo/a). Comparing sports (Tennis lessons) are more (expensive) than (football lessons). /('WCmBg ocgmh) L lg (BYgUCmgBd) flm ('chwvgo ocgmh)/ (As clases de tenis) son máis (caras) que (as clases de fútbol). Yes, but they aren t as (expensive) as (skiing lessons). /qcg VLW fm EmW Dh (BYgUCmgBd) Dh ('gyabn ocgmh)/ Si, mais non son tan (caras) como (as clases de esquí). It s the most (exciting sport in the world). /BWg fl lngw (BY'gOWBn gugw Bm fl rgox)/é o (deporte) máis (emocionante do mundo). Unit 4 Ordering tickets Can I help you? /Yæm O 'kcou qi/podo axudarte? How many (tickets) do you want? /kp lcmi ('WBYBWg) XI qi rfmw/ Cantos/as (billetes / entradas) queres? How much is (a ticket)? /kp lja Bh (L 'WBYBWg)/Canto custa / vale (un billete / unha entrada)? How long is (the tour)? /kp 'ofn Bh (fl WHL)/Canto dura (a visita)? Talking about the past What (countries) did you visit? /rfw ('YJmWpih) XBX qi dbhbw/ Que (países) visitaches? How did you travel? /kp XBX qi 'WpDdo/ Como viaxaches? What did you take with you? /rfw XBX qi 'WMY rbf qi/que levaches canda ti? What did you do? /rfw XBX qi 'XI/Que fixeches? How long was your journey? /kp ofn rlh qg 'bkmi/canto durou a viaxe? Unit 5 Talking about emotions I feel (worried). /O cao ('rjpix)/ Estou (preocupado/a). Talking about a past event Can you describe (them)? /YLm qi XB'gYpOV (fcl)/ Podes describilos/as? What were they wearing? /rfw rk fm 'rclpbn/ Que levaban posto? What happened? /rfw 'kdulmx/ Que ocorreu? 8

9 speaking guide Unit 6 Giving advice You should (wear that colour)./qi ilx ('rcl fdw YJoL)/ Deberías (poñer esa color). You shouldn t (arrive late). /qi 'ihxmw (LpOd ocbw)/ Non deberías (chegar tarde). Giving opinions I think (he s very trendy). /O 'ebny (kah dcpi WpCmXi)/Coido que (é moi moderno). It s very (fashionable). /BWg dcpi ('cæimlvo)/ É / Está moi (de moda). Unit 7 Discussing plans Where are you going (next week)? /rcl L qi 'ZLHBn (mcygw ray)/onde vas (a vindeira semana)? How are you going to get there? /kp L qi ZLHBn WL 'ZCW fs/como vas ir / chegar alí? Who is going with you? /ki Bh 'ZLHBn rbf qi/quen vai canda ti? What are you going to do? /rfw L qi ZLHBn WL 'XI/Que vas facer? Making predictions I will (live in London). /O rbo (obd Bm 'ojmxlm)/(vivirei en Londres). Unit 8 Asking for directions How do I get to (the library)? /kp XI O ZCW WL (fl 'oovplpi)/como vou / chego (á biblioteca)? Turn left. /WKm 'occw/torce / Vira / Xira á esquerda. Go straight. /ZLH 'gwpmw/ Segue / Continúa recto. Cross the road. /YpFg fl 'pnx/cruza a rúa. Turn right. /WKm 'pow/torce / Vira / Xira á dereita. Talking about experiences Have you ever (been to Africa)? /kld qi CdL (VAm WL 'DcpBYL)/ Algunha vez estiveches (en África)? No, I haven t, but I ve (been to India). /mn O kddmw VJW Od (VAm WL 'BmXiL)/Non, pero estiven (na India). Unit 9 Agreeing and disagreeing I think you re wrong. /O ebny qhl 'pfn/coido que estás errado. I don t think so. /O XLHmW 'ebny gn/coido que non. I can t believe you said that. /O YEmW VB'oAd qi gcx fdw/non podo crer que dixeras iso. That s true. /edwg 'WpI/ É certo. You re right. /qhl 'pow/ Levas / Tes razón. Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Sen dúbida. / Xaora. Describing a process First, (the vegetables are cut). /'ckgw (fl dcbwlvoh L YJW)/ Primeiro (córtanse as verduras). Next, (the oil is put on the salad). /'mcygw (fa Qo Bh UHW Fm fl gdolx)/despois / Logo (ponse o aceite na ensalada). 9

10 Grammar Appendix INTRODUCTION to be, have got O verbo to be significa ser / estar e, nalgúns casos, ter. En presente ten tres formas: am, is e are, que adoitan contraer co pronome suxeito ao falar. En negativa engádeselle not ás tres formas, ou a contracción n t ás formas is e are. En interrogativa, o verbo ponse diante do suxeito, mentres que nas respostas curtas ponse detrás do pronome suxeito, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído en negativa. Are they at the park? No, they aren t. They re at the cinema. (Están no parque? Non. Están no cine.) O verbo have got significa ter e expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. En presente ten dúas formas, have got e has got. En negativa engádeselle not ou a contracción n t a have ou has. En interrogativa ponse o suxeito entre have / has e got, mais nas respostas curtas ponse primeiro o pronome suxeito e logo have / haven t ou has / hasn t, sen got. Have you got a dog? No, I haven t, but I ve got a horse. (Tes un can? Non, pero teño un cabalo.) There is / There are There is e there are significan hai. There is indica que hai unha cousa. Vai seguido dun substantivo contábel singular ou dun non contábel. There are indica que hai dúas cousas ou máis, polo tanto só se emprega con substantivos contábeis en plural. There is a new table in the kitchen. (Hai unha mesa nova na cociña.) There are four books in my bag. (Hai catro libros na miña mochila.) A negativa fórmase engadindo not ou a contracción n t a is e are. There are not (aren t) any carpets in my house. (Non hai alfombras na miña casa.) Para preguntar, comézase con is ou are. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Is there any milk in the fridge? Yes, there is. / No, there isn t. (Hai [algo de] leite no frigorífico? Hai. Si. / Non.) O Present Simple O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios. I always play tennis with my brother. (Sempre xogo ao tenis co meu irmán.) Horses run fast. (Os cabalos corren rápido.) I love maths. (Encántanme as matemáticas.) The library opens at (A biblioteca abre ás 9.) En afirmativa engádese -s á 3ª persoa do singular, mais aos seguintes verbos engádeselles -es: Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x: pass passes wash washes teach teaches mix mixes Os rematados en o: do does go goes Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso, cámbiase o y por un i: study studies carry carries A negativa fórmase poñendo don t / doesn t diante do verbo. I don t play basketball. (Non xogo ao balocesto.) Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito + do / does ou don t / doesn t, segundo cumpra. Do you like geography? Yes, I do. / No, I don t. (Gústache a xeografía? Gústame. Si. / Non.) 10

11 GRAMMAR APPENDIX O Present Continuous O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período do tempo presente. Fórmase con to be en presente + un verbo rematado en -ing. Barry is swimming in the sea. (Barry está a nadar no mar.) En negativa engádese not ás formas am, is, are ou a contracción n t a is e are. Your sister isn t wearing the red dress. (A túa irmá non leva posto o vestido vermello.) En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome suxeito seguido de am, is ou are en afirmativa, ou seguido das formas contraídas en negativa. Are you watching TV now? Yes, I am. / No, I m not. (Estás a ver a tele agora? Estou. Si. / Non.) Para engadir -ing a un verbo cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas: Se remata en e mudo, perde o e: arrive arriving Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: put putting Se é de 2 sílabas e pronúnciase como palabra aguda, dóbrase a consoante final: refer referring begin beginning Se ten 2 sílabas e remata nun l, dóbrase esa letra: travel travelling Se remata en ie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y: die dying Check Yourself! 1 Circle the correct answer. 1. All the students is / are in the classroom. 2. Dave have got / has got three sisters. 3. I am not / haven t got hungry. 4. Have / Has they got maths today? 5. Is / Are you excited about the party? 6. We haven t got / aren t a car. 7. There is / There are five people in my family. 8. Are there / Is there a park near your house? 2 Circle the correct answer. 1. I go / goes to the sports centre twice a week. 2. Alex study / studies French at school. 3. Scott don t play / doesn t play tennis. 4. Do / Does you take books from the library? 5. Alice and Matt is having / are having breakfast now. 6. Mum is talking / am taking on the phone at the moment. 7. Is / Are you coming to the party? 8. We isn t working / aren t working right now. Answers, see page 30 11

12 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 1 Os cuantificadores Os cuantificadores úsanse para falar de cantidades non exactas. a lot of (moito/a/os/as, unha chea de) emprégase con substantivos contábeis en plural e non contábeis. I eat a lot of oranges. (Como moitas laranxas.) There is a lot of food. (Hai moita comida.) many (moitos/as) emprégase con substantivos contábeis en plural. There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Hai moitos tomates no frigorífico.) much (moito/a) só se emprega con substantivos non contábeis en oracións negativas e interrogativas. I haven t got much time. (Non teño moito tempo.) How much? (Canto/a?) emprégase diante de substantivos non contábeis. Tamén co to be, para preguntar canto custa algo. How much fruit do you want? (Canta froita queres?) How much is a kilo of apples? (Canto custa un quilo de mazás?) How many? (Cantos/as?) só pode ir con substantivos contábeis en plural. How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Cantos tomates precisas para a ensalada?) O artigo the significa o, a, os, as e emprégase diante dun substantivo coñecido polo falante. I ve got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Teño algunhas pizzas. As pizzas son do supermercado.) 1 Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some. atlas olive piano flour wall salt biscuit butter beef umbrella dress music Countable Nouns Singular Plural an atlas some atlases Uncountable Nouns 12

13 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 2 Choose the correct answers. 1. That man is very rich. He s got money. a. a lot of b. much c. many 2. I want milk, please. a. any b. some c. much 3. Are there messages for me? a. any b. a c. much 4. I d like to eat yoghurt and muesli. a. an b. some c. any 5. I haven t got money in my wallet. a. some b. many c. much 6. There is a new film at the cinema. I want to see film. a. any b. a c. the 3 Complete the sentences with the words below. You can use some words more than once. some any an many a some 1. I want milk in my coffee but I don t want sugar. 2. She doesn t want mushrooms with her hamburger. She doesn t like them. 3. I always have drinking chocolate in the morning. 4. There s new restaurant on Market Street. 5. Are there calories in 100 grams of chocolate? 6. There is atlas on my desk. 4 Complete the questions with How much or How many. How much 1. time do you spend watching TV every day? 2. new students are there in your class? 3. apples are there on the plate? 4. water do you want to drink? Check Yourself! Circle the correct answers. 1. I haven t got much / many time today. 2. There are any / a lot of apples on the tree. 3. He s got a / an new ipod. 4. Are there a lot of / much people at the concert? 5. How much / many sugar do you want in your coffee? 6. There aren t much / many cars on the road. 7. I haven t got any / some mushrooms on my pizza. 8. How many / much sausages can you eat? any Answers, see page 30 13

14 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 2 Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous O Present Simple fala de accións habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no momento en que se está a falar. I usually make ceramic pots, but now I m making a sculpture. (Polo xeral fago vasillas de cerámica pero agora estou a facer unha escultura.) Lembra que as expresións temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro. Os verbos estáticos Empregamos os verbos estáticos para expresar sentimentos, gustos e desexos. Refírense a estados no canto de accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar na forma continua. She knows the answer. (Ela sabe a resposta.) 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple. watch 1. I (watch) TV every afternoon. 2. The graffiti artist (draw) on walls in the city. 3. People (not want) graffiti on their houses. 4. My brothers (study) art twice a week. 5. you (go) to art lessons on Tuesdays? 6. My aunt (not like) modern art. 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous. is drawing 1. The cartoonist (draw) a cartoon now. 2. The students (watch) the potter at the moment. 3. you (listen) to the music? 4. My sister (not paint) a picture on her wall at the moment. 5. I (make) a ceramic pot in my art lesson. 6. Greg (do) his homework now? 3 Choose the correct answer. 1. Ben doesn t sit / isn t sitting next to me in class every day. 2. Jane and I watch / are watching a new programme at the moment. 3. Do you write / Are you writing on your blog every week? 4. I always travel / am travelling on this bus. 5. The students study / are studying history now. 6. We don t go / aren t going out on Sunday evenings. 14

15 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. paint 1. I usually (paint) in the evening. 2. My sister (wait) for me at the art gallery now. 3. Some people (not like) the new mural on the wall of the library. 4. My friends (sit) in the classroom at the moment. 5. The sculptor (not work) in his studio every day. 6. We (not understand) modern art. 5 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. 1. you / watch / that programme / at the moment Are you watching that programme at the moment? 2. your brother / usually / ride / his bicycle / to school 3. the cartoonist / draw / a funny cartoon / every day 4. the students / study / art / at the moment 5. when / you / want / to leave 6. the museum / open / at nine o clock / on Sundays 7. you / go / to / art lessons / twice a week 8. how / she / know / your cousin Check Yourself! Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. 1. I (go) to the museum every week. 2. We (like) this picture. 3. The photographer usually (take) photographs in the park, but at the moment he (not work) there. 4. Frank and Allen (draw) different drawings every day? 5. Graffiti artists usually (do) their work at night. 6. Many artists (not get) a lot of money for their work. 7. you (spend) any time in the museum during the week? 8. We (watch) an interesting programme about modern art now. Answers, see page 30 15

16 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 3 O comparativo e o superlativo Para formar o comparativo e mais o superlativo cómpre reparar en se o adxectivo é curto ou longo. Aos adxectivos curtos engádeselles a terminación -er / -est. Ademais, co comparativo emprégase than e co superlativo the. Paul is younger than David. (Paul é máis novo ca David.) You re the tallest person in your family. (Es a persoa máis alta da túa familia.) Para engadir -er / -est cómpre seguir estas regras ortográficas: - Se remata en e mudo, só engade r ou st: wide wider, nice nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: big bigger, fat fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: heavy heavier pretty prettiest pero shy shyer, shyest Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more / the most. Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (O tenis é máis emocionante que o voleibol.) Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (O fútbol é o deporte máis popular do Reino Unido.) Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo. good better the best (bo, mellor, o mellor); bad worse the worst (malo, peor, o peor) Lembra que para comparar dúas cousas e dicir que son iguais ou non, emprégase a estrutura (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por (non) tan... como/a. Sandy is as old as Paul. (Sandy é tan vello coma Paul.) Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal non é tan alto coma Pau Gasol.) 1 Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjective. bigger than 1. London is (big) Amsterdam. 2. An aeroplane is (fast) a car. 3. A tennis racket is usually (expensive) a paddle. 4. Jogging is (safe) than rollerblading. 5. Walking is (easy) jumping. 2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective. the most dangerous 1. The tiny mosquito is (dangerous) animal in the world. 2. The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur aren t (tall) buildings in the world. 3. Football is (popular) sport in the world. 4. The (expensive) bike in the world costs $75, The SSC Ultimate Aero can go 413 kilometres an hour. It is (fast) car in the world. 3 Write sentences with as as or not as as. 1. These trainers are 20. Those shoes are also 20. the trainers / expensive / the shoes The trainers are as expensive as the shoes. 2. London is older than Manhattan. Manhattan / old / London 3. The Pacific Ocean is bigger than the Atlantic Ocean. the Atlantic Ocean / big / the Pacific Ocean 4. These sausages are spicier than the hamburgers. the hamburgers / spicy / as these sausages 16

17 GRAMMAR APPENDIX too / (not) enough Too diante dun adxectivo expresa que algo é excesivo e significa demasiado, de máis. Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike é lacazán de máis para practicar deporte.) It s too hot to play tennis. (Vai demasiada calor para xogar ao tenis.) Enough ponse logo do adxectivo e significa o bastante ou suficientemente, abondo. She s tall enough to play basketball. (É o bastante alta para xogar ao baloncesto.) Porén, not + adxectivo + enough sinala que algo non é abondo e significa non o bastante, non abondo ou non suficientemente. David is not tall enough to play basketball. (David non é alto abondo para xogar ao baloncesto.) 4 Complete the sentences with too or (not) enough. 1. Lisa wants to be in the basketball team but she is only 1.55 m tall. She is not tall enough (tall) to be in the team. 2. I m not finishing this book. It s (boring) to read it. 3. Anna is three years old. She s (old) to play outside alone. 4. I don t like classical music. It s (dull) for me. 5. I want to be a dentist, but my marks at school are (good). Check Yourself! Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentences in bold. 1. Abbie is 1.55 metres tall. Holly is 1.60 metres tall. a. Abbie is shorter than Holly. b. Abbie is as tall as Holly. c. Abbie is taller than Holly. 2. Tom and Bob run faster than the other students. a. Tom and Bob are the fastest runners in the class. b. Bob is faster than Tom. c. Bob is not as fast as Tom. 3. These jeans are size 42. I wear size 36. a. These jeans are too small for me. b. These jeans are not big enough for me. c. These jeans are too big for me. 4. The film is more exciting than the book. a. The film is boring. b. The book isn t as exciting as the film. c. The book is too exciting. 5. Leon is the strongest student in our class. a. Everyone in our class is stronger than Leon. b. No one in our class is as strong as Leon. c. Everyone in our class is as strong as Leon. 6. This flat is too small for our family. a. This flat isn t big enough for our family. b. Our family needs a smaller flat. c. This flat is big enough for our family. 7. Julie always gets 100 in maths tests. Ted never gets 100. a. Julie is the best maths student in the class. b. Julie is better at maths than Ted. c. Ted is as good at maths as Julie. 8. I think biology is the most interesting school subject. a. Biology is more interesting than history. b. Biology isn t as interesting as history. c. History is as interesting as biology. Answers, see page 30 17

18 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 4 O Past Simple O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións que ocorreron no pasado e para contar historias. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción (in 1990, yesterday, last week, two years ago, etc.). I went to New York last month. (Fun a Nova York o mes pasado.) Lembra que aos verbos regulares engádeselles -ed seguindo estas regras ortográficas: Se remata en e mudo, só engadimos o d: invite invited dance danced Se remata en consoante + y, cambia la y por un i: try tried cry cried Se ten 2 sílabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w o x, dóbrase a consoante: plan planned stop stopped pero fix fixed Se ten 2 sílabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante e pronúnciase como palabra aguda, dóbrase a última consoante: prefer preferred pero listen listened Se remata nun l, dóbrase: travel travelled Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre saber de memoria as súas formas de pasado. A negativa fórmase poñendo didn t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas. Julie didn t sing at the concert. (Julie non cantou no concerto.) Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito e did ou didn t, segundo corresponda. Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didn t. (Viviches en París? Vivín. Si. / Non.) As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só cómpre poñelas ao comezo. Where did you meet her? (Onde a coñeciches?) 1 Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple. hid 1. We (hide) in the swamp. 2. Isaac (not run) in the London Marathon last year. 3. They (buy) the tickets from a travel agent. 4. You (not call) yesterday. I thought you were angry. 5. It (rain) yesterday, so we didn t go to the beach. 2 Write questions in the Past Simple. 1. where / you / go / last night Where did you go last night? 2. what / they / find / in the cave 3. who / she / visit / in London 4. you / buy / those / jeans / at the shopping centre 5. when / you / learn / to swim 18

19 Check Yourself! GRAMMAR APPENDIX Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple. 1. Yesterday, I (buy) a yellow jacket. 2. It rained yesterday, so we (not ride) our bikes to school. 3. Tom (call) you last night? 4. Where you (get) that beautiful picture? 5. I (send) him a message a few minutes ago. 6. Lisa (not come) to the party last night because she was ill. 7. they (study) for the test? 8. Last week it, (rain) on Thursday, Friday and Saturday. There was / There were Answers, see page 30 Son as formas de pasado de there is e there are e, polo tanto, significan había ou houbo (malia que en inglés haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural). There was vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en singular ou un non contábel. There were vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en plural. En negativa, engádese not ou a contracción n t a was / were. Para preguntar comézase con was ou were. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, úsanse as formas contraídas. There was a swamp in the forest. (Había un pantano no bosque.) There was some sand on the floor. (Había area no chan.) There were caves in the forest. (Había covas no bosque.) There weren t any clouds in the sky. (Non había nubes no ceo.) Were there any waterfalls in the river? (Había fervenzas no río?) Yes, there were. / No, there weren t. (Si. / Non.) 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of There was, There were, There wasn t and There weren t. 1. The cinema was full. There weren t any empty seats. 2. I saw a lot of new sports equipment in the shop. skateboards, bicycles and tennis rackets. 3. Yesterday, an interesting article in the newspaper. 4. I m sorry. I didn t buy any fruit at the supermarket. any apples or oranges. 5. a lot of people at the concert in the park? Check Yourself! Choose the correct answers. 1. There was / There were many children at the park. 2. There wasn t / There weren t any tours yesterday morning. 3. Was there / Were there any animals in the forest? 4. There was / There were a lot of work to do yesterday. 5. There wasn t / There weren t much time before the film started. 6. Was there / Were there a new film at the cinema last night? 7. There was / There were some famous people at the concert. 8. There was / There were a terrible accident in our street yesterday. Answers, see page 30 19

20 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 5 O Past Continuous Emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Fórmase con was / were + o verbo principal rematado en -ing. I was talking on the phone with Alice yesterday morning. (Estaba a falar por teléfono con Alice onte pola mañá.) We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Estabamos a ver a televisión mentres ela estaba a ler nun libro.) En negativa engádese not (o n t) a was e were. They weren t playing football at 9 o clock last Monday. (Non estaban a xogar ao fútbol ás 9 o luns pasado.) En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas emprégase o pronome suxeito e was / were o wasn t / weren t. Was he looking at a magazine? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn t. (Estivo a mirar unha revista? Estaba. Si. / Non.) As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só hai que poñelas ao comezo. What was she studying at university? (Que estaba a estudar na universidade?) 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous. was talking 1. The doctor (talk) to the man at two o clock yesterday. 2. The boys (play) table tennis at four o clock yesterday. 3. I (not read) my book at half past three. 4. We (have) lunch at three o clock. 5. They (watch) films all evening. Check Yourself! 2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous. 1. Sam / do / his homework / at 8.00 Was Sam doing his homework at 8.00? 2. you / walk / to school / at half past seven 3. when / she / make / dinner 4. where / Ben / work / yesterday 5. the children / sleep / at last night Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous. 1. The detective (examine) the fingerprints when he heard a noise. 2. Diana (not wear) her new boots when I saw her. 3. Greg and Jean (listen) to music last night? 4. Dylan and I (ride) horses at half past five last Thursday. 5. What you (do) last night? 6. The students (not go) to school when the teacher saw them. 7. Lenny (talk) on his mobile phone when the accident happened? 8. I (sail) to the island when it started to rain. Answers, see page 30 20

21 GRAMMAR APPENDIX Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple O Past Simple emprégase para indicar que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. Empréganse os dous xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous. When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window. (Cando a policía chegou, o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.) The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window. (A policía chegou mentres o ladrón estaba a fuxir pola ventá.) 3 Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences. 1. The reporter was writing in his notebook while I talked / was talking. 2. When Tom arrived / was arriving, we were watching the game. 3. While I was walking home, I saw / was seeing the thief. 4. John was reading / read the newspaper when the cat jumped on the table. 5. We rode / were riding our bikes when the dog ran onto the road. 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. 1. While the lawyer was reading the report, the man called (call) her. 2. The judge was listening to the detective while he (explain) the situation. 3. I was doing my homework when Gina (call). 4. We (not hear) the phone while we were watching TV. 5. While they (wait) for their friends, they ate an ice cream. Check Yourself! Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. 1. When we (hear) the noise, we (walk) to the classroom. 2. you (meet) Jenny while she (go) to the cinema? 3. When Sandy (leave) the house, John (not talk) on the phone. 4. We (speak) to our parents when the teacher (call). 5. The sun (shine) when we (decide) to go on a picnic. 6. Sara (have) dinner when her friend (arrive)? 7. I (not play) basketball when John (see) me. 8. Derek (fall) while he (climb) the tree? Answers, see page 30 21

22 GRAMMAR APPENDIX unit 6 Os modais Son verbos especiais que non engaden -s na 3ª persoa do singular e sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base. Non se conxugan, só engaden not ou a contracción n t en negativa e póñense diante do suxeito en interrogativa. Should úsase para dar consellos ou suxerir o que se debería facer. You should wear your new mini skirt. (Deberías poñer a túa minisaia nova.) Must significa deber e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo. You must protect your eyes from the sun. (Debes protexer os ollos do sol.) Mustn t expresa o que non se debe facer porque non está ben ou está prohibido. We mustn t be late for school. (Non debemos chegar tarde ao colexio.) Can significa saber cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e poder cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso. My sister can play the piano very well. (A miña irmá sabe tocar o piano moi ben.) You can find the book in the library. (Podes atopar o libro na biblioteca.) Could é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. She could swim when she was four years old. (Sabía nadar cando tiña catro anos.) I couldn t do my homework yesterday. (Onte non puiden facer os deberes.) En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso ou favores, mais de xeito máis educado ca con can. Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Poderías emprestarme os teus pendentes para a festa?) Have to significa ter que e expresa a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo porque non hai máis remedio. Este verbo si se conxuga e por iso algúns veñen consideralo un semimodal. Repara en que a 3º persoa é has to. He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Ten que rematar os deberes esta tarde.) It s late. They have to hurry. (É tarde. Teñen que bulir.) A negativa é don t / doesn t have to + o verbo na forma base, e significa non ter que ou non ter por que. You don t have to come to the meeting. (Non tes por que vir á xuntanza.) Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo na forma base. Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you don t. (Teño que levar gravata? Tes. Si. / Non.) 1 Complete the sentences below with should or shouldn t. should 1. You wear a cap in the sun. 2. Tara go to the cinema tonight. She has got a big test tomorrow. 3. We listen to the instructions. 4. You talk on your mobile phone during the concert. 5. Everybody have a good breakfast in the morning. 2 Circle the correct answers. 1. You must / mustn t get up right now! It s time for school. 2. Students must / mustn t wear a school uniform. 3. The film starts at We must / mustn t be late. 4. I must / mustn t buy some platform boots to wear with my black jeans. 5. You must / mustn t write in library books. 22

23 GRAMMAR APPENDIX 3 Complete the sentences with can, can t, could or couldn t. 1. Tommy is only two years old. He tie his own shoes. 2. I help you? 3. Women wear trousers in the past, only skirts or dresses. 4. Mark is very clever. He speak French, English, Spanish and German. 5. When my grandfather was young, he run a marathon. 4 Write the sentences with the correct form of have to. 1. we / not get up / early / on Saturday 2. at our school / students / wear uniforms can t We don t have to get up early on Saturday. 3. I / to be home / by you / get / to the airport early 5. students / not buy / a new dictionary for school Check Yourself! Circle the correct answers. 1. You help me. I know how to do it. a. can b. don t have to c. should 2. We go home now. It s very late. a. could b. must c. mustn t 3. Shhh! We want to hear the concert. You be quiet. a. have to b. shouldn t c. can 4. we walk or take the bus? What do you think? a. Must b. Could c. Should 5. I m sorry. I call you yesterday. I was very busy. a. couldn t b. can t c. shouldn t 6. be 16 years old to see that film? a. Can t you b. Could you c. Do you have to 7. You listen to loud music on your ipod. It s very bad for your ears. a. should b. couldn t c. shouldn t 8. you help me with my homework? a. Can b. Should c. Must Answers, see page 30 23