A THESIS. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Transcription

1 THE TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE PROPER NOUNS IN CHRIS COLOMBUS AND NED VIZINNI S HOUSE OF SECRETS NOVEL A THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature BY: ESTER SUSETYA NINGSIH ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2016

2 APPROVAL ii

3 RATIFICATION iii

4 SURAT PERNYATAAN Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : Program Study: Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus and Ned Vizinni s House Of Secrets Novel menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain kecuali bagian-bagian tertetu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang baik dan benar. Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal ini sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya. iv

5 MOTTOS Life has knocked me down a few times. It has shown me things I never wanted to see. I have experienced sadness and failures. But one thing is for sure I ALWAYS GET UP! -Unknown Always go with the choice that scares you the most because that s the one that is going to help you grow. -Psychology Quote If someone offers you an amazing opportunity and you re not sure you can do it, say yes then learn how to do it later. -Richard Branson Walk with the dreamers, the believers, the courageous, the cheerful, the planners, the doers, the successful people with their heads in the clouds and their feet on the ground. Let their spirit ignite a fire within you to leave this world better than when you found it. -Unknown v

6 DEDICATION THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO: MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY SISTERS vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillahirrobbil alamiin. First of all, I want to praise Allah Subhanahuwata ala for the greatest blessings given upon me, so I can finally finish this thesis. Also, I am so grateful for having so many people around me who always help, support, and pray for me. They had big roles in motivating me to finish this thesis for attaining Sarjana Sastra degree. My deepest and sincerest gratitude is also dedicated to Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. and Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis supervisors, for their guidance, advice, corrections, and suggestions during the writing process of this thesis. My gratitude is also delivered to Niken Anggraeni, M.A., my academic advisor, who always listens to my problems and gives advice related to academic scope. I also specially dedicate my sincerest and deepest appreciation to: 1. my family members, especially my beloved sisters Dina Kristina Wati and Yessy Kartika Sari who take role as my guardian after my parents passed away, and also for their supports both morally and financially to lead me strive in order to finish my study from this university; 2. Nia Juliarti, Krisna Bayu Aji, and Ulik Chodratillah for their role as data triangulators, peer reviewers and grammar checkers; 3. Novandy, who always supports me from the very beginning till the end; 4. my bestfriends, Nurul, Hesti, Zen, Febriana, Gita, Nia, Bella, Kiki, Tami, Anis, Meli, Ulik, and Krisna who always accompany me and make me laugh; vii

8 5. the students of English Language and Literature class E and Translation major, with whom I have studied and done many great things together for the last four years; and 6. my seniors, especially in translation major who have sincerely supported and helped me finish this thesis. In the end, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect, so I would appreciate all the criticisms for the betterment of the thesis given to me. Hopefully, this thesis will be useful to broaden and enrich knowledge in the translation field. Yogyakarta, 7 October 2016 Ester Susetya Ningsih viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS A THESIS... i APPROVAL... ii RATIFICATION... iii SURAT PERNYATAAN... iv MOTTOS... v DEDICATION... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LISTS OF TABLES... xi LIST OF FIGURES... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... xiii ABSTRACT... xiv CHAPTER I... 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Research Background... 1 B. Research Focus... 4 C. Research Objectives... 5 D. Research Significance... 6 CHAPTER II... 7 A. Literature Review Translation Proper Nouns Translation Ideology B. Previous Related Studies C. About the Novel D. Conceptual Framework ix

10 E. Analytical Construct CHAPTER III A. Research Approach B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data C. Research Instruments D. Technique of Data Collection E. Data Analysis F. Data Trustworthiness CHAPTER IV A. Findings The Proper Nouns Categorization The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns B. Discussion Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of Secrets Novel The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns CHAPTER V A. Conclusions The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns B. Suggestions To Translators To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies To Other Researchers REFERENCES APPENDICES x

11 LISTS OF TABLES Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns Category Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its Ideology Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person s Names Category Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals Category Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names Category Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Category Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods Category Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week, Holidays Category Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category.. 54 Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures Category Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names Category Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology Table 21. The Frequency and the Percentage of Domestication Ideology xi

12 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies (2003) Figure 2. Analytical Construct xii

13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A : Addition Apn : Given or Pet Names of Animals Avb : Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names C : Creation CALD : Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary G : Globalization Gec : Geographical and Celestial Names Grl : Groups and Languages Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods KBBI : Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia L : Localization Mbr : Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Mdh : Months, Days of the Week and Holidays O : Omission P : Preservation Ppn : Part of a Person s Names Rds : Religions, Deities, Scriptures SE : Source Expression ST : Source Text T : Transformation TE : Target Expression TT : Target Text xiii

14 The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni s House Of Secrets Novel By: Ester Susetya Ningsih ABSTRACT The aims of this research are to describe: 1) the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini s House of Secrets novel, 2) the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns, and 3) the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns. This research employed mixed methods, descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. The main method is descriptive qualitative method. Then, the data analysis is supported by simple statistic which represents quantitative analysis. The data are the original or English version of proper nouns and their Bahasa Indonesia translations found in House of Secrets novel, which are in the form of words and phrases. The key instrument of the research was the researcher, and then supported by data sheets. The trustworthiness of the research was gained by performing credibility, dependability and conformability. The trustworthiness was also gained by applying triangulations. The results of the research showed three findings. In terms of proper nouns, there are nine categories. They are names of person, names of animals, names of geographical units, names of buildings, names of historical events, names of time units, names of groups and languages, names of religions, and names of awards and brands. Among the categories, names of person became the most frequent category which appeared 143 times (39.18%) in the novel. In terms of translation strategies, there are seven translation strategies: preservation, addition which is under foreignization ideology, and then followed by localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation which is under domestication ideology. The result shows that preservation strategy was the most dominant strategy since it occurred 275 times (75.34%) in the novel. Thus, the findings clearly showed that the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns was foreignization since the dominant strategy which is applied was under foreignization ideology. Keywords: proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, House of Secrets xiv

15 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background Children s literature has six genres, they are: picture book, traditional literature, fiction and non-fiction, biography and autobiography, poetry and verse. Some of the genres have numbers of subgenres. The traditional literature, for example, has myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales. The fiction has fantasy, realistic fiction and historical fiction as its subgenres. All of the subgenres mentioned above contain some stories. The stories usually have some characters inside, and each character has its own name given by the author. The names of the characters grammatically can be called as the proper noun. Newmark (1998b) divides proper nouns into five categories, they are: proper names, historical institutional terms, international institutional terms, national institutional terms and cultural terms. They can be found in some artworks of children s literature which subgenres are fantasy or fiction, and fairy tales. Some popular artworks are translated into various languages in all over the world. Therefore, the translation process includes the translation of the proper nouns found in the artworks. Those proper nouns are treated differently, sometimes they do not need to be translated, sometimes they are directly transformed and sometimes they are added with definitions or explanations. The decisions depend on the context and their specific characteristics. These statements are in line with Klingberg (1986:43) who says that personal names 1

16 2 without any special meanings should not be altered. Klingberg (1986:43) also states that, In earlier children s literature descriptive names were frequent such names have to be translated. Thus, fairy tale and the fiction are the ones in which proper nouns are frequently translated because they usually contain certain meaning. According to the statement above, the researcher tried to find the fittest artworks for this research. The choice went to the novel entitled House of Secrets. It is a New York Times bestseller written by Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini. Chris Columbus is a famed Hollywood director who works behind the first two Harry Potter movies and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief movie. Meanwhile, Ned Vizzini is a bestselling author of the teen books whose works have been translated into twenty-five languages. This novel focuses on imaginary world that contains with various numbers of proper nouns from the real to the imaginary ones. The proper nouns in this novel are translated based on the messages or meanings inside them. For example, in this novel the researcher found the name Student Union Office which is translated into Kantor OSIS. Instead of translating the source text name into its literal meaning Kantor Serikat Pelajar or Kantor Perkumpulan Siswa, the translator prefers to pick the local-kind-of-union OSIS to translate the term Student Union. It is called localization. Then, the name of Blob-ipus is translated into si Endut-ipus. The using of the word Endut, instead of Gemuk, Gempal or Gendut, based on the consideration of the translation that the target

17 3 readers are children, so it might be more eye-catching. This kind of strategy is called localization. Thus, from the examples above, the translator has to make a precise decision in choosing the fittest strategies in translating the proper nouns found in this novel to ensure that the messages are accurately digested by the readers. The dominant strategies that are used to translate the proper nouns can be a parameter to identify the ideological tendency of the translator toward the text. When the translator chooses to maintain the names of the proper nouns, it means that the translator wants to introduce new terms to the target readers, or it can be called as foreignization. In the contrary, when the translator decides to transform the names, it means the names are wanted to be understood easily by the target readers, so it is commonly called as domestication. According to the described phenomenon above, the researcher decides to analyze the ideological tendency from translation strategies of the proper nouns found in House of Secrets novel. This novel provides numbers of proper nouns which are translated using various strategies, and the strategies can help the researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translator. Thus, it is necessary for the researcher to analyze each strategy the translator used in translating proper nouns and to identify the ideological tendency of the strategies used. The ideology of translating, based on Venuti (1995:469), is foreignization and domestication which refer to the translator s basic orientation in operating text according to social and cultural context. Foreignization is one of the

18 4 translation ideologies that invites the readers to enter the scope of foreign cultures. Besides, domestication is oriented to target language, so the readers can get translation product based on their own culture. Foreignization ideology and domestication ideology are indeed contradictive with each other, but in its practice, it is difficult to use only one ideology. For this research, finding ideological tendency is important because the researcher is able to grasp the translator s perspective and translator s orientation of language, whether it is foreignization or domestication. B. Research Focus Translating proper nouns is a challenging task for the translator. Commonly, there are hidden aspects inside the proper nouns created by the author, so it will be difficult work for the translator to make a precise equivalent in the target text. Thus, to produce an accurate product of translation especially in translating proper nouns, the translator needs special strategies of translation. This research focuses on categorizing the proper nouns found in the text and analyzing the strategies applied to each of them. Then, the collected strategies will show the ideological tendency of the translated text. The subject of this research is a novel entitled House of Secrets. This novel has been translated into various languages and it is addressed for children and teenagers, so the proper nouns need special treatments. In some cases, the translator tends to foreignize the translation of proper nouns by maintaining the source s text names and brings the readers to the source language s culture. Different cases are found that the translator also prefers to

19 5 domesticate the translation of proper nouns by transforming the source names into the names which are more familiar in target language, so the target readers who use the language can easily understand the meaning and also the context. Gaining the ideological tendency of the translation can be guided by tracing the translation strategies used by the translator to translate the proper nouns during the research. The various strategies employed in translating the proper nouns are considered to be worth analyzed since it can help the researcher in showing the translation ideology for this research. Based on the background and the research focus, the problems in this research are formulated as follows. 1. What are the proper noun categories found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini s House of Secrets novel? 2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns? 3. Based on the dominant strategy applied, what is the translation ideology of the translation of the proper nouns? C. Research Objectives The objectives of the research related to the formulation of the problems are: a. to describe the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini s House of Secrets novel, b. to describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns, and

20 6 c. to describe the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns. D. Research Significance This research is expected to be significant for the following parties: 1. This research may give contribution for translation study in the topic of translating proper nouns. 2. For the students of English Language and Literature Study Program, especially for those who major in translation, this research is expected to encourage the readers to conduct the same research by using similar topic. 3. It is expected to enrich the translators knowledge on deciding the best strategies in translating proper nouns from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

21 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is literature review, and the second part is conceptual framework. Literature review concerns in explaining about translation, translation of children s literature, proper nouns, categorization of proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, previous related studies and review of House of Secret novel. In the second part, there is conceptual framework which shows the concept used to conduct the research, and also the analytical construct which gives description on this research is conducted. A. Literature Review 1. Translation Translation is an influential phenomenon in human life. This phenomenon is related to languages which exist in this world. There are many countries in the world, and usually each country has language which is different from other countries. Thus, translation, as a process in turning source text (ST) into target text (TT), is needed as a bridge to make a certain language understandable for people who use different languages in different countries. a. Definitions of Translation Translation is a complicated task since the meaning of the sourcelanguage text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as transferring the meaning and form of the 7

22 8 text in source language into the meaning and form of the text in target language. Translation by Electronic Cambridge Dictionary is defined as something which is translated, or process of translating something, from one language to another. Then, the goal of a translator should be to produce a translation that has the same meaning as the source-language text, but is expressed in the natural form of the target language. Newmark (1981: 7) indicates that translation is a craft that attempts to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language. Also, he views translation as a science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste. As a science, translation includes the knowledge and the assessment of the facts and the language that describes them; as a skill, translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable usage; as an art, translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves innovative, intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, viewing translation as a matter of taste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own preferences; so, the translated text varies from one translator to another. Kelly (2005:25) defines translation as the skill of understanding the source text and rendering it in the target language by using the register, the background knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose. From all the definitions of translation proposed by the theorists, the researcher chooses the definition of translation as proposed by Kelly (2005:25) because from the definition, he sees translation as a skill which has to be owned by the translator in rendering meaning from source text into

23 9 target text. This skill requires background knowledge of both texts, so the translator can transfer the text exactly based on its intended purpose. In this research, the skill is used as the translator s decision to use certain strategy in rendering texts. The strategies which are used can trace the ideological tendency of the translator. It is possible for the translator to introduce foreign language and culture to the target reader, and then it would be called as foreignization. Also, translator can decide to choose domestication in order to make the translated texts close to the target language and culture. Thus, it can be concluded that the researcher chooses definition of translation by Kelly (2005:25) because it can represent its relation with the topic of this research. b. Types of Translation Based on Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114), there are three types of translation: 1) Inter-lingual translation, or rewording It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. It means that inter-lingual translation is the translation which refers to different languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. In this type of translation, the messages of a certain language are transferred into different language. This translation can be done for written texts or spoken texts, for example: books, novels, movies, etc.

24 10 2) Intra-lingual translation, or translation proper It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It deals with making things clear by rephrasing a text or expression in the same language. Paraphrasing a poem in the same language and simplifying a novel are some of the examples of intra-lingual translation. Since there is only one language involved in this type of translation, it is also called as monolingual translation. 3) Inter-semiotic translation, or transmutation It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. It involves transferring the essence of the original, for example written texts into music, painting or film. There is transfer of message from the shapes of symbol and sign into the language and vice versa. The analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two different languages. The novel is originally written in English and then translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Since the novels related to two different languages, they can be called as bilingual translation. Thus, this research is conducted under the inter-lingual translation. c. Translation of Children s Literature Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study, due to the fact that books for children have always been written by authors who come from various countries and use different languages. Children's literature is usually understood to a book which intentionally read by children. There are a

25 11 lot of children s literatures which are translated and they are still read in all over the world. Children's literature deserves a special attention because it plays a fairly important role in children's growing-up process. According to Jiang and Zhao (2013:946) the language of children's literature is featured by accuracy, simplicity, vividness and rhyme. Its educational function suggests that too much language variation and untraditional ways would mislead children. Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when children s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers, especially children, a text that they can understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers set of values. Klingberg (1986:45) maintains that goals (1) and (2) require close adherence to the original text, while (3) and (4) require cultural context adaptation to facilitate understanding or to modify the content so that it conforms to the set of values of the target culture. In other words, goals (1) and (2) require more adequacy-oriented translation or foreignization of the target text, while (3) and (4) require more acceptability-oriented translation, or domestication. Thus, it is a must for the translator of children's literature to consider his/her orientation by adopting the most applicable strategies according to the children s language ability so that they could easily achieve the messages of the texts.

26 12 2. Proper Nouns a. Definitions of Proper Nouns Proper nouns are the special words that usually indicate sex, age, history, specific meaning, cultural connotations, animals, companies, festivals, names of persons and geographical places. It is in line with the definition given in The Oxford Concise English Dictionary (2001) proper name is a name for an individual person, place, or organization having an initial capital letter. Some scholars also have their own definition of proper nouns. Fernandes (2006) says that in literary works proper names are used as dense signifiers in the sense that they contain in themselves clues about the destiny of a character or indicates of the way the storyline may develop. Nord (2003:183) in Jaleniauskienė & Čičelytė (2009:31) states that proper names may be non-descriptive, but they are obviously not non-informative. It can be explained that proper names can tell about the referent gender, age, or geographical origin. Finally, the researcher chooses the definition of proper nouns proposed by Nord (2003:184). He defines name as the word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing. Then, related to translation of proper nouns, he says that proper nouns may be nondescriptive, but they are informative. Then, it means that if the information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she intends to add

27 13 some information. This definition will help the researcher in analyzing the translated proper nouns in the novel. b. Proper Nouns Categories Some theorists draw different categorizations and below are the categorizations presented by Frank (1972) and Howard (2009:2). Frank, in Modern English (1972), categorizes proper nouns into six categories. He lists six categories of proper nouns which are names of person, names of geographical units, names of nationalities and religions, names of holiday, names of time units, and words for personification as can be seen below. 1) Names of Person The names of person category cover names of single person including real name, nick name, imaginary name or descriptive name. This category also includes family names, occupation and position treated as the name of the bearer of that position. 2) Names of Geographical Units Frank (1972) states that geographical units can be any names of entities, such as: countries, cities, rivers, etc. 3) Names of Nationalities and Religions According to Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, nationality has a meaning as national status; or it can be meant as membership in a particular nation. The word religion means an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group.

28 14 4) Names of Holidays Based on Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, holiday means a day on which one is exempt from work; specifically: a day marked by a general suspension of work in commemoration of an event. 5) Names of Time Units Time is a moment, hour, day, or year as indicated by a clock or calendar. It is an appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen, begin, or end. This definition is taken from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary. 6) Words used for personification Personification means the attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure. It is the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person, as in art. Also, it has a meaning as the person or thing embodying a quality or the like; an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a thing or abstraction. Then, the second categorization is proposed by Howard (2009). Howard (2009) in Capitalizing Proper Nouns has categorized the proper nouns into nine categories. All of the categories are explained as follows. 1) Part of a Person's Name This category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur (Howard, 2009). In this research, it includes

29 15 nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person s names. Example: Brendan Walker knew the house was going to be terrible. 2) Given or Pet Names of Animals It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is category for animals names. Example: She. Calico. Light brown with white spots. Her name s Misty. 3) Geographical and Celestial Names This category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g., Red Sea, Alpha Centauri (Howard, 2009). It covers names of countries, cities, addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space. Example: A car honked on Sea Cliff Avenue behind them. 4) Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place, e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category also includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of buildings names. Example: Diane led the Walkers into the living room, which had a stunning view of the Golden Gate Bridge.

30 16 5) Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance, e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means that this category covers the names of era or periods of time, and events happened in the past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws, and others which have relation with names of events. Example: Brendan had seen the Sopwith in history books about World War I. 6) Months, Days of the Week, Holidays This category refers to the names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter, December (Howard 2009). The names of holidays are also included in this category since they are related to a certain point of time. Example: Date of first visit: March sixteenth, ) Groups and Languages This category encompasses groups names and names of languages, e.g., Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League (Howard, 2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams, etc. Example: A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native American grave. 8) Religions, Deities, Scriptures This category refers to the various religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the Bible (Howard, 2009). All of the religion terms are included under this category.

31 17 Example: But they didn t tell me your Christian names. 9) Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize, Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard, 2009). This category covers names which have relation with awards names, vehicles names, brand names. Example: The Walker family stepped out of their Toyota, bumping into one another. From the two categorizations mentioned, the researcher chooses Howard s (2009:2) categorization to be the most suitable categorization which covers various proper nouns found in the novel that will be analyzed. The researcher considers that the categorization proposed by Howard (2009:2) is more complete and more up-to-date than Frank s (1972) categorization. Thus, the researcher uses the categorization from Howard (2009) for this research. c. Translation of Proper Nouns Shirinzadeh & Mahadi (2014:8) stated that proper nouns are regarded so simple that they might be taken for granted in translation explorations. Some may believe that they should not be translated in transmitting source texts to target texts. But, it is not the case; if one looks at present translations, he will notice that different strategies might be applied for translating proper nouns. They might often be problematic in translation especially in the course of rendition between different cultures. It is in line with Pour (2009:1) who states that rendering proper nouns is not certainly a simple task as it can be

32 18 problematic in the act of translation; furthermore, translators have to be very careful when they want to translate proper nouns. Different ways of translating proper nouns are posed by some researchers in different studies, which express the choices a translator has for translating proper names regarding the context in which a proper noun is used and some other factors. There are two different theorists who have proposed their theorists related to strategies used in translation of proper nouns. First, Vermes (2003:93-94) model of translating proper nouns can be seen below: 1) Transference Transference is the strategy used which the translator makes use of the source text proper noun without applying any changes in the target languages (Vermes, 2003). 2) Substitution This strategy is used when the translator uses the conventional correspondent of the source language noun in the target language (Vermes, 2003). 3) Translation Translation strategy is used when the noun is rendered in the target text by the translator (Vermes, 2003). 4) Modification Modification is the strategy of using a substitute in the target text for the original noun which is not related or just partly related to the source language noun conventions or logic (Vermes, 2003).

33 19 5) Omission It is the strategy where the translator substitutes the SL noun or part of it with none in the TL (Vermes, 2003). 6) Addition Addition is the strategy in which the translator will use expansion in the translation of the source language noun (Vermes, 2003). 7) Generalization It is strategy which the translator uses a super-ordinate noun instead of using the source language noun (Vermes, 2003). 8) Transference plus phonetic adaptation Transference plus phonetic adaptation is the strategy that can be applied by the translator to transfer the source text name into the target text but with phonetic adaptations so as to match it with the TL conventions (Vermes, 2003). Second, Eirlys E. Davies (2003:65) proposed seven translation strategies taking into consideration in translation of Cultural Specific Items (CSIs) including proper nouns that can be seen below. 1) Preservation Preservation occurs when the translation of the source text term remains the same. The terms existing in the source text are transferred directly without any further explanations; they can be copied or literally translated. Based on Davies (2003) categorization, there are two types of preservation. preservation of form which occurs when a translator may simply decide to

34 20 maintain the source text term in the translation, for example, the name Ron Weasley which is also translated as Ron Weasly (Davies, 2003), and preservation of content which occurs when the actual English words are not preserved, but where a cultural reference receives a literal translation, with no further explanation, for example, the name Moony is translated into Luna which have close meaning in source language (Davies, 2003). Example: SE (Source Expression): It s truly the most amazing house, Mrs. Walker, Diane chirped on speaker. TE (Target Expression): Rumah itu sungguh sangat menakjubkan, Mrs. Walker, celoteh Diane di telepon. 2) Addition This strategy occurs when a translator may decide to keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary (Davies, 2003:78). The additional information can be written within the text in the form of adjectival descriptions or explanations and outside the text in the form of explanatory footnotes and glosses. Example: SE: He d seen this plane too; it was what the Red Baron flew in old movies. TE: Dia juga pernah melihat pesawat ini, pesawat yang diterbangkan Red Baron si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal Jerman dalam film-film tua. 3) Omission Omission appears when a problematic CSI is left out in the translation so that the readers have no idea of its existence (Davies 2003: 79). In other

35 21 words, the translator can simply removes the original noun or part of the noun in the translated noun. Omission can be employed in the translation of CSI due to three reasons according to Davies (2003). First of all, omission can be used when the translator cannot find the equivalent in the TL. Secondly, omission may be used as a reasoned decision of a translator. Finally, omission is used when the translation by explanation or paraphrase gives a prominence it did not posses in the original (Davies, 2003). Example: SE: But, when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn t Spartan like self-denying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta, with a plumed helmet for a logo. TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini bukan hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan helm berjambul sebagai logonya. 4) Globalization Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as the process of replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general, e.g., mint hamburgers-bonbons a la menthe (Davies, 2003). In other words, this more neutral or general words are used in globalization strategy since they are more accessible to various readers with multicultural backgrounds. Example: SE: If the Big One comes and the house falls off the cliff, it s designed to hit the ocean and drift away. TE: Jika terjadi Gempa Besar dan rumah ini jatuh dari tebing, strukturnya dirancang untuk mengempas ke lautan dan mengapung.

36 22 5) Localization Localisation occurs when a translator instead of aiming for culturalfree descriptions, [ ] may try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target audience (Davies, 2003). In other words, this translation strategy is used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the target readers. Davies also added that localisation does not contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any misunderstanding for the TT readers. Example: SE: A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native American grave. TE: Sepasang pecandu ilmu gaib amatir yang menggali kuburan orang Indian. 6) Transformation Transformation may be used because the translator s or editor s willingness to wrestle with possible obscurity (Davies, 2003). The meaning and the form of the target text are rather different from the source language text. This strategy also includes the substitution of the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in the target language. Example: SE:... an overgrown tree out in front and a bunch of snoopy neighbours who were going to look at the Walkers and whisper, TE:... pohon gondrong diluar, serta sekelompok tetangga ingin tahu yang akan memandang keluarga Walker dan berbisik,

37 23 7) Creation Creation appears when translators have actually created CSIs not present in the original text (Davies, 2003). In other words, this strategy is used when there is a recreation of name from the source language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language. Example: SE: Eleanor put down Gladius Rex and picked up The Heart and the Helm, a book about pirates. TE: Eleanor meletakkan Gladius Rex dan memungut Kendali Juru Mudi, buku tentang bajak laut. From the explanation above, the translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are finally used by the researcher for this research. These strategies are listed by taking into consideration translations of CSIs including proper nouns (Davies, 2003). This strategy can help the researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translation of proper nouns because some of them represent the foreignization or domestication ideology. For example, preservation and addition strategies are covered by foreignization ideology, and other strategies are covered by domestication ideology. Therefore, Davies (2003) seven strategies of translation are relevant with this research. 3. Translation Ideology a. Definition of Translation Ideology According to the ideas of Abrams (2004) cited in Shandra (2014), ideology is the dominant product of interest of the society, not a single vision or way of thinking of member of a society. He defines ideology as the beliefs,

38 24 values, and ways of thinking that human beings comprehend and they take to be reality. Therefore, there is relation between the common definitions of ideology with definition of ideology in translation. As Schäffner (2003:23) claims that all translations are ideological since "the choice of a source text and the use to which the subsequent target text is put are determined by the interests, aims, and objectives of social agents". The terms translation ideology covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation that can be reflected by the application of translation strategy. In other words, ideology, in translation, influences the translator in choosing translation strategies in translating texts which have cultural background. Thus, the ideology can be meant as the translator s orientation either to source culture, or to the target culture. b. Foreignization and Domestication Ideology in Translation Foreignization and domestication terms were introduced and explained by Lawrence Venuti in his book, The Translator s Invisibility which published in Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies expected by the society. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one hand it is believed that a good translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized as domestication. Venuti (Katan, 1999:156), regards foreignization as a means to take the reader over to the foreign culture, making him or her see the (cultural and linguistic)

39 25 differences. Meanwhile, Venuti regards domestication as the ideology that conform[s] to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a conservative and openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it to support domestication canons, publishing trends, political alignments. From the brief explanation above, it can be concluded that foreignization can be called as source language approach. It takes the target reader towards the source text, and highlights the identity of the source text. This ideology tries to send the reader abroad, so the readers can feel the atmosphere of the original language culture. Different from foreignization, domestication can be called as target language approach. It is translator s way to adjust the element of the source language with the condition of the target language. Generally speaking, there will be difficulties in understanding the situation because of the cultural difference between the source language and target language. Then the translation can be done by turning the text into the familiar translation culture of the reader. This ideology also can be mentioned as reader-to-author approach which allows the translation to be read and understood easily by the readers. The ideas of translation ideology also can be seen from the theory proposed by Davies (2003) as drawn in Figure 1.

40 26 Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies (2003) The bottom up scheme as drawn in Figure 1 as proposed by Davies (2003) shows that the ideology in certain text can be traced from the strategies employed by the translator. The scheme shows that preservation and addition strategy are under foreignization ideology, while localization, transformation, and creation are under domestication ideology. The globalization and omission strategies are changeable since they can be under foreignization or domestication ideology, based on the contextual consideration. Therefore, in this research, globalization and omission strategies are placed under domestication ideology since all of the analyzed data under these strategies tend to domestication. B. Previous Related Studies This research is guided by the previous studies which analyze the notions of foreignization and domestication in film translation conducted by a researcher, Ligita Judickaitė (2009), and also a study conducted by Erys Shandra (2014) which assessed the ideological tendency of proper nouns traced from the techniques which are applied. Both studies help the researcher gains any suitable sources related to the research and also comparing the final

41 27 result to the previous studies, whether it will be in line or the opposite. The former which was conducted by Ligita Judickaitė (2009) was analyzing the notions of foreignization and domestication applied to film translation: analysis of subtitles in cartoon Ratatouille. The analysis is related to English culture-specific items and their translation strategies used in cartoon Ratatouille. The latter study was conducted by Erys Shandra (2014), an English Language and Literature student of State University of Yogyakarta which analyzed ideological tendency assessed from the translation techniques applied through the proper nouns in Joanne k. Rowling s Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone and its bahasa Indonesia translation Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah. C. About the Novel House of Secrets is published by HarperCollins on April 23 rd, This is one of New York Times bestsellers novel written by famed Hollywood director Chris Columbus (director of first two Harry Potter films and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief) and bestselling author of the acclaimed teen books Ned Vizzini (his work has been translated into twenty-five languages). This novel has 496 pages. Fantasy, adventure/action, and family are wellcombined as its genre. This is a suitable novel for children in the age of 8-12 years old. J. K. Rowling comments that this novel is hailed as a breakneck, jam-packed roller coaster of an adventure. The story is about siblings Brendan, Eleanor, and Cordelia Walker whom once had everything they want, but everything totally changed when

42 28 Dr. Walker, their father, lost his job. Then, the family must relocate to an old Victorian house. The house is formerly the home of novelist Denver Kristoff. Inside the house, there are book collections of Denver Kristoff which are magical. Each Kristoff s books have imaginary world that brought the Walkers to unexpected journey. This novel focuses on imaginary world inside the books of Denver Kristoff which have visited by the Walkers. This novel is fit for this research because it contains various numbers of proper nouns, from the real or imaginary world which are brought and created by the author s illusion, which can be analyzed by the researcher. D. Conceptual Framework In this research, the definition of translation proposed by Kelly (2005:25) is chosen since he defines translation as the skills of translator. One of the skills which become significant to support this research is decision making skill. It will affect the translation in choosing the strategies that will be used to translate proper nouns. Then, from the most frequent strategies used to translate the proper nouns, the researcher can identify the ideological tendency of the translator. As for the type of translation, the researcher directly shows and chooses Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114) this research. His three types of translation are common in translation studies. As the analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two different languages, it can be said that it is bilingual translation. Accordingly, this research is under the inter-lingual type of translation.

43 29 Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study because there are many books for children that have been written by authors from various countries and use different languages. According to translation of children s literature, Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when children s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers a text that they can understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers set of values. Goals number 1 and 2 tend to foreignization, while goals number 3 and 4 lead to domestication. The word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing is stated by Nord (2003:184). This definition then chosen by the researcher for this research. The researcher sees its close relation with translation of translation since he said that proper nouns may be non descriptive, but they are informative. It means that if the information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she intends to add some information. The choice of translation strategy can reflect the translation ideology which covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation. Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one hand it is believed that a good

44 30 translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized as domestication. The aims of this research are to investigate three important points of objectives, i.e. the proper nouns categories which are found in House of Secrets novel, the strategies used by translator in translating the proper nouns, and then the ideology tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the dominant strategies which are applied. To answer the first research questions, the researcher uses the nine categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009:2). His categorization covers; 1) part of person s names, 2) given or pet names of animals, 3) geographical and celestial names, 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods, 6) months, days of the week, holidays, 7) groups and languages, 8) religions, deities, scriptures, 9) awards, vehicles, vehicles models, brand names. These nine categories of proper nouns are commonly found in literature texts, especially in the novel House of Secrets. Thus, the categorization of proper nouns is needed to classify all of the proper nouns which are found in the novel, so they can be analyzed for this research. The second and third questions are about the strategies used in translating proper nouns and ideological tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the dominant strategies which are applied. Then, it is the

45 31 researcher task to find the appropriate theory to solve these two questions. It has been decided that the researcher chose translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003:65). Her translation strategies are preservation, addition, localization, transformation, globalization, omission, and creation. These seven strategies are related to ideology of translation which is foreignization and domestication. Foreignization ideology covers preservation and addition, while localization, transformation, globalization, omission and creation are under domestication ideology. In the end, the researcher can see the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns by tracing the most-used strategy in translating the proper nouns.

46 32 E. Analytical Construct Translation Intra-lingual Translation Inter-lingual Translation Inter-semiotic Translation Multilingual Translation Bilingual Translation Source Text House of Secrets Target Text House of Secrets Proper Nouns Proper Proper Nouns Nouns Categories (Howard: Categories 2009) Translation of the Proper nouns Translation Strategies Translation Strategies (Davies: 2003) 1. Part of a person's name 2. Given or pet names of animals 3. Geographical and celestial names 4. Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms 5. Historical events, documents, laws, and periods 6. Months, days of the week, holidays 7. Groups and languages 8. Religions, deities, scriptures 9. Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names 1. Preservation 2. Addition Foreignization Translation Ideologies 1. Localization 2. Globalization 3. Omission 4. Transformation 5. Creation Domestication Figure 2. Analytical Construct

47 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Approach This research employed mixed methods, both descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. Mixed method research is a research designed (or methodology) in which the researcher collects, analyzes, and mixes (integrates or connects) both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or a multiphase program of inquiry (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of this method of research is that the combination of both qualitative research and quantitative research provide a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either research approach alone. This research focused on categorizing the proper nouns found in House of Secrets novel. The analysis allowed this research to set up categories and count occurrences belong to each category. Then, the collected data were recommended to be counted using a simple statistics. The qualitative research applied descriptive analysis and process in which facts and (or) individual ideas of the researcher were gained to achieve a general conclusion from specific situations. The quantitative data then complemented qualitative data in terms of giving precise frequency of proper nouns occurrence. This combination was held to attempt the investigation of the ideological tendency as proposed by Venuti (2003) that domestication and foreignization of the translation of proper nouns in House of Secrets can trace the strategies employed by the translator. 33

48 34 B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data The sources of the data were House of Secrets novel by Chris Columbus and Ned Davinci and its Indonesian translated novel entitled House of Secret by Lulu Fitri Rahman. The data of this research were the proper nouns which exist in the analyzed novel. The data were in the form of words and phrases which are found in the expressions or sentences inside the text or paragraph as the context of data. The novels were chosen because they have enough adequate data in the form of proper nouns which can be observed for this research. C. Research Instruments There were two instruments involved in this research. The key instrument was the researcher who took an action as the planner, data collector, data analyzer, and data reporter. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. It was in the form of a table presented below.

49 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Translation Strategies Foreignization Domestication Code ST TT A P L G O T C 001/1/1/Pa/SP/F Brendan Brendan Walker Walker 002/1/1/Pa/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson Total Notes: Ppn : Part of a person s name Grl : Groups and languages G : Globalization Apn : Given or pet names of animals Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures O : Omission Gec : Geographical and celestial names Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names T : Transformation Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms P : Preservation C : Creation Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, A : Addition ST : Source Text and periods Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays L : Localization TT : Target Text 35

50 36 D. Technique of Data Collection There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research. Those are interview, focus group, or observation (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009: 200). Meanwhile, the process of collecting the data took the following steps: a. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the source text, b. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the target text, c. classifying the proper nouns by splitting them up into the nine categories, and d. comparing and analyzing the data in the source and the target text to figure out the strategies applied. At the end, the most frequent strategies employed were seen and the ideological tendency of the text was finally detected. E. Data Analysis After finishing the technique of the data collection, the researcher finally got the raw data to analyse. The relation between data collection and data analysis is inseparable since when the researchers collected the data, they actually have started conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described in the following steps.

51 37 1. Categorizing After getting the raw data, the researcher made a categorization system in form of table. The table contained lists of categorization of the proper nouns. 2. Classifying The next step to do after categorizing was putting the proper nouns with based on their types or categories along with their strategies. 3. Analysing After the classifying finished, the researcher started to analyse the data. 4. Discussing After analysing and getting the data finding, the researcher did not only confirm the findings to some employed theories, but the researcher also elaborated to ensure that the findings answered the objectives of the research. 5. Reporting The last step was reporting the findings and discussion gained from the research. F. Data Trustworthiness As stated by Moleong (2001), there are four criteria of validity and reliability to obtain the trustworthiness of the data. They are credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability. In this research, the trustworthiness was gained by using credibility, dependability and conformability. Credibility is concerned with the accuracy of the data. In achieving credibility, the researcher performed deep and detailed observation on the data and applied theories from experts of translation, such

52 38 as, Howard (2009), Davies (2003), etc to confirm the research data, so the data can be regarded credible. The researcher read the novel comprehensively and confirmed selected data which are in line with the research questions. Then, dependability refers to the stability and track ability of the changes in data over time and conditions. The researcher examined both the process and the product of the research for consistency to achieve the degree of dependability. To gain dependability of the data, the researcher used the triangulation technique. There are four main types of triangulation; by sources, by methods, by researchers and by theories. In this research, only sources and theories applied. The sources are in the form of the original and Bahasa Indonesia version of novel House of Secrets. For the theories, the researcher checks some books, journals, article, undergraduate thesis and some internet sources related to the research. Finally, conformability aims to measure how far findings and interpretation of the data which have been analyzed. The overall thesis including its appendix was checked separately by three English Language and Literature students, Krisna Bayu Aji whose major is Translation Studies, Nia Juliarti whose major is Linguistics, and Ulik Chodratillah whose major is Literature. Then, the results of the triangulated data were discussed and consulted with the thesis supervisors, they are Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A and Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum. Both of them give advice regarding the mistakes occurred inside the thesis.

53 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings In this research, there are three findings according to three research objectives. It is about the proper nouns categorization, application of the translation strategies, and the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy applied in translating the proper nouns. The findings are shown in the form of tables which contain frequency and percentage to support the analysis of the data. 1. The Proper Nouns Categorization From the research, there are 365 proper nouns found inside 223 pages of House of Secret novel. The categorizations of the proper nouns based on the categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories of proper nouns; 1) part of a person's name (Ppn), 2) given or pet names of animals (Apn), 3) geographical and celestial names (Gec), 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr), 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp), 6) months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh), 7) groups and languages (Grl), 8) religions, deities, scriptures (Rds), 9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb). All of the categories of proper nouns were found in the House of Secrets novel. Thus, Table 2 below shows the frequency and percentage of the number of each category of proper nouns which exist in House of Secret novel. 39

54 40 Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns Category No. Proper Nouns Category Frequency Percentage 1. Part of a person's name (Ppn) % 2. Given or pet names of animals (Apn) % 3. Geographical and celestial names (Gec) % 4. Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) % 5. Historical events, documents, laws, and periods % (Hdp) 6. Months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) % 7. Groups and languages (Grl) % 8. Religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) % 9. Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names % (Avb) Total % From Table 2, it can be seen that all of the proper noun categories proposed by Howard (2009) exist in the text. Part of a person's names (Ppn) has the highest frequency with 143 occurrences or 39.18% out of 365 proper nouns, so it becomes the most frequent category which is found in the text. It is followed by awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb) which occur 67 times (18.36%), geographical and celestial names (Gec) occur 49 times (13.42%), historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp) occur 38 times (10.41%), groups and languages (Grl) occur 29 times (7.95%), monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) occur 16 times (4.38%), given or pet names of animals (Apn) occur eight times (2.19%), religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) occur eight times (2.19%), and months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) occur seven times (1.92%). 2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns Since this research uses the translation strategies as proposed by Davies (2003), the researcher finds that all of the seven strategies; preservation, addition, localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation, are used by the

55 41 translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Table 3 below shows the frequency and percentage of the strategies employed by the translator in translating the proper nouns in House of Secrets novel. Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its Ideology No. Translation Frequency Percentage Ideology of Frequency Percentage Strategies Translation 1. Preservation % Foreignization % 2. Addition % 3. Localization % Domestication 4. Globalization % 5. Omission % % 6. Transformation % 7. Creation % % % It is shown in Table 3 that the seven strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Preservation becomes the most frequent strategy since it is applied 275 times (75.34%) out of 365 occurrences. It is followed by transformation strategy which is employed 51 times (13.98%). Addition strategy is used 11 times (3.01%), while localization strategy is employed nine times (2.47%). Then, it is continued by creation strategy which is applied seven times (1.92%), and the last two strategies are omission strategy which is only used six times (1.64%), and also globalization strategy which is only applied six times (1.64%). 3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns Foreignization and domestication are known as translation ideologies and each ideology covers some translation strategies. Foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely preservation and addition. Domestication ideology shares five strategies namely localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and

56 42 creation. From the 365 data findings as shown in Table 3, there are 286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to domestication ideology. Thus, foreignization ideology means that the translator wants to maintain the source language in order to introduce new terms to target readers. B. Discussion The discussion part contains the analysis of the data which are obtained in this research. The analysis will be divided into three parts based on the formulated problems in the first chapter. The first part is the analysis of the categorization of the proper nouns found in the House of Secrets novel, second part is the analysis of the translation strategies applied in translating the proper nouns, and the third part is the analysis of translation ideology based on the strategies employed in translating the proper nouns. 1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel The categorization of proper nouns used in this research is the categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories, namely; (1) part of a person's name, (2) given or pet names of animals, (3) geographical and celestial names, (4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, (5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods, (6) months, days of the week, holidays, (7) groups and languages, (8) religions, deities, scriptures, (9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names. Then, the result shows that the most frequent category which exists in House of Secrets novel is part of a person's name while the most

57 43 infrequent category is months, days of the week, holidays. The further explanation can be seen in the discussion below. a. Part of a Person s Names From 365 proper nouns found in this research, there are 143 proper nouns belong to part of a person's names category. Howard (2009) stated that this category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur. It also includes nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person s names. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 143 proper nouns under this category, 125 names are translated by using preservation strategy, four names are translated by applying addition strategy, three names are rendered by using localization strategy, two names are rendered by employing omission strategy, six names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and three names are translated by applying creation strategy. Globalization strategy is not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of names under this category can be seen in Table 4 below. Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person s Names Category No. Code ST TT /1/1/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Walker Mrs. Walker /3/4/Ppn/ST/D the Walkers keluarga Walker /4/7/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Jake Walker Dr. Jake Walker Example number 1 and 3 in Table 5 are considered part of persons names since they are referred to persons who become characters in the text. Example number 1 is designed with title Mrs, while example number 3 is designed with title Dr. In the text, Mrs. Walker (example number 1) is told as the mother of

58 44 Brendan Walker, Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the text, and also the wife of Dr. Jake Walker (example number 3). Meanwhile, Dr. Jake Walker (example number 3) is told as the father of Brendan Walker, Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the text, and also the husband of Mrs. Walker (example number 1). These names are applying preservation strategy, in which the data example number 1 and 3 are simply preserved into the target language. Both of these names are having no connotative meaning, thus it is the translator s consideration to maintain the given names. The using of preservation strategy to translate these names has made them remains foreign to the target readers because the translated names in example number 1 and 3 tend to be foreignized. In example number 2, the name the Walkers is also included to the part of person s name category. As stated before, names under this category can be represented in the form of a single person name and also name of a group of people, including family name as the given example in example number 2. In English as the source language, names which are begun with determiner the and followed by letter s commonly refer to family names, which are considered equivalent to the term keluarga in the target language, Bahasa Indonesia. According to the existing of the equivalent term that can replace the source text term, the researcher considers that the translator transfers the name the Walkers by applying transformation strategy into keluarga Walker. As explained in the Chapter II, transformation strategy occurs when the names of the source language are altered or distorted, or when an equivalent names in the target language occur

59 45 replacing the foreign name from the source language. As the result, the transformation strategy brings the name closer to the target reader s culture and tends to domestication ideology. b. Given or Pet Names of Animals It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is a category for animals names. The researcher found that there are eight names which are considered under this category. The examples of given or pet names of animals which are found in the analyzed text can be seen in Table 5 below. Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals Category No. Code ST TT /5/8/Apn/SP/F Misty Misty /101/199/Apn/SP/F Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo /112/225/Apn/SP/F Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse In example number 1, the name Misty is considered as pet names of animals since it is a name of a horse. The name is transferred to the target text by applying preservation strategy. It is calico horse, and it is female. The translator chooses to preserve the form of the name since it just the name of an animal and has no any significant meaning. The application of this strategy made the name to be known as a foreign name by the target readers. Thus, this translating strategy leads into foreignization ideology. The names Scooby-Doo and Mickey Mouse in example number 2 and 3 are well known among the target readers since they are names of animals character in serial cartoon or animation movies. Scooby-Doo is a male dog which appears in

60 46 Scooby-Doo film series which are Warner Bros production. While Mickey Mouse is a male mouse which becomes main character in Mickey Mouse film series which are produced by Walt Disney. The names are very famous among the children and adults audiences, so the translator decides to transfer the names by maintaining them without any changes. This employment of preservation strategy is considered as the way to lead the translated names into foreignization ideology. c. Geographical and Celestial Names Howard (2009) stated that this category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g., Red Sea, Alpha Centauri. It covers names of countries, cities, addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space. Geography, based on CALD, is the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. In this research, there are 49 proper nouns belong to the geographical and celestial names category. The researcher found that the 49 names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. There are 31 names which are translated by using preservation strategy. Then, one name are translated by applying addition strategy, one name is transferred by using localization strategy, two names are rendered by using globalization strategy, one name is rendered by employing omission strategy, twelve names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and one name is translated by applying creation strategy. The examples of geographical and celestial names which are found in the analyzed text can be seen in Table 6 below.

61 47 Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names Category No. Code ST TT /50/98/Gec/ST/D France Prancis /76/151/Gec/SL/D Six twenty-four Taylor Street nomor 624 Taylor Street /77/151/Gec/SA/F Goat Island Pulau Goat Pulau Kambing In example number 1, the name France is translated to the target text into Prancis. The strategy is transformation. As stated by Davies (2003), that the strategy of transformation occurs when in the target language, the source language name is replaced with one which is equivalent. As the name has already existed in the target language culture and has equivalent term which is existed in the target language culture, thus the target reader has already been familiar with the name. The employment of transformation strategy brings the name closer to the target text culture and leads to domestication ideology. Example number 2 is rendered to the target text by employing localization strategy into Taylor Street nomor 624. Six twenty-four Taylor Street is considered as an address of certain place, so it is included in this category. The name Six twenty-four Taylor Street can be literally translated into Taylor Street 624. The translator translates it into Taylor Street nomor 624 because it is common in target language to do so. An address which is combined with number is commonly mentioned by adding the word nomor before the number. The employment of localization does not cause any strangeness and does not cause any misunderstanding for the TT readers. As localization strategy is used to replace the specific word by one that is more familiar to the target readers, so this translation tends to domestication ideology.

62 48 The name Goat Island in example number 4 is translated to the target text by applying addition strategy into Pulau Goat Pulau Kambing. Goat Island has its literal meaning as Pulau Kambing. Then, the translator decides to put the literal meaning as additional information to the translated name Pulau Goat. This additional information is also become additional description because the translator considers that not all target readers master in English. The translated name is the preservation of the original source text name and then added by details which give the impression to the target readers that the name is a foreign name. Though the details made the name more understandable, the translation of the name tends to foreignization ideology. d. Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place, e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category also includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of buildings names. Inside the novel, there are 16 proper nouns belong to this category. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are almost all translated by using preservation strategy. From 16 proper nouns, 14 names are translated by using preservation strategy, and only two names which are translated by applying transformation strategy. Addition, localization, globalization, omission and creation are not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of proper nouns under this category can be seen in Table 7 below.

63 49 Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Category No. Code ST TT /5/9/Mbr/SP/F Kristoff House Rumah Kristoff /10/18/Mbr/SP/F Steinway Steinway /208/422/Mbr/ST/D Leaning Tower of Pisa Menara Miring Pisa In example number 1, Kristoff House is rendered into Rumah Kristoff by using preservation strategy. It is considered as preservation of content since the word House is literally translated into Rumah. This translation is under the preservation of content because the result is the literal translation of the source terms. Though it has been literally translated, it leads the name into foreignization ideology because the target readers know that name is from foreign language. In example number 2, the name Steinway is rendered into Steinway by using preservation strategy. Steinway, according to its website, is the company that has been granted more than 125 additional patents, positioning the Steinway as the piano by which all others are judged. It is considered as buildings names because it is name of a firm or company. There are no further explanations given by the author about this name. Thus, the translator maintains the foreign term in order to introduce this term to the target readers. This preservation strategy leads to foreignization ideology. The different case applied in example number 3, when the name Leaning Tower of Pisa is transferred into Menara Miring Pisa. This translation is under transformation strategy. The name is replaced by the equivalent name which exists in the target language. This translation let the readers to stay home by transferring the foreign term to be one which is more common and familiar. Finally, the translation tends to domestication ideology.

64 50 e. Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance, e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means that this category covers names of era or periods of time, and events happened in the past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws, and others which have relation with names of events. There are 38 proper nouns in the novel which belong to this category. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 38 proper nouns under this category, 28 names are translated by using preservation strategy, two names are translated by applying addition strategy, two names is rendered by using localization strategy, two names are transferred by employing globalization strategy, three names are translated by using transformation and one name is transferred by using creation strategy. Omission is not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of proper nouns under this category can be seen in Table 8 below. Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods Category No. Code ST TT /5/9/Hdp/SA/F Great San Fransisco Earthquake /69/135/Hdp/SP/F The Book of Doom and Desire /76/150/Hdp/SP/F Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians Gempa Besar yang mengguncang San Fransisco Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat Mitologi dan Hikayat Ajaib California In example number 1, the phrase Great San Fransisco Earthquake is considered as part of this category because it is an event happened in the past. It is in line with the meaning of time, which means an occasion or period, or the

65 51 experience connected with it, according to CALD (Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary). This name rendered into Gempa Besar yang mengguncang San Fransisco by applying addition strategy. It actually can be literally translated into Gempa Besar San Fransisco, but the translator chooses to add some details or information. The details --yang mengguncang (-that shake-, translated) are inserted to prevent ambiguity in target readers perception. Though the details made the name more understandable, but the readers are still consider that it is a foreign term, so the translation of the name tends to foreignization ideology. In datum number 2 and 3, the name The Book of Doom and Desire and Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians are translated in the target language by applying preservation strategy into Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat dan Mitologi dan Hikayat California. According to story of the novel, the first name, The Book of Doom and Desire, is considered as a title of book, which is written by Denver Kristoff, the antagonist character in the novel. While the second name, Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians is considered as a title of Dr. Aldrich Hayes lecture which is delivered at the Bohemian Club in front of spectacular aristocratic. In this category, these names are considered as proper noun under names of documents. The Book of Doom and Desire is translated into Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat since it is a name of book which is not really exists in real life, so the translator prefers to literally translate the name literally than to modify or to create it. Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians is preserved into Mitologi dan Hikayat Ajaib California since it is a lecture s title which is uncommon in target language. It is the way to minimize the confusion of

66 52 the target readers. Finally, this preservation strategy makes the translated names tends to foreignization ideology. f. Months, Days of the Week, Holidays This category refers to names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter, December (Howard 2009). Names of holidays are also included in this category since they are related to certain point of time. In this research, there are seven proper nouns belong to this category. The researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using transformation strategy. From seven proper nouns under this category, five names are translated by using transformation strategy, one name is translated using localization strategy, and one name is transferred by using preservation strategy. Addition, globalization, omission and creation are not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The listed data of this category are served in Table 9. Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week, Holidays Category No. Code ST TT /39/75/Mdh/SP/F Halloween Halloween /75/148/Mdh/ST/D March Maret /164/327/Mdh/ST/D Sundays Minggu The name Halloween, in example number 1, is under the names of holidays since it is refer to a day marked by a general suspension of work in commemoration of an event. Halloween, according to CALD, is defined as the night of 31 October when children dressed up in special clothes and people try to frighten each other. Halloween is translated by employing preservation strategy in which the name is preserved to the target text without any changes. The translator maintains the name in the target in order to introduce new terms to the target

67 53 readers and bring the reader to the source language culture. However, Halloween is popular in the target language and there is no equivalent name in the target language that can replace it. By maintaining the name, the translator wants the name leads to foreignization ideology. In example number 2 and 3, the name of month and day as part of months and days of the week are translated by applying transformation strategy. The word March is rendered into Maret, while the word Sundays is transferred into Minggu. The names are replaced by the equivalent names which exist in the target language. This translation let the readers to stay home by transferring the foreign terms to be one which are more common and familiar. Finally, the translation tends to domestication ideology. g. Groups and Languages This category encompasses groups names and names of languages, e.g., Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League (Howard, 2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams, etc. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using transformation strategy. From 29 proper nouns under this category, nine names are translated by using preservation strategy, two names are translated by applying addition strategy, one name is rendered by using localization strategy, one name is translated by applying globalization strategy, one name is rendered by employing omission strategy, 14 names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and one name is translated by applying creation strategy. The list of names under this category can be seen in Table 10 below.

68 54 Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category No. Code ST TT /1/2/Grl/SA/F Forty-niners pemain 49ers /41/77/Grl/ST/D Boy Scouts Pramuka /77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune In example number 1, the name Forty-niners is translated into pemain 49ers. Forty-niners is an American football team from San Francisco. The additional detail pemain allow the target readers to know that 49ers is a name of a sport team. Although it is added by details to make it more understandable, it is still know as a foreign name. This translated name tends to foreignization ideology. In example number 2, the name Boy Scouts is translated into Pramuka by applying transformation strategy. According to CALD, The Scouts (UK) or the Boy/Girl Scouts (US) is an international organization which encourages young people of all ages to take part in activities outside and to become responsible and independent. While according to KBBI, pra.mu.ka n akr Praja Muda Karana; organisasi untuk pemuda yg mendidik para anggotanya dl berbagai keterampilan, disiplin, kepercayaan pada diri sendiri, saling menolong, dsb (an organization for young people that teaches some skills and encourages its participants to be more discipline, confident, and kind-hearted, translated). From these two definitions, translator understands that the foreign term has an equivalent meaning in target language. By this consideration, the translator decides to translate that name into one which is different but has already exists in the target language. The effort of the translator in translating the name into one which is familiar in target readers is considered to give a tendency to domestication ideology.

69 55 In example number 3, the name Tuchayune is preserved to the target text into exactly the same name without any changes. Tuchayune is a tribe who lives in Goat Island. Tuchayune people originally come from America who buried their leader sitting up. Tribe name is under groups names category. The name is preserved because there is no equivalent name in the target text. It is because the tribe or the people are not very popular in the target language like Indian. The way the translator simply preserves it has led the translated name to foreignization ideology. h. Religions, Deities, Scriptures This category refers to various religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the Bible (Howard, 2009). The word religion means an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group. In this research, there are eight names under the proper nouns which belong to this religions category. From eight proper nouns under this category, one name is translated by using preservation strategy, one name is transferred by applying addition strategy, one name is translated using localization strategy, one name is rendered by employing globalization strategy, one name is translated by using omission strategy, and three names are transferred by using transformation strategy. Creation is not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. Then, the list of the proper nouns is served in Table 11.

70 56 Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures Category No. Code ST TT /25/46/Rds/SL/D Christian Baptis /113/226/Rds/SA/F Inquisition sidang Inkuisisi /121/241/Rds/SG/D Satan Iblis In example number 1, the word Christian is included into religion name, and it is under the religions, deities, scriptures category. The name Christian appears in expressions inside original text and translated text as below. SE: They like to talk. But they didn t tell me your Christian names TE: Mereka senang bergunjing. Tapi, mereka tidak menyebutkan nama baptis kalian From the given context, the researcher understand why the translator using localization strategy instead of transformation strategy. Localization does not contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any misunderstanding for the TT readers (Davies 2003: 84). In this case, nama baptis is more common in target language culture than nama Kristen. This translated name is understandable for the target reader because people in Indonesia know that nama baptis is automatically used by Christian, so the explanation that it is nama Kristen is not needed. This application of localization strategy leads the name to domestication ideology. In example number 2, the name Inquisition is translated to the target text into sidang Inkuisisi. According to CALD, Inquisition is defined as 1.) a period of asking questions in a detailed and unfriendly way; 2.) in the past, an official organization in the Roman Catholic Church whose purpose was to find and punish people who opposed its beliefs. This event is related to certain religion and it is

71 57 uncommon since the event is actually a session held by official organization of Roman Catholic Church. In the text, Inquisition is told as a session to judge Galileo who make too much trouble about the earth moving around the sun. The translator transfers the name Inquisition by applying addition strategy into sidang Inkuisisi. The name Inquisition is preserved into Inkuisisi and then added by the word sidang (meeting, or session, translated) which gives additional information and description to the target readers. The additional detail made the name more understandable, but it still gives impression that the name is a foreign name. This addition strategy in translating the name tends to foreignization ideology. In example number 3, the name Satan is translated to the target text into Iblis. The term Satan, based on CALD, is defined as the name used by Christians and Jews for the Devil (= a powerful evil force and the enemy of God). The name Satan can be literally translated into Setan. In the other hand, the word Iblis is commonly a translated name of Devil or Demon. In this case, the translator considers that the word Iblis has more general impression toward the target readers, so he decides to translate it by replacing the specific reference Satan into a more general reference Iblis. Finally, the employment of globalization strategy in this research has led the names closer to the target readers for the existence of more general and neutral words. in the end, the application of globalization strategy gives more effects to domestication ideology. i. Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize, Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard, 2009). This category

72 58 covers names which have relation with awards names, vehicles names, brand names. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 67 proper nouns under this category, 64 names are translated by using preservation strategy, one name is translated by applying addition strategy, one name is transferred by using omission strategy, and one name is translated by employing creation strategy. Localization, globalization, and transformation strategy are not employed in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of proper nouns under this category can be seen in Table 12. Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names Category No. Code ST TT /1/1/Avb/SP/F IPhone iphone /4/7/Avb/SP/F Toyota Toyota /58/113/Avb/SA/F Aleve obat pereda nyeri Aleve The name iphone and Toyota in example number 1 and 2 are considered as brand names of smartphone and vehicle. iphone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc., while Toyota that is commonly known as Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese company that engages in the design, manufacture, assembly, and sale of passenger cars, minivans, commercial vehicles, and related parts and accessories primarily in Japan, North America, Europe, and Asia (Mkono,2013). In this novel, the name Toyota is a brand of car. The names are maintained by the translator because the names are very popular among the audiences in all around the world. It is also uncommon for brand names to be translated into certain names in target languages. The intention

73 59 of the translator is to lead the names into foreignization strategy since they are known by the target readers as brand names which belong to foreign country. The name Aleve in example number 3 is transferred into target language by applying addition strategy into obat pereda nyeri Aleve. The additional details made the name be more understandable to the readers whom are mostly children who have not really know about the pharmaceutical terms. From this additional information, the readers know that Aleve is name of drug or medicine used for pain alleviation. The way the translator translates this name by adding some details is considered to introduce foreign term to the target readers. Thus, this translation leads to foreignization ideology. 2. Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of Secrets Novel In this research, the translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are used to analyze the translation of proper nouns. This strategies cover preservation, addition, localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation. As stated before, the strategies are divided into two groups which are under the frame of domestication and foreignization ideology. Then, the result shows that from the total 365 proper nouns which are found in the text, preservation is the most frequent strategy applied in translating the proper nouns, while globalization and omission strategies are the most infrequent strategies used in translating the proper nouns. The detailed description can be seen in the discussion below.

74 60 a. Preservation Preservation is a strategy occurs when the translation of the source text term are transferred directly without any further explanations; they can be simply preserved or copied. This strategy is the most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 275 times. It is applied to translate all of the categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of foreignization ideology. Table 13 below shows some examples of the employment of preservation strategy. Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy No. Code ST TT /5/9/Hdp/SP/F Victorian Victoria /21/39/Mbr/SP/F John Muir Medical Center /77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune John Muir Medical Center In example number 1, the name Victorian is considered as a period. According to CALD, time also can be in the form of historical period which means a period in history. Victorian is time when Queen Victoria was queen of Britain ( ). The word Victorian is translated into Victoria by applying preservation strategy. This translation procedure is usually employed by the translator when an entity does not have any close equivalent in the target language and target culture (Davies 2003). The translator maintains the name in the target in order to introduce new terms to the target readers and bring the reader to the source language culture. By maintaining the name, the translator wants the name leads to foreignization ideology.

75 61 In example number 2, John Muir Medical Center is considered as part of buildings names. This name is preserved to target language by maintaining the form of the name into John Muir Medical Center. The translator fully understands that it is name of a hospital which is located in foreign country. Thus, he decides to maintain the original name in order to introduce the name to the target readers. The way the translator chooses preservation strategy to translate this term leads the name into foreignization ideology. In example number 3, the name Tuchayune is preserved to the target text into exactly the same name without any changes. Tuchayune is a tribe who lives in Goat Island. Tuchayune people originally come from America who buried their leader sitting up. Tribe name is under groups names category. The name is preserved because there is no equivalent name in the target text. It is because the tribe or the people are not very popular in the target language like Indian. The way the translator simply preserves it has led the translated name to foreignization ideology. b. Addition Addition is a strategy occurs when translator chooses to keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary (Davies, 2003:64). The additional information can be inserted within the text in the form of subtle adjectival descriptions or explanatory footnotes. This strategy is the third most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 11 times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which are found in the

76 62 House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of foreignization ideology. Thus, the application of addition strategy would let the translated names tend to foreignization ideology since it makes the names to stay foreign for the target readers. Also, this employment would bring the target readers to the source culture and taste brand-new cultural specific items of the source language because the existence of the original source text terms and additional details that follows would give impressions for the readers that the terms being introduced are foreign terms. Table 14 below shows some examples of the employment of addition strategy. Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy No. Code ST TT /47/92/Ppn/SA/F Red Baron Red Baron si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal Jerman /128/254/Ppn/SA/F stumpy Stump Stump yang memang sesuai dengan namanya, stumpy gemuk pendek /199/403/Ppn/SA/F Krom of Slayne s Savage Warriors Krom dari Prajurit Barbar pimpinan Slayne In example number 1, the name Red Baron is conveyed to the target text by employing addition strategy into Red Baron si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal Jerman. Red Baron is a pilot. This addition strategy is applied in order to give additional detail to explain the foreign word in the source text which is still maintained and introduced in the target text. As stated before that the application of addition strategy will lead to foreignization ideology, but it does not fully apply in this data. The additional addressing term si is considered to give more effects to domestication ideology since the addressing term si is very specific and belongs to the target language culture. The additional details also

77 63 gives the clear impression to the target reader that something uncommon has just being introduced to them. In example number 2, the name stumpy Stump is translated to the target text into Stump yang memang sesuai dengan namanya, stumpy gemuk pendek. Instead of literally translated it into gemuk pendek Stump, the additional details are added in order to emphasize that the given name is properly given to the character because the character also has characterization as gemuk pendek (stumpy, translated). This effort of the translator to add some details in foreign name is considered as the way to make the name tends to foreignization ideology. In example number 3, the name Krom of Slayne s Savage Warriors is translated to the target text into Krom dari Prajurit Barbar pimpinan Slayne. The translator decides to insert the word pimpinan as explicit information to make the target readers aware that Krom is from Savage Warriors which led by Slayne. Finally, the translated names give effect to foreignization ideology. c. Localization Localization occurs when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the target audience and as Davies suggests, this strategy is contrary to globalization because it helps to avoid the loss of effect and at the same time it does not affect harmfully the meaning of the translated items. In this strategy, the source culture term or name that sounds strange and unfamiliar to the target readers is replaced by the one that is well-known in the target culture. This strategy is the fourth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy

78 64 is applied nine times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication ideology. Thus, the application of localization strategy would let the translated names tend to domestication ideology. Table 15 below shows the application of localization strategy. Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy No. Code ST TT /64/127/Ppn/SL/D Men of the Royal Flying Corps Awak Korps Penerbang Kerajaan /78/155/Grl/SL/D Native American orang Indian /80/158/Hdp/SL/D The Great Snake Si Ular Hebat The application of localization strategy is seen in example number 1 in which the name Men of the Royal Flying Corps is translated into Awak Korps Penerbang Kerajaan. Localization strategy occurs when the translator tries to anchor a referent firmly in the culture of the target audience. In other words, this translation strategy is used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the target readers. The term is specific to certain country, and it is introduced to target language by translated into Korps Penerbang Kerajaan. Then, for the word Men is translated into Awak. According to CALD3 (Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary - 3 rd Edition), Men is plural form of Man; 1.) an adult male human being. 2.) a male employee, without particular rank or title. The translator chooses Awak as the best way to translate the word Men because he understands that the man has an occupation in Royal Flying Corps. It is common in the target language that Awak is used to refer person who works in transportation area, especially inside ship and plane. This localization strategy lead to domestication strategy because the source culture term or name that

79 65 sounds strange and unfamiliar to the target audience is replaced by the one that is popular and well known in the target culture. The localization strategy also used to translate example number 2. As localization strategy is used to replace the specific word by one that is more familiar to the target readers, so the translator decided to translate the name Native America into orang Indian. Native America, according to CALD, is a member of one of the races who were living in North and South America before Europeans arrived. In Indonesia, The translator uses localization because he understands that most of people in Indonesia know that Native America called as Indian. With this consideration, the translator with the help of the localization strategy can make the translated name has similar effect with the original name. The using of localization strategy leads the name to domestication ideology. Example number 3, the name The Great Snake is rendered in the target text by using localization strategy into si Ular Hebat. The Great Snake, according to the story inside the text, is a title of book written by Kristoff which is read by Cordelia. The translator preserves the name Great Snake into Ular Hebat, but he translated the determiner the- into si which is common in target language as an addressing term. As the name is literary translated and is added by the addressing term si, the name sounds familiar in target language. The strategy of localization used in translating this name has made the translated name tends to domestication ideology.

80 66 d. Globalization Davies (2003:67) defines this translation strategy as the process of replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general, in the sense that they are accessible to audiences from a wider range of cultural backgrounds. In other words, the strategy of globalization means that the culturespecific items of the source language are replaced by the ones that have less cultural associations. This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is only applied six times. This strategy is under the frame of domestication ideology. Table 16 below shows some examples of the employment of globalization strategy. Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy No. Code ST TT /50/98/Gec/SG/D Gallic Galia /79/155/Hdp/SG/D San Fransisco Gempa San Fransisko Earthquake /121/241/Rds/SG/D Satan Iblis In example number 1, the name Gallic is translated into Galia. Gallic is also called as Gallia, an ancient region of Europe roughly corresponding to modern France and parts of surrounding countries but also to the Gauls, the Celtic people of this region, and by extension to the French people. The translator uses globalization strategy since it can be applied while translating an ethnic nickname into a neutral term. It is in line with the statement which explains that globalization of CSIs makes the TT accessible to a much wider audience (Davies 2003). Moreover, globalization conveys the essential characteristics of the translated concept and at the same time helps to avoid details that could be

81 67 misunderstood by the TT readers (Davies 2003). The way the translator translates the name Gallic into Galia (Latin translated) because Latin is considered more general. Finally, the using of globalization strategy has brought the translated name to domestication ideology. In example number 2, the name San Fransisco Earthquake is translated by applying globalization strategy into Gempa San Fransisko. The translator decides to preserve the name San Francisco into San Fransisko. For the term Earthquake which is common in target language as Gempa Bumi, is translated into Gempa. The translator may consider that the word Gempa is more general than the word Gempa Bumi. Thus, the employment of globalization strategy leads the name to domestication strategy since it is more general and neutral word for target readers. In example number 3, the name Satan is translated to the target text into Iblis. The term Satan, based on CALD, is defined as the name used by Christians and Jews for the Devil (= a powerful evil force and the enemy of God). The name Satan can be literally translated into Setan. In the other hand, the word Iblis is commonly a translated name of Devil or Demon. In this case, the translator considers that the word Iblis has more general impression toward the target readers, so he decides to translate it by replacing the specific reference Satan into a more general reference Iblis. Finally, the employment of globalization strategy in this research has led the names closer to the target readers for the existence of more general and neutral words. in the end, the application of globalization strategy gives more effects to domestication ideology.

82 68 e. Omission This strategy is used when a problematic culture-specific item is omitted and there are no any substitutes for it in the target text. The omission can be done in the activity of replacing word or term which exists in the source text or it can be in particular dialects change which is omitted to gain a more standardized one. This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied six times. It is applied to translate five categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication ideology. Table 17 below shows some examples of the employment of omission strategy. Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy No. Code ST TT /21/38/Grl/SO/D Spartan /102/203/Avb/SO/D Solo /220/448/Hdp/SO/D San bloody Fransisco San Fransisco In example number 1, name spartan represents a person or group of people who live in an ancient city called Sparta. The expressions can be seen below. SE: But when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn t spartan like selfdenying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta, with a plumed helmet for a logo. TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini bukan hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan helm berjambul sebagai logonya.

83 69 From the expression above, Spartan is omitted and does not occur in the target text. The way the translator omits the source text name Spartan is considered to be a precise trick to minimize the foreignness or the foreign name in the target text. The word Spartan appears two times in source expression, and just appear one time in target expression. The translator considers that the word Spartan which is omitted has a meaning as citizen of ancient Sparta, so the translator omits it because he wants to give implicit information that the citizen of ancient Sparta is Spartan. The translator omits it in target expression and decides to directly use warga Sparta Kuno (Ancient Sparta citizen, translated). Moreover, this omission does not create any harm for both the meaning and the context since the existence of the expression Spartan already has its meaning explanation by the author. Finally, the employment of omission strategy is considered as an effort to give effect to domestication ideology. In example number 2, the name Solo is also omitted in the target language. This name is unrealized in target text. The expression can be seen below. SE: He grabbed a cluster of plastic shopping bags, a stack of disposable clear Solo cups, and the roll of duct tape. TE: Dia mengambil segepok kantong plastic belanja, setumpuk cangkir plastik bening, dan selotip tebal. The translator may consider that the word Solo is not necessarily needed. From the expression, the researcher considers that Solo is a name of brand of glass and mirror. It is in line with the source in the website sologlassandmirror.com which states that Solo is a professional Glass repair shop. It serves since 1985 in

84 70 Allston Brighton and the surrounding towns. This name of shop may not really popular in source language, so the translator decides to omit it to prevent the misdirection or ambiguity. This omission does not create any harm for both the meaning and the context. Thus, the application of omission strategy tends to domestication ideology. In example number 3, the name San Bloody Francisco Earthquake is translated into San Francisco. It is translated by applying omission strategy. The translator decides to omit the word bloody so that this does not appear in the target text. The researcher fully considers that this is text for children, so he has to use the appropriate words. The word bloody has negative meaning, and the translator does not mind to introduce it to the target readers in order to prevent the negative impacts which may occur towards the children as its common readers. Finally, the translated name tends to domestication ideology. f. Transformation The strategy of transformation may cause some changes in meaning since the target text may be slightly different from the source language text. The substitution of the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in the target language is also included under this heading. This strategy is the second most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 51 times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication

85 71 ideology. Table 18 below shows some examples of the employment of transformation strategy. Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy No. Code ST TT /19/34/Grl/ST/D Chinese Tiongkok /48/94/Grl/ST/D British Inggris /118/236/Mdh/ST/D Christmas Natal In example number 1 and 2, the name Chinese and British are included under the category of groups and languages. The word Chinese is stated on the text as the nationality of the food which is originally from China. The word British (from the phrase British accent) is told in the text as the way of speaking or dialect of a pilot, one of a character in the text, who originally comes from Britain. Both data are employing transformation strategy. The name Chinese has an equivalent name in target language as Tiongkok. Then, the word British has Inggris as its equivalent name. This employment of transformation strategy finally leads to domestication ideology. In example number 3, the name Christmas is defined as an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed most commonly on December 25 th as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. This name is part of names of holidays because it is a special period or ceremony to celebrate particular event which usually held routine every period of time. The name Christmas is transferred into Natal in the target text by employing transformation strategy. Natal, based on KBBI is defined as 1.) kelahiran seseorang; 2.) kelahiran Isa Almasih (Yesus Kristus): hari raya untuk memperingati kelahiran Isa Almasih, tanggal 25 Desember (1. the birth of someone; 2. the birth of Isa Almasih (Jesus Christ); a celebration day to

86 72 commemorate the birth of Isa Almasih in 25 th translated). of December, The translator simply adopts and takes the existing name, Natal, to replace and translate the name Christmas is because the source name is semantically equivalent to the name Natal which exists in the target language. The translation is considered lead to domestication ideology since the name Natal has already familiar to the target readers and makes the readers stay home. g. Creation This strategy is used when there is a recreation of name from the source language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language or with one which is not present there. Davies adds that this strategy is rarely used and often includes an idea of compensation. This strategy is the fifth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied seven times. It is applied to translate five categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication ideology. Table 19 below shows some examples of the employment of creation strategy. Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy No. Code ST TT /190/382/Ppn/SC/D Mate Cordelia Anak buah Cordelia /156/310/Gec/SC/D South Sea island salah satu pulau di Laut Pasifik /74/145/Hdp/SC/D The Heart and the Helm Kendali Juru Mudi In example number 1, Mate Cordelia is translated to the target text by employing creation strategy into Anak Buah Cordelia. The creation is specifically employed in the word Mate. Mate, according to CALD, is defined as a friend; 1.)

87 73 UK Informal a friend. 2) UK a person who is employed to help a skilled worker. Anak buah is considered to be presented by the translator as the best translation for the source name, Mate. Anak buah, based on Kamus Lengkap Indonesia- Inggris can be translated as 1.) subordinates 2.) staff 3.) crew. The way the translator creates a new name in the target text and also the way she turns up the name Anak buah is considered as the best way to make it explicit (that Mate is referred to a subordinates). As stated by Davies (2003), a culture-specific item, in this case proper noun, can be said to be transferred by applying creation strategy if there is new term or name occur in its translation version or if there is an explicitation of any name which is omitted in one place. Finally, this translation tends to the domestication ideology since the name presented in the target text is more familiar to the target readers. In example number 2, the name South Sea island is translated into salah satu pulau di Laut Pasifik. The way the translator translate the name is using creation strategy. Creation appears when translators have actually created CSIs not present in the original text (Davies, 2003). It means that the translator translates the source language term into one which is totally different and has no associative meaning. South Sea island can be literary translated as pulau Laut Selatan or pulau di Laut Selatan. While the target language term, Laut Pasifik, can be a translation of Pacific Ocean or Pacific Sea. The translator chooses to replace the source language name into one which is common, though the source term is a name of a real place which is normally maintained or transformed in the target text. The aim of the translator in translating the name such way is because

88 74 the source language name, though that is the name of a real place, is not quite popular through the target readers in Indonesia. If the name is translated into Laut Selatan, the target readers may thought that the sea is located in south of Java island which is not the same with the place which is mentioned in the text. The name is not as popular as other real-places names which are existed in the text. Since the translator decides to recreate the name instead of picking a unique name which exists in the target language which might cause a misleading direction, he decides to choose a common place Laut Pacific (Pacific Sea, translated). In the end, the decision of the translator to recreate the source text name into one which is more understood in the target text is considered leads the name into domestication ideology. In example number 3, the name The Heart and the Helm is transferred into Kendali Juru Mudi. The researcher concludes that the translator uses creation strategy in translating the proper noun because its translated name is totally different from the source language name. The Heart and the Helm can be literally translated as Kehendak dan Kemudi, while Kendali Juru Mudi is a literal translation of The Helm s Reins. The way the translator creates a new name in the target text and also the way she turns up the name Kendali Juru Mudi is considered as the best way to make it explicit (that Heart is referred to Kendali, and Helm is referred to Juru Mudi). The decision of the translator to recreate the source text name is considered leads the name into domestication ideology.

89 75 3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns As stated before in Chapter II that the translation ideology is the translator s orientation either to source language culture, or to the target culture. There are two ideologies which are analyzed in this research, they are foreignization and domestication. Foreignization and domestication are known as translation ideologies, and each ideology covers some translation strategies. The ideological tendency can be traced by the strategies used in translating the proper nouns. Therefore, foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely preservation and addition. Domestication ideology shares five strategies namely localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation. From the 365 data findings, there are 286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to domestication ideology. Thus, it clearly showed that the ideological tendency of the translator in translating the proper nouns is considered as foreignization ideology. a. Foreignization Ideology This research shows that from the 365 data findings, there are 286 data (75.34%) lead to foreignization ideology. The foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely preservation and addition. Strategy of preservation is employed 275 times (75.34%), while strategy of addition is used 11 times (3.01%). The Table 20 and the explanation can be seen below.

90 76 Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology No. Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage 1. Preservation % 2. Addition % Total % 1) Preservation Preservation is a strategy occurs when the translation of the source text term remain the same. The terms exist in the source text are transferred directly without any further explanations; they can be simply preserved or copied. This strategy is the most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 275 times. It occurs in 120 data under part of a person s names category, seven data under given or pet names of animals category, 31 data under geographical and celestial names category, 14 data under monuments, buildings, meeting rooms category, 28 data under historical events, documents, laws and periods category, one data under months, days of the week, holidays category, nine data under groups and languages category, one data under religions, deities, scriptures category, and 64 data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names category. 2) Addition Addition is a strategy occurs when translator chooses to keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary. The additional information can be inserted within the text in the form of subtle adjectival descriptions or explanatory footnotes. This strategy is the fourth most

91 77 frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 11 times. Thus, the application of addition strategy would let the translated names tend to foreignization ideology since it makes the names to stay foreign for the target readers. Also, this employment would bring the target readers to the source culture and taste brand-new cultural specific items of the source language because the existence of the original source text terms and additional details that follows would give impressions for the readers that the terms being introduced are foreign terms. It occurs in four data under part of a person s names category, one data under geographical and celestial names category, two data under historical events, documents, laws and periods category, two data under groups and languages category, one data under religions, deities, scriptures category, and one data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names category. b. Domestication Ideology This research shows that from the 365 data findings, there are 79 data (21.65%) lead to domestication ideology. Domestication ideology shares five strategies namely localization which is applied nine times (2.47%), globalization strategy which is applied six times (1.64%), omission strategy which is used six times (1.64%), transformation which is employed 51 times (13.98%), and creation strategy which is applied seven times (1.92%). The Table 21 and further explanation can be seen below.

92 78 Table 21. The Frequency and the Percentage of Domestication Ideology No. Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage 1. Localization % 2. Globalization % 3. Omission % 4. Transformation % 5. Creation % Total % 1) Localization Localization occurs when translators try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target audience. In other words, this translation strategy is used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the target audience and as Davies (2003) suggests, this strategy is contrary to globalization because it helps to avoid the loss of effect and at the same time it does not affect harmfully the meaning of the translated items. In this strategy, the source culture term or name that sounds strange and unfamiliar to the target readers is replaced by the one that is well-known in the target culture. This strategy is the fourth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied nine times. It occurs in three data under part of a person s names category, one data under geographical and celestial names category, two data under historical events, documents, laws and periods category, one data under months, days of the week, holidays category, one data under groups and languages category, and one data under religions, deities, scriptures category.

93 79 2) Globalization Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as the process of replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general, in the sense that they are accessible to audiences from a wider range of cultural backgrounds. In other words, the strategy of globalization means that the culturespecific items of the source language are replaced by the ones that have less cultural associations. This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is only applied six times. It occurs in two data under geographical and celestial names category, two data under historical events, documents, laws and periods category, one data under groups and languages category, and one data under religions, deities, scriptures category. 3) Omission This strategy is used when a problematic culture-specific item is omitted and there are no any substitutes for it in the target text. The omission can be done in the activity of replacing word or term which exists in the source text or it can be in particular dialects change which is omitted to gain a more standardized one. This strategy is the sixth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied six times. It occurs in two data under part of a person s names category, one data under geographical and celestial names category, one data under groups and languages category, one data under religions, deities, scriptures

94 80 category, and one data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, and brand names category. 4) Transformation This translation strategy may cause some changes in meaning. The target text may be slightly different from the source language text. The substitution of the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in the target language is also included under this heading. This strategy is the second most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 51 times. It occurs in 11 data under part of a person s names category, one data under given or pet names of animals category, 12 data under geographical and celestial names category, two data under monuments, buildings, meeting rooms category, three data under historical events category, five data under months, days of the week, holidays category, 14 data under groups and languages category, and three data under religions, deities, scriptures category. 5) Creation This strategy is used when there is a re-creation of name from the source language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language or with one which is not present there. Davies adds that this strategy is rarely used and often includes an idea of compensation. This strategy is the fifth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied seven times. It occurs in three data under part of a person s names category, one data under

95 81 geographical and celestial names category, one data under historical events, documents, laws and period category, one data under groups and languages category, and one data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names category.

96 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS This final chapter consists of the conclusions and suggestions according to the research which has been done by the researcher. The conclusions and suggestions are related to the analysis of the three main objectives of this research. The first objective is to find the proper nouns categories found in the text. The second is the strategies applied by the translator in translating the proper nouns. Then, the last is the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns based on the dominant strategies which are used by the translator. The conclusions and suggestions are stated as follows. A. Conclusions Based on the findings and the discussions, the conclusions can be shown in the explanation below. 1. The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel The first formulated problem of the research is the proper nouns categories found in the House of Secrets novel. In this research, the researcher found that all of the nine categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009) appear in the texts. From 365 proper nouns found in the texts, part of a person's name (Ppn) has the highest frequency with 143 occurrences out of 365 proper nouns, so it becomes the most frequent category of proper nouns found in the texts. The next category is awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb) which occur 67 times. The third 82

97 83 most frequent category is geographical and celestial names (Gec) which occur 49 times. Then, the next category is historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp) which occur 38 times. It is followed by groups and languages (Grl) which are appeared 29 times. Then, it is followed by monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) which are appeared 16 times. The next category is given or pet names of animals (Apn) which occur eight times. Then, it is followed by religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) which occur eight times. In the end, the most infrequent category is months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) which only appear seven times. 2. The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns The second formulated problem of this research is the strategies which are employed in translating the proper nouns. The researcher found that seven of Davies (2003) translation strategies are applied in translating the proper nouns. From 365 proper nouns found in the texts, preservation strategy is the most frequent strategy since it is used 275 times. The second most frequent strategy is transformation which is used 51 times. Then, addition strategy takes the third place since it is used 11 times. Localization strategy becomes the fourth most frequent strategy since it is used nine times. It is followed by creation strategy which is used seven times. Then, the next is strategy of omission which is used six times. The last strategy is globalization, and it is also used six times.

98 84 3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns The third formulated problem of this research is the ideological tendency of the translator in translating the proper nouns. From the 365 data findings, there are 286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to domestication ideology. Foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely preservation and addition. Preservation is employed 275 times (75.34%) and addition is used 11 times (3.01%). Domestication ideology covers five strategies; localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation. Localization is used nine times (2.47%), globalization is applied six times (1.64%), omission is also used six times (1.64%), transformation is employed 51 times (13.98%), and creation is used seven times (1.92%). Thus, it can be concluded that the way the translator translates the proper nouns tends to foreignization ideology. It means that the translator has tendency to introduce foreign terms and cultures to the target readers. B. Suggestions The suggestions below are for the translator, the students of English literature who are majored in translation studies and also for other researchers. 1. To Translators The researcher considers that every translator have different ways in rendering the source text into the target text. It is influenced by the translator style, knowledge, and interest. These considerations make the researcher expect the translator to be

99 85 wiser in deciding the appropriate strategy to translate the proper nouns. Also, it is the translator responsibility whether he/she tends to foreignization or domestication ideology according to the intended meaning and the target readers. The researcher understands that both foreignization and domestication have weaknesses. Thus, it is better for the translator to have deep knowledge to understand which names need to be maintained or preserved without any change and which names need to be translated or transformed. The translator has to be able to not only transfer the text from one language to another, but also understand the intended purpose of the author, so it can be appropriate for the target readers. Finally, this research can be a work which is worth it to be one of the references for the next translation activity and research. 2. To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies The topic of translation of proper nouns is challenging since it is related to decision-making skill of the translator to choose and use the precise translation strategy. The translator has to aware about the cultural knowledge of both source and target language, especially when it comes to translation for children s literature. Thus, for the students who have interest in conducting this kind of research, it is better to read more references related to the topic in order to have more knowledge which is beneficial for the analysis process.

100 86 3. To Other Researchers Due to the limited knowledge of the researcher and limited references, there might be some problems which turn up in the analysis processes. The problems arise because there are data which are not specifically categorized, and the inconsistency effects of the employment of certain strategies. Thus, the researcher suggests to other researchers who want to conduct the same research to search more literatures or references to get deep knowledge related to certain theories about proper noun categorization and ideological tendencies of translation strategy. Finally, the researcher also suggests to other researchers to add assessment quality as one of the research objectives in order to assess whether the translated names are appropriate.

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104 APPENDICES 90

105 A. Data Sheet of Translation Strategies of Proper Nouns in House of Secrets Notes: Ppn : Part of a person s name Apn : Given or pet names of animals ST : Source Text TT : Target Text Gec : Geographical and celestial names P : Preservation Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms A : Addition Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods L : Localization Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays G : Globalization Grl : Groups and languages O : Omission Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures T : Transformation Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names C : Creation 91

106 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 001/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Brendan Walker Brendan Walker 002/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson 003/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Walker Mrs. Walker 004/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Cordelia Cordelia 005/1/1/Avb/SP/F IPhone iphone 006/1/1/Avb/SP/F Uncharted Uncharted 007/1/1/Avb/SP/F PSP PSP 008/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Walker Dr. Walker 009/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Walker Walker 92

107 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 010/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Brendan Brendan 011/1/2/Gec/SP/F 012/1/2/Gec/SP/F One twentyeight Sea Cliff Avenue San Fransiscans satu dua delapan Sea Cliff Avenue San Fransisco 013/1/2/Grl/SA/F Forty-niners pemain 49ers 014/1/2/Grl/SP/F Giants Giants 015/1/2/Ppn/SP/F CEOs CEO 016/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Diane Diane 017/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Bren Bren 018/1/3/Ppn/SP/F Eleanor Eleanor 019/2/4/Ppn/SA/F Ms. Dobson Miss Dobson 020/2/4/Mbr/SP/F Golden Gate Golden Gate 93

108 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 021/2/4/Gec/SP/F Sea Cliff Sea Cliff 022/2/4/Ppn/ST/D Dad Ayah 023/3/4/ Ppn/SP/F Deal Deal 024/3/4/Ppn/ST/D the Walkers keluarga Walker 025/3/4/Avb/SP/F GPS GPS 026/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton 027/4/7/Avb/SP/F Toyota Toyota 028/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Jake Walker Dr. Jake Walker 029/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Bellamy Bellamy 030/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Nell Nell 031/4/8/Ppn/ST/D Daddy Ayah 94

109 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 032/4/8/Gec/SP/F Golden Gate Park Taman Golden Gate 033/4/8/Gec/SP/F Crissy Field Crissy Field 034/5/8/Apn/SP/F Misty Misty 035/5/9/Hdp/SP/P Victorian Victoria 036/5/9/Mbr/SP/F Kristoff House Rumah Kristoff 037/5/9/Hdp/SG/D 038/5/9/Hdp/SA/F the Great Quake Great San Fransisco Earthquake Gempa Besar Gempa Besar yang mengguncang San Fransisco 039/510/Grl/ST/D English Inggris 040/5/10/Ppn/SP/F Ms. Kavanaugh Miss Kavanaugh 041/5/10/Ppn/SP/F Ms. Fitzsimmons Miss Fitzsimmons 95

110 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 042/6/11/Gec/SP/F Sea Cliff Avenue Sea Cliff Avenue 043/7/13/Hdp/SP/F Sesame Street Sesame Street 044/7/13/Ppn/SP/F Schwarzenegg er Schwarzenegg er 045/7/13/Mbr/ST/D Gothic angel Malaikat Gotik 046/9/16/Grl/ST/D Greek Yunani 047/9/16/Ppn/SP/F Lady Gaga Lady Gaga 048/10/18/Avb/SP/F Chester Chester 049/10/18/Mbr/SP/F Steinway Steinway 050/10/18/Ppn/SP/F Mr. Kristoff Mr. Kristoff 051/12/21/Gec/SG/D Western Barat 052/12/21/Mbr/SP/F the Oxford Library of The World s The Oxford Library of The World s 96

111 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C Greatest Books Greatest Books 053/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Brautigan Brautigan 054/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Paley Paley 055/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Kosinski Kosinski 056/12/21/Avb/SP/F CPR CPR 057/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Robert E. Howard Robert E. Howard 058/12/21/Ppn/SP/F H.P. Lovecraft H.P. Lovecraft 059/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Denver Kristoff Denver Kristoff 060/12/21/Avb/SP/F ebay ebay 061/12/21/Hdp/SP/F Conan the Barbarian Conan the Barbarian 062/12/22/Avb/SP/F Viking Viking 97

112 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 063/12/22/Avb/SP/F Electrolux Electrolux 064/12/22/Avb/SP/F Sub-Zero Sub-Zero 065/13/23/Ppn/SP/F Eliza May Eliza May 066/13/23/Ppn/SP/F Mom Ibu 067/18/33/Grl/SC/D JV lacrosse Junior lacrosse 068/19/34/Grl/ST/D Chinese Tiongkok 069/19/35/Mbr/SP/F Walker House Rumah Walker 070/19/36/Hdp/SP/F Savage Warriors Prajurit Barbar 071/19/36/Avb/SP/F MacBook Air MacBook Air 072/19/36/Hdp/SP/F Powell s Books Powell s Books 073/21/38/Mbr/SP/F Spartan Movers Spartan Movers 98

113 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 074/21/38/Mbr/SP/F Low-Rent Movers Low-Rent Movers 075/21/38/Grl/SO/D Spartan - 076/21/38/Gec/SP/F ancient Sparta Sparta Kuno 077/21/39/Mbr/SP/F John Muir Medical Center John Muir Medical Center 078/22/40/Mbr/SP/F Harvard Harvard 079/22/41/Ppn/SP/F RW RW 080/22/42/Hdp/SP/F The Fighting Ace Sang Pilot Tempur 081/24/45/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia Kristoff Dahlia Kristoff 082/24/46/Ppn/SP/F Arsdottle Arsdottle 083/24/46/Gec/ST/D Europe Eropa 084/24/46/Gec/ST/D Far East Timur Jauh 99

114 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 085/25/46/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia Dahlia 086/25/46/Rds/SL/D Christian baptis 087/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Kristoff Mrs. Kristoff 088/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Jacob Jacob 089/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Miss Kristoff Miss Kristoff 090/26/49/Mbr/SP/F Pino s Pino s 091/26/49/Ppn/SP/F Helen K Helen K 092/26/49/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia K Dahlia K 093/26/49/Mdh/SL/D Mother s 70 th ultah ke-70 Ibu 094/26/49/Gec/SP/F Alamo Square Alamo Square 095/26/50/Avb/SP/F TV TV 100

115 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 096/26/50/Hdp/SA/F the Marx Brothers Duck Soup Duck Soup yang menampilkan Marx Brothers 097/26/50/Ppn/SP/F Marx Brothers Marx Brothers 098/27/50/Rds/ST/D God Tuhan 099/27/52/Avb/SP/F IMAX 3D IMAX 3-D 100/27/53/Ppn/SP/F Groucho Marx Groucho Marx 101/28/53/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Hayes Dr. Hayes 102/28/53/Ppn/ST/D Wind Witch Penyihir Angin 103/30/56/Gec/ST/D Japan Jepang 104/31/60/Avb/SP/F Cheerios Cheerios 105/32/61/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Rutherford Walker Dr. Rutherford Walker 101

116 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 106/34/67/Hdp/SP/F Jurrasic Park Jurrasic Park 107/34/67/Gec/SP/F Humbolt County Humbolt County 108/37/70/Avb/SP/F LEDs LED 109/37/71/Avb/SP/F Maglite Maglite 110/37/72/Avb/SP/F BlackoutReady IPS Twelve Thousand BlackoutReady IPS /39/73/Avb/SP/F blackoutready blackoutready 112/39/75/Mdh/SP/F Halloween Halloween 113/40/75/Ppn/SO/D Mommy Bu 114/41/77/Grl/ST/D Boy Scouts Pramuka 115/42/79/Hdp/SP/F Lord of the Rings Lord of the Rings 116/42/80/Ppn/SP/F Slayne Slayne 102

117 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 117/42/80/Ppn/SP/F Krom Krom 118/43/81/Avb/SP/F Hellmann s Mayonnaise mayones Hellmann s 119/43/81/Avb/SP/F Cap n Crunch Kapt n Crunch 120/43/81/Gec/SP/F Castle Corroway Kastel Corroway 121/44/83/Gec/ST/D East Timur 122/47/91/Ppn/SP/F Queen Daphne Ratu Daphne 123/47/92/Hdp/SP/F Sopwith Camel Sopwith Camel 124/47/92/Hdp/SP/F World War I Perang Dunia Pertama 125/47/92/Ppn/SA/F Red Baron Red Baron si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal Jerman-- 103

118 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 126/47/92/Gec/ST/D German Jerman 127/48/94/Grl/ST/D British Inggris 128/50/97/Ppn/SP/F F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald 129/50/98/Ppn/SP/F David Beckham David Beckham 130/50/98/Ppn/SP/F Kraut Kraut 131/50/98/Grl/ST/D American Amerika 132/50/98/Gec/SP/F Amiens Amiens 133/50/98/Gec/ST/D France Prancis 134/50/98/Gec/SG/D Gallic Galia 135/50/98/Grl/SG/D Yank Yankee 136/50/99/Ppn/SP/F Draper Draper 104

119 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Code 137/50/99/Ppn/SP/F 138/50/99/Grl/SA/F ST Wing Commander Will Draper. Royal Flying Corps, Squadron Seventy Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies TT Wing Commander Will Draper. Korps Penerbang Kerajaan Inggris, Skuadron Tujuh Puluh. 139/51/99/Ppn/SP/F Mr. D Mr. D 140/51/99/Ppn/SP/F Will Will 141/52/102/Avb/SP/F Haagen-Dazs Haagen-Dazs Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 142/52/102/Grl/ST/D Latin Latin 143/53/105/Hdp/SP/F Gray s Anatomy Gray s Anatomy 144/54/106/Grl/ST/D Scottish Skotlandia 145/54/106/Grl/SP/F Polynesia Polinesia 105

120 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 146/54/106/Gec/SP/F Denver Denver 147/54/106/Gec/SP/F Colorado Colorado 148/54/106/Ppn/SP/F Kristoff Kristoff 149/55/107/Avb/SP/F Red Dead Redemption Red Dead Redemption 150/55/108/Ppn/SP/F Miss Walker Miss Walker 151/56/109/Mdh/ST/D April April 152/56/109/Gec/ST/D Farnborough Airfield Lapangan Terbang Farnborough 153/56/109/Ppn/SP/F Officer Cadet Will Draper Kadet Perwira Will Draper 154/56/109/Ppn/SP/F Edgar Edgar 155/56/109/Grl/ST/D Royal Flying Corps Korps Penerbang Kerajaan 106

121 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 156/56/109/Grl/SP/F Flying Corps Korps Penerbang 157/56/110/Gec/SP/F Picardy Picardy 158/57/111/Avb/SP/F Truffle White Cocoa Truffle White Cocoa 159/57/112/Avb/SP/F Tylenol Tylenol 160/57/112/Avb/SP/F Band-Aid Band-Aid 161/58/113/Hdp/SP/F Operation Operasi 162/58/113/Avb/SA/F Aleve obat pereda nyeri Aleve 163/59/118/Ppn/SP/F Drew Drew 164/61/121/Apn/SP/F Hello Kitty Hello Kitty 165/62/122/Ppn/SP/F Penelope Hope Penelope Hope 166/62/123/Ppn/SP/F King Lear Raja Lear 107

122 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Code ST Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 167/62/123/Ppn/ST/D Shakespeare Shakespeare 168/63/123/Avb/SP/F Buffy Buffy 169/64/125/Avb/SP/F Lunchables Lunchables 170/64/127/Ppn/SL/D Men of the Royal Flying Corps Awak Korps Penerbang Kerajaan 171/65/127/Hdp/SL/D Great War Perang Raya 172/65/127/Gec/ST/D England Inggris 173/68/133/Ppn/SP/F Mr. Draper Mr. Draper 174/69/135/Hdp/ST/D 175/70/138/Avb/SP/F The Book of Doom and Desire Home Shopping Network Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat Home Shopping Network 176/73/142/Hdp/SP/F Wikipedia Wikipedia 108

123 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 177/73/144/Hdp/SP/F Gladius Rex Gladius Rex 178/73/144/Grl/SP/F Resistance Resistance 179/73/144/Ppn/SP/F Celene Celene 180/74/145/Gec/ST/D Rome Roma 181/74/145/Hdp/SC/D The Heart and the Helm Kendali Juru Mudi 182/74/145/Grl/ST/D Civil War Perang Sipil 183/74/146/Avb/SP/F Webley Mark Six Webley Mark Six 184/75/147/Ppn/SP/F RUTHERFOR D WALKER, MD RUTHERFOR D WALKER, MD 185/75/148/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Mary Worcester Mrs. Mary Worcester 186/75/148/Gec/SP/F Duboce Avenue Duboce Avenue 187/75/148/Mdh/ST/D March Maret 109

124 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 188/75/148/Avb/SP/F Red Bull Red Bull 189/75/148/Ppn/SO/D MD - 190/75/148/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Worcester Mrs. Worcester 191/75/148/Avb/SP/F Coca-Cola Coca-Cola 192/76/149/Grl/SP/F Indian Indian 193/76/149/Avb/SP/F Stanley s Snake Oil Liniment Stanley s Snake Oil Liniment 194/76/150/Hdp/SP/F Diary Diary 195/76/150/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Aldrich Hayes Dr. Aldrich Hayes 196/76/150/Hdp/SP/F Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians Mitologi dan Hikayat Ajaib California 197/76/150/Mbr/SP/F Bohemian Club Bohemian Club 110

125 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 198/76/150/Ppn/SL/D Lorekeeper Penjaga Hikayat 199/76/150/Gec/SP/F Yale Yale 200/76/151/Gec/SL/D Six twentyfour Taylor Street Taylor Street nomor /77/151/Gec/SP/F California California 202/77/151/Gec/SA/F Goat Island Pulau Goat Pulau Kambing 203/77/152/Gec/SP/F Yerba Buena Island Pulau Yerba Buena 204/77/152/Mbr/SP/F Bay Bridge Bay Bridge 205/77/152/Gec/SP/F Treasure Island Pulau Treasure 206/77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune 207/77/153/Gec/SP/F Chinatown Chinatown 111

126 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 208/78/155/Grl/SL/D Native American orang Indian 209/78/155/Ppn/SC/D Gramps buyut 210/79/155/Hdp/SG/D San Fransisco Earthquake Gempa San Fransisko 211/80/158/Hdp/SP/F Gemstone Mine Tambang Permata 212/80/158/Hdp/SL/D The Great Snake Si Ular Hebat 213/81/159/Ppn/SP/F Frank Quigley Frank Quigley 214/81/159/Ppn/SP/F Thorny Thompson Thorny Thompson 215/81/160/Avb/SP/F Sheffield Sheffield 216/82/161/Avb/SP/F Little League Liga Kecil 217/83/163/Avb/SP/F American Girl dolls boneka American Girl 218/84/165/Grl/SP/F Squadron Seventy Skuadron Tujuh Puluh 112

127 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 219/84/165/Ppn/SP/F RFC captain Kapten Korps Penerbang Kerajaan 220/84/165/Grl/ST/D Canadian Kanada 221/88/171/Avb/SP/F Castlevania Castlevania 222/89/173/Avb/SP/F CD CD 223/89/173/Ppn/SP/F Mick Jagger Mick Jagger 224/89/173/Avb/SP/F Snickers Snickers 225/89/174/Avb/SP/F Domino s pizza piza Domino s 226/90/175/Grl/SP/F Himalayan Himalaya 227/90/176/Ppn/SP/F Fat Jagger Fat Jagger 228/91/177/Ppn/SL/D Mr. Colossus Tuan Gergasi 229/92/180/Ppn/SP/F Uncle Pete Paman Pete 113

128 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 230/92/180/Ppn/SP/F Jagger Jagger 231/92/180/Avb/SP/F Clearasil Clearasil 232/93/182/Avb/SP/F TNT TNT 233/96/190/Gec/SP/F Marin Marin 234/96/190/Gec/SP/F Everest Everest 235/97/192/ Avb/SP/F Styx Styx 236/97/192/Avb/SP/F Come Sail Away Come Sail Away 237/98/193/Ppn/SP/F Lieutenant- Colonel Reginald Rathbone the Third Letnan Kolonel Reginal Rathbone III 238/98/193/Ppn/SP/F Napoleon Napoleon 239/98/193/Grl/ST/D Spanish navy Angkatan Laut Spanyol 114

129 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 240/101/199/Hdp/SP/ F New Adventure of Scooby-Doo New Adventure of Scooby-Doo 241/101/199/Apn/SP/ F 242/101/199/Apn/SP/ F Scooby Scooby Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo 243/102/202/Ppn/SP/F Rousseau Rousseau 244/102/202/Ppn/SP/F David Seamer David Seamer 245/102/203/Avb/SO/ D 246/103/204/Avb/SP/ F Solo - Green Giant Green Giant 247/104/208/Ppn/SP/F Hansel Hansel 248/104/208/Ppn/SP/F Gretel Gretel 249/105/208/Grl/ST/D French Prancis 250/105/208/Ppn/SP/F Adam Adam 115

130 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 251/105/208/Ppn/ST/ D Eve Hawa 252/105/208/Gec/ST/ D Garden of Eden Taman Eden 253/105/209/Hdp/SP/ F The Gods of Pegana The Gods of Pegana 254/105/209/Gec/SP/F Olympus Olympus 255/105/209/Rds/SO/ D Allah was Allah Allah 256/105/209/Rds/SP/F Mana-Yood- Sushai Mana-Yood- Sushai 257/105/209/Ppn/SP/F Lord Dunsany Lord Dunsany 258/105/209/Hdp/SP/ F The Redolent Garden The Redolent Garden 259/105/209/Grl/ST/D Arabic Arab 260/106/210/Hdp/SP/ F The Apocrypha Bestiary The Apocrypha Bestiary 261/106/211/Rds/ST/ D Painting the Female Body Melukis Tubuh Wanita untuk 116

131 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C for Ritualistic Sacrifice Pengorbanan Ritual 262/108/216/Avb/SP/ F Cirque du Soleil Cirque du Soleil 263/110/220/Avb/SC/ D 264/111/222/Rds/ST/ D 265/112/224/ Avb/SP/F 266/112/224/ Avb/SP/F 267/112/225/Apn/SP/ F HO H 2 O Shiva, the Hindu destroyer god Siwa, Dewa Kehancuran dalam agama Hindu Dorito Dorito Jell-O Jell-O Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse 268/113/226/Ppn/SP/F Galileo Galileo 269/113/226/Rds/SA/ F Inquisition sidang Inkuisisi 270/113/227/Apn/ST/ D Skeleton Kerangka 117

132 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 271/116/233/Ppn/SP/F Pippi Longstocking Pippi Longstocking 272/118/234/Gec/SP/F Frimley Frimley 273/118/235/Ppn/SP/F Miss Hope Miss Hope 274/118/235/Ppn/SP/F Penelope Penelope 275/118/236/Ppn/SP/F Grandma Grandma 276/118/236/Mdh/ST/ D 277/121/241/Rds/SG/ D Christmas Natal Satan Iblis 278/121/242/Ppn/SP/F Storm King Raja Badai 279/124/248/Ppn/SP/F Moray Moray 280/125/249/Ppn/SP/F Johnny Depp Johnny Depp 281/126/251/Ppn/SP/F Captain Sangray Captain Sangray 118

133 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 282/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Captain Kapten 283/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Phenny Phenny 284/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Frowd Frowd 285/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Ogle Ogle 286/128/254/Ppn/SA/ F 287/129/256/ Avb/SP/F stumpy Stump Stump yang memang sesuai dengan namany, stumpy gemuk pendek. Sonic Sonic 288/129/256/ Avb/SP/F Scrap Brain Zone Scrap Brain Zone 289/129/257/Ppn/SP/F Giliam Giliam 290/132/262/Ppn/SP/F Scurve Scurve 119

134 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 291/132/263/Ppn/SP/F Kit Kit 292/132/263/Ppn/SP/F Phenny Phenny 293/133/264/Ppn/ST/ D Dolphin Boy Bocah Lumba- Lumba 294/133/267/Ppn/SP/F Spider-Man Spider-Man 295/136/271/Avb/SP/ F Coke Coke 296/136/272/Avb/SP/ F Discovery Channel Discovery Channel 297/139/275/Ppn/SP/F Tranquebar Tranquebar 298/143/283/ Avb/SP/F 299/143\/283/Avb/SP/ F 300/144/287/Avb/SP/ F Ghirardelli Ghirardelli Pixar Pixar Barbie Barbie 301/145/290/Ppn/SP/F Ishmael Hynde Ishmael Hynde 120

135 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 302/146/291/Gec/SP/F Barcelona Barcelona 303/146/292/Gec/ST/ D Monaco Monako 304/146/292/Ppn/SP/F Hynde Hynde 305/146/292/Avb/SP/ F 306/146/292/Avb/SP/ F 307/147/292/Ppn/SC/ D Apple Apple Titanic Titanic Father Ayaaaah 308/151/300/Hdp/SP/ F Alice in Wonderland Alice in Wonderland 309/152/303/Ppn/SP/F Sangray Sangray 310/153/307/Apn/SP/ F 311/153/307/Hdp/SP/ F 312/156/310/Gec/SC/ D Cyclops Cyclops The Odyssey The Odyssey South Sea island salah satu pulau di Laut Pasifik 121

136 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 313/164/326/Grl/SP/F Nazis Nazis 314/164/327/Ppn/ST/ D Englishman Laki-laki Inggris 315/164/327/Mdh/ST/ D 316/164/327/Mdh/ST/ D Sundays Minggu Wednesdays Rabu 317/165/329/Ppn/SP/F Hades Hades 318/165/329/Ppn/SP/F Captain Will Draper Kapten Will Draper 319/166/331/Avb/SP/ F 320/166/331/Avb/SP/ F Bermuda Bermuda Izod Izod 321/167/331/Gec/SP/F Philadelphia Philadelphia 322/171/343/Ppn/SP/F Ichabod Crane Ichabod Crane 323/171/343/Avb/SP/ F Pieta Pieta 122

137 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 324/175/350/Gec/SP/F Tinz Tinz 325/177/355/Ppn/SP/F PhD PhD 326/178/356/Ppn/SP/F Charlotte LeVernais Charlotte LeVernais 327/178/356/Ppn/SP/F Charlotte Charlotte 328/179/360/Gec/SP/F Disneyland Disneyland 329/179/361/Ppn/ST/ D Witch Penyihir 330/180/362/Gec/SP/F Florida Florida 331/184/370/Avb/SP/ F Starbucks Starbucks 332/184/370/Ppn/SP/F LeBron James LeBron James 333/185/373/Ppn/SP/F Michael Jackson Michael Jackson 334/190/382/Ppn/SC/ D Mate Cordelia Anak buah Cordelia 123

138 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 335/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Jacques Jacques 336/191/384/Ppn/ST/ D Shaman Tranquebar Syaman Tranquebar 337/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Master Brendan Master Brendan 338/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Master Master 339/191/385/Ppn/SP/F Mister Mister 340/191/385/Hdp/SP/ F 341/194/391/Apn/SP/ F The Hobbit The Hobbit Majesty Majesty 342/199/402/Hdp/ST/ D Sixteen Flags Enam Belas Bendera 343/199/403/Ppn/SA/ F Krom of Slayne s Savage Warriors Krom dari Prajurit Barbar pimpinan Slayne 344/199/403/Hdp/SP/ F Panama- Pacific Panama- Pasifik 124

139 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 345/200/403/Hdp/SP/ F Game of Thrones Game of Thrones 346/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Maleficent Maleficent 347/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Paculla Annia Paculla Annia 348/208/422/Mbr/ST/ D Leaning Tower of Pisa Menara Miring Pisa 349/209/424/Hdp/SP/ F Avengers Avengers 350/209/424/Ppn/ST/ D Alexander the Great Alexander Agung 351/209/424/Ppn/SP/F Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler 352/209/425/Avb/SP/ F 353/216/438/Mbr/SP/ F Xlerator Xlerator Alta Vista Alta Vista 354/217/440/Ppn/SP/F Plato Plato 355/217/440/Ppn/SP/F Aristotle Aristotle 125

140 Ppn Apn Gec Mbr Hdp Mdh Grl Rds Avb Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies Code ST TT Foreig- Domestication nization A P L G O T C 356/218/442/Ppn/SP/F Anderson Cooper Anderson Cooper 357/219/443/Hdp/SP/ F Duck Soup Duck Soup 358/220/448/Gec/SO/ D San bloody Fransisco San Fransisco 359/221/449/Hdp/ST/ D Treaty of Utrecht Perjanjian Utrecht 360/221/449/Avb/SP/ F 361/221/450/Avb/SP/ F Idol Idol Corvette Corvette 362/221/450/Gec/SP/F California Street California Street 363/221/450/Mbr/SP/ F 364/223/453/Gec/ST/ D Days Inn Days Inn Baker Beach Pantai Baker 365/223/453/Gec/SP/F Pacific Pasifik Total

141 127

142 B. Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Krisna Bayu Aji NIM : Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa: Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni s House Of Secrets Novel Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar benarnya dan semoga dapat dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya. Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016 Triangulator Krisna Bayu Aji 127

143 SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Nia Juliarti NIM : Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa: Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni s House Of Secrets Novel Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar benarnya dan semoga dapat dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya. Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016 Triangulator Nia Juliarti 128