Pronunciation Workshop 视频配套字幕. The American dream does not come to those who fall out quick.

Transcription

1 Pronunciation Workshop 视频配套字幕 The American dream does not come to those who fall out quick. Session One 1. Consonant R 2. Consonant W Hi, I m your instructor Paul Gruber and welcome to the Pronunciation Workshops---First Training Session. I am very excited that you have taken this first step to improve your English pronunciation and I do hope that you would enjoy this program and receive great benefits from it. Before we begin I wanna make sure that you have downloaded and printed out the training manual which accompanies this course. If you have not yet done so, please do it soon because you ll definitely need it. Now you may be wondering how is it that I am going to help you change the way you speak. Well, basically, when you learned English as a second language, you kept many of the sounds and speech rules from your first language and you were continuing to use them when you speak English. This is what gives you an accent. You were using

2 the sounds and speech rules from your native language instead of the sounds and speech rules of English. And you know why? Well, because when you learned English, nobody ever showed you what the sounds and speech rules of English were until now. That s why I m coming. Because I am going to show you and train you on how to use these sounds and speech rules correctly. Knowing in using these rules will help you reduce or possibly even eliminate your accent. Now throughout the program you re often going to see me point to my mouth to show you how to produce a particular sound. I want you to pay close attention and try to copy exactly what it is I am doing. I would be showing you how to correctly form new sounds by changing the position of your tongue or changing the shape of your lips. These small changes are going to make very big changes in your speech. We re going to practising and I recommend that you use the training manual and try to practise often. When you practise, I recommend that you start out speaking slowly out loud in a strong voice while exaggerating all the mouth movements. What would you be doing is retraining the muscles of your mouth in your tongue to move in new ways, which will produce a new pronunciation patterns. These new speech patterns will slowly and eventually involve into your own spontaneous fast speech, but it is important that you start out going very slow. If you can pronunce words and

3 sentences correctly speaking slowly, well, then you ll have no problem in saying them fast. I believe practising is important, but I do not believe it s the only key towards success. Being aware of your errors. That s the key. Being aware and also recognizing mistakes when you hear them will probably be the most important factors towards your improvement. Another thing I d like you to keep in mind and I m sure you may have noticed this already is that when most Americans speak you will notice that we seem to open our mouth a lot and there is a great amount of mouth movements. Watch my mouth when I say something like Wow, was there really raining on Wednesday! Did you see how my mouth seemed to move? It wasn t with my lips flat. It wasn t Wow, was there really raining on Wednesday. There was a lot of movements. My mouth opened wide, but also my whole mouth moved forward. Now I find many foreign speakers, maybe because of their language characteristics, they don t move their mouths much. There is very little facial movement. Because of this, to an American listener, the words often sound mumble, making it very very difficult for an American listener to understand what it is you said. One way to be better understood immediately is to become more aware of your speech and to really start opening and moving your mouth.

4 I d like to try to observe what I m talking about. When you speak to native-borned Americans or watch TV or movies, notice how when Americans speak, generally our mouths really open big and our lips come forward. These movements have a lot to do with the sound of American English. I also want to add that I ll often be asking you to repeat words and sentences on these videos. Try to think as if we were both sitting in the same room and I am directly right in front of you. Listen carefully to the words and sounds that I give you. Listen carefully to my pronunciation and watch my mouth, then repeat the words back to me in your own voice with the techniques that I m showing you as clearly as you can. Now at first you may feel a bit of foolish talking to your computer screen, but really you shouldn t. Make believe you re speaking directly to me. You ll find this will to be extremely helpful and effective. During the course of this program, I will begin by addressing consonant sounds and then later on we ll work with vowel sounds. Now vowel sounds, as you know, are A E I O and U, like ahh, ohh, eee, ehh, ihh and ooo. And consonant sounds are basically all the other letters sounds, like b, ch, s, t, f, g, sh, w and of course, there are many many more sounds.

5 The consonants that we are going to cover in this first session are the consonant R and the consonant W. Ok, are you ready? Here we go. Let s get started. Let s start with the American R. R s are everywhere. They re probably the most commonly occurring consonant sound in English. One reason for this is that R s affect vowel sounds, especially when an R falls at the end of word or after a vowel sound as in the word CAR, or the word AIR, or the word TURN. After working with so many non-native English speakers from around the world, I believe the R sound is one of the main causes for being misunderstood in American English. Therefore, this is why I ve chosen to start out with this sound. Now when some languages, like our speaking Spanish, the R is produced by bringing the tongue forward in the front of the mouth behind the upper teeth and rolling or trilling the tongue~, like that. Now when some other languages, like German and French, the R is produced in the back of the throat, but this is not how we produce an R sound in the United States. In American English, in order to say a clear R sound, two distinct things hafta(have to) happen. The first thing is that our mouth and lips come tightly forward as if you would be saying the OO sound. Do this with me, say OO and make sure you bringing your lips all the way forward. Say OO. That s it. You see how your lips are forward?

6 That s what you wanna do. This is the position your mouth should be in when you producing an American R, like that, and I ll bet you know whenever I told you that. Now, the second thing is that your tongue moves back in your mouth. It doesn t come forward. It s pulled back. This is probably the opposite of what you re doing right now. So, for example, in the word Rock, notice how my lips are coming forward and my tongue moves back in my mouth and I push out the R sound. Watch this: RRRock. Do with me and exaggerate the R: RRRock. Watch with my head turn:rrrock. You see that? See how the whole bottom of my face came forward. Don t be afraid to do this. This forward mouth movement is what is going to give you an American R sound. It s not~ and it s not Rock with your lips flat. Your whole mouth really hasta( has to ) come forward. Now latter I recommend that you practise doing this in front of a mirror while watching your mouth. Really push out the R and remember to pull your tongue back. Now one way of checking if you re doing this correctly with your tongue is by actually putting your finger around an inch into your mouth while saying an R sound. Watch this, RRRock, like that. You should be able to take the tip of your finger and feel the tip of your tongue. If you do these two simple things---bringing your mouth forward and pulling your tongue back.

7 I m telling you your speech s going to be clear and you re going to sound so much better. Ok, we re going to start out with R s at the beginning of words. Here we go. Repeat after me. Rock Rip Reach Road Rain Rich Rome Raise Robe Rice Very good. Now repeat this sentence. The round rooster rushed into the wrong road. Very good. Now pronuncing R s like this may feel a little weird to you, but if you notice this is how most Americans talk. Ok. Now let s do R s at the end of words or after a vowel. When a foreign speaker produces R which at the end of word of follows a vowel, it s usually very weak---gets not really heard and leaves the

8 word opener unfinished, like in the word CAR. Now you may say CAR ending with the A vowel. But it s not CAR. It s CAR/r/. Your tongue hasta pull back. CAR. And also your lips close a little bit in the front. The R needs to be very strong and you need to close the word. CAR. Let s practise these words. Repeat after me. Car Far Star Door Bear Four Air Year( now has a high vowel sound EE.Year.) Turn Poor Very good. Ok. Now let s discuss R s in the middle of words. In the word Very, for example, which is a frequently used word in English. The R occurs in the middle of the word. It s not a D sound. The word is not Vedi, or Vehi, it s Very. Make sure that the R sound is strong and your lips are coming forward. Your tongue is back and you push out the R: Very, like that. Practise these sentences with me

9 nice and slow. He is Very Very nice, like that. See how my lips are coming all the way forward? Next one. She is Very Very tall. Here are some more practice words with R in the middle. Repeat after me. Direction Arrange Erase Correct Marry Garage Original Hurry Zero Marine Berry Operation Caring Arrive Everyone Ok. Very good. Now, R s are often combined with other consonants and form what we call R Blends. It is important to understand that

10 the R sound is the stronggest sound of the blend and your lips often come forward before you even say the word. And example of this is the word Grape. Now notice how my mouth comes forward before I even say the word. Grape. Did you see that? And notice in the word Grape the R sound is strongger and you even hear it more than the G sound. Grape. Here are some practice words with R Blends. First at the beginning of words. Here we go. Training Trust Trip Great Tropical Bring Print President Product Cracker Crawl Break Ok. Now in the middle of words.

11 Subtract Waitress Nutrition Australia Introduce Compress Oppression Betray Very good. Ok now let s practise R sounds in sentences. These sentences are filled with R s. Keep the R sound strong. Don t forget to bring your mouth forward and pull your tongue back. Say these sentences with me. Here we go. The story he read on the radio was incorrect. Her career in the law firm is permanent. Richard and Brooke took a ride in their brand new Range Rover truck. Everyone will respect the Royal Family when they arrive at the airport.(be shorter close to the word Air. It s not airport. It s Air, Airport, like that with strong R sound.) The trip to the Rocky Mountains will be rescheduled on Friday.

12 Very good. Ok now let s talk about W sounds. W sounds are very similar to R sounds. The major thing to keep in mind is that in English when you see a W, it always has a W sound. Like in the word What. Again notice how my mouth moves forward. One way to make sure you were doing this correctly is to first say oooo with your whole mouth forward, oooo, like that, and then, open and close your lips to make the W sound, like this, oooowawawa. That s how you produce a W. Wa, like that. It s never a V sound, /v/,or you re like biting down on your lower lip, never. We ll be going over V sounds in the fourth session. The reason I mention this is because many foreign speakers, especially the German speakers say, for example, Vhat with V for the word What. Instead of saying What will we do?, which is correct. They may say Vhat vill ve do? And that is not right and many people may not understand you. Bring your mouth forward on those W words. What will we do. Say with me. What will we do. Very good. Now as I said the W and the R are similar, both of them are made with your mouth in the forward position and your tongue pulled back. Your mouth should be a little bit tighter when you re saying an R. Listen to the similarities and differences between these R and W words. Rick Wick

13 Right White It s not Vhite with V. It s White with W. Very good. Also be aware that the W sound occurs in some words beginning with the letter O, like in the words: One, Once. You might not be aware of this. Practise the W words with me. We ll start out with W at the beginning of words. Don t forget to bring your mouth forward at the beginning of each word. Why Which When What Wipe Wish Weight Wing Very good. Ok now W in the middle of words. Always Away Beware Awake

14 Someone Rewind Halloween Hollywood Now practise these W sentences. The wind from the west was very wet. (Remember Very starts with the V sound followed by a strong R. --Was very wet. Very good.) We woke up and washed the white washcloth. We waited for the waitress to give us water. We had a wonderful time in Washington and Wisconsin. Very good. Now while we are talking the W sounds, I d like to mention Q sounds. How are Q sounds related? Well, Q sounds are made with the K/k /sound and the W sound/w/ put together. You may have known that. So, for example, the word Quick is pronunced with the K and the strong W sound. KWICK, like that. Repeat some of these words beginning with the Q sound. Question Quiet Queen Qualify Quit

15 Quebec Quilt And also in the CH word Choir Very good. Ok, here now is a paragraph which contains many R and W sounds. You may wanna practise reading this paragraph a few times. Notice how my lips come forward and all my Rs and Ws. Try to do the same thing and don t forget. Do not roll your R ~. Don t do that. Here we go. Ray was born in Russia. He dreamed of building the perfect roller coaster at the Grand Canyon in Arizona. He had a friend named Fred who lived in Norway. Fred s profession was designing railroad tracks and his career involved traveling all around the world. Ray thought it would be perfect if Fred designed his roller coaster ride. Fred was creative, brilliant and worked well with railroad tracks. He would be the perfect engineer for the project. The ride took two years to construct and was painted red and white. Everyone really wanted to ride the brand-new roller coaster. Very good. Now if you strongly push out those Rs and Ws when you practise eventually your Rs and W sounds are going to be clear and your speech will be much easier to understand.

16 If you have the time watch the session again and practise your pronunciation along with me, then take out your training manual and practise on your own. All the word lists and reading passages that are on these videos are in the munual as well. I hope you enjoy our first session together. Fell free to watch this session again. I m Paul Gruber with the Pronunciation Workshop and I ll see you next time. Session Two 1. Voicing 2. Consonant pairs 3. Consonant S 4. Consonant Z Voicing Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshops---Second Session. I hope things have been going well since we last met. I would like to just mention again there are literarlly hundreds of languages around the world and every language has its own set of characteristics. What I ve done in this program is to address the most significant pronunciation errors made by most foreign speakers that you may find that not every

17 lesson pertains to you individually pronunciation problem. If that s the case, well, that s great cause you ll get less to work on. But I hate you to miss out anything important. Therefore, I still do recommend that you watch all of the sessions in chronological order from the first session to the last session to get the most out of this program and latter on if you feel you meed more practice, review the sesions which you feel may need more attention. Ok. Let s get started with today s session. In this video, we re going to talk about Voicing. We ll also talk about Consonant Pairs and what they are and then we ll cover S sounds and Z sounds. Ok, here we go. Voicing. You re going to hear me say this word a lot and you need to understand what it is what I m talking about. All speech sounds, all of them are either voiced or unvoiced. Now, what did that mean? Well, first, let s take a look at this video. It may look a little bit disgusting. Do you have any idea what it is. It s look like something that is opening and closing. I ll give you a hint. You ve got pair of these and you use them when you speak. Any idea? Those were vocal chords. Vocal chords are those tiny muscles that are right here when your throat that vibrates quickly and creat sound and that sound is your voice that you can easily make you vocal chords vibrate by just saying AH. That s it. That s voicing. Voicing is when your cocal

18 chords are vibrating, producing a sound, and you can feel the vibrations if you put your hand right here on your throat. Do this with me. Put your hand on your throat and now let s loud say AH. Do you feel the vibration? Those your vocal chords vibrating. Now all vowel sounds are voiced A, Oh, OO, AE, EE. You can not produce a vowel sound without voicing it. Nothing would come out. You see? You need voicing. AH. So all vowels are voiced. Now, consonants are completely different story. Some consonants are voiced and some consonants are not voiced. And many consonants are what we call paired. So, let s talk about Paired Consonants. Let s look at the sound. The letter P makes /p//p//p/-- that s the sound of the letter P. Are your vocal chords vibrating when you re saying the sound?/p//p//p/.you feeling vibrations in your throat? No, your vocal chords now are not producing a sound so therefore the P sound is what we call unvoiced because there is no voicing. And this is the sign that I m going to make when there s no voicing. So now let s look at the same sound the P sound /p//p//p/. But this time we ll add voicing by vibrating our vocal chords. Now we won t change the thing with our mouth. We ll keep that the same, we ll just add voicing. So what happens to the P sound /p//p/---/b//b/. It becomes a B sound. Watch again. P no voicing, /p//p//p/. /b/--b, voicing. /p/--/b/. You see that everything here stays the same. The

19 only differences my vocal chords are either vibrating or they re not vibrating. So we say the P sound and the B sound are Paired Consonants. They re produced exactly the same way here in your mouth, but the P sound has no voicing and the B sound /b//b/ does have voicing. Ok. Having said that, let s look at another set of consonants. How about the letter T. What sound does that make? /t//t//t/. Is that voiced or unvoiced? /t//t//t/--it s unvoiced. Your vocal chords are not vibrating. /t//t/. Now don t change the thing with your mouth. Just take the same sound and add voicing. What does that T sound become?/t//t/---/d//d//d//d/---becomes a D sound. So we say that the T sound /t/ and the D sound /d/ are also Paired Consonants. Ok. Now let s look at the F sound /f/. We re biting down on your lower lip---/f/. Is that a voiced sound or unvoiced sound? /f/---it s unvoiced. Your vocal chords are not vibrationg. /f/. Now same sound but this time we add voicing. /f/---/v/. V. It becomes a V/v/. You see that? F/f/---no voicing. V---voicing./v/. So the F and V are also Paired Consonants. There are many more consonants that are paired and we ll get to those at another time. But for now, I m going to to mention just one more. The S consonant, made with the air going through your front teeth. /s/. Any voicing going on with the sound /s/. No, the S sound is unvoiced./s/. What would be if you didn t change the thing. You just

20 add voicing. What would the S sound become. /s/---/z/. It will become a Z sound/z/. So S has no voicing /s/, Z has voicing/z/. So we say the S sound and Z sound are also Paired Consonants. And this brings us to what I would like to cover today---s sounds/s/, Z sounds /z/and how they work in terms of word endings. I find that most people who learn English as a second language do not use the proper voicing on /s/ and /z/ endings. So what happens is it can cause your speech to sound unclear and sometimes may cause you to be misunderstood. I m going to show you three easy rules that will help you pronunce many of these words correctly. This first rule is easy and this one I know you probably do already. Rule 1: If the last sound in a word is unvoiced, and you re adding an S, well, then the S remains unvoiced, too. Let me explain that. Take the word Cup. Cup. It ends with the unvoiced P /p//p/cup /p//p/or then if you add an S to the word Cup to make a plural. The S you add also remains unvoiced. So, for example, you have one cup or two cups. There s no voicing at the end of that word. The S remains unvoiced. One cup. Two cups. That s easy. You already do this. I ll show you another word Cat. Cat ends with the unvoiced T/t//t/. One cat. Two cats. Again the S ending is unvoiced. Cats. This also goes for verbs like in the verb Break. I Break. Break ends with the unvoiced K sound/k//k/. There s no voicing on that K. So when you put the

21 word in the third person. He Breaks. The S you add also remains unvoiced. He breaks. I stop(ends with the unvoiced P /p/). I stop. He stops./s/---unvoiced S. Stops. Now as I said you already follow this rule and there really isn t anything you don t know. But on rule No.2, now this one you probably do not do, So pay close attention to this rule. When adding an S to a word to make a plural. If a word ends with any of these sounds S Z SH CH or DG(J) as in Judge. Don t worry. You really don t need to memorize this. It will become automatic. When you add an S ending, this time, we always add the ending IZZZZZ with the voiced Z. It doesn t matter that it s spelled with an S. It s never S, unvoiced, never. It s always IZZZZZ with voiced Z. Ok. Do this with me. Put your hand on your throat, cause I want you to feel the vibration in your neck and say IZZZZZ. Feel that right here IZZZZZ. Ok, so let s look at the word Page, for example, which ends in a voiced sound. One Page becomes Two Page with that voiced Z. Two Pages. It s not Two Pages/s/,unvoiced,no. It s Two Pages /z/ with the voiced Z. Even though you spell the word like this, in American English you pronunce the word like this PAGEZZ. You re probably saying I never knew that. See what you re learning from me. Ok, let s look at another word in the word BUS, for example, BUS ends with an S

22 sound /s/. BUS. So if you make a plural, you re going to add the ending IZZZZZ with the voiced Z. So we ve got One Bus or Two Buses. Buses. Two Buses. The last sound you hear is that voiced Z, Buses. Next one. Lunch. Lunch ends with the CH sound [ʧ]. So we ve got One Lunch or Two Lunches. Lunches./IIIZ/. Very good. Let s do some verbs. Raise. Meaning like to raise my hand. This word is a bit unusual because even though it is spelled with an S, it s pronunced with the voiced Z. So we say I Raise with the voiced Z ending. And he Raises. Raise. He Raises his hand. It s voiced. Next one. Brush. Like to Brush our teeth. I Brush. He Brushes. Brushes. It s a voiced ending. Push. I Push. He Pushes. He pushes. Very good. By voicing these endings, your speech will become clearer, sharper and cleaner. Most likely you haven t noticed that American English spoken this way, but now as I pointed out listen forward when you hear people speak. To an a native listener, this makes a very big difference. Ok, here comes the thrid rule. This one s easy. If a word ends with a vowel sound, all you do is add a voiced Z. It s simple. Let s look at the word Tree. The last sound you hear in that word is the vowel /EE/ and remember a vowel is always voiced. So the word ends in a voiced sound. Tree. So what you wanna do if you re going to add an S to word like this to make a plural is you continue the voicing

23 throughout the whole word and add on a voiced Z. So here we go. You ve got One Tree or Two Trees. It s not Trees /s/ with the unvoiced S. It s Tress /z/ with that voiced ending. You see that. Another example, the word Day. It ends with the voiced sound /e/, so you have One Day or Two Days. It s not Days/s/---unvoiced S. Days/z/, with voiced Z ending. Next one. Shoe. One shoe. Two shoes. Next is the verb Fly, which ends with the voiced sound [аɪ]. So you ve got I Fly. He Flys. Keep that ending voiced. Flys. The last sound you hear in the word Game is the M sound /m/, which is a voiced consonant. So because of that, when you add an S, the S should also be voiced. One game. Two games. Games. Another word. Head ends with the voiced D/d/, so we got One Head or Two Heads. Heads. It s voiced. Two heads. Very good. Next word. Train ends with the voiced n. See that? So you ve got One Train or Two Trains. Two Trains with the voiced Z ending. Song ends with the voiced NG sound, so if you make a plural, don t forget to add a voiced Z ending. You ve got One Song or Two Songs. Two Songs. Now what I just showed you take some practice to actually incorporate into your English. But I can tell you from past experience that most my clients were able tomaster these S and Z voiced endings in just a few weeks.

24 Ok, now for something else. As you know by now, English is a difficult and crazy language. All these words that I m going to show you now are written with an S, however, they re all pronunced with voiced Z. Why this is I have no idea, but this is how English is. Here we go. The word Is. It s not /Is/(unvoiced). It s pronunced as if it were a Z/IZ/. This is good. You hear that. Is. His. Same thing. It also has a voiced Z ending. His mom is Mary. As. You pronunce it with voiced Z. As the phone ring. Was, which is a very common word. It was raining. These, voiced ending. These are my children. Those. Those are my books. Easy, again, the S is like a voiced Z. Easy. This is easy. Because, which is another common word. Because we were late. Ok, now let s do some practice with reading passages. Each of these has many voiced and unvoiced S and Z sounds. All of the unvoiced Z sounds you ll see are underlined. If you printed out the training manual using a color printer, you ll notice that the voiced Z sounds are all printed in red. This will help you visually see which sounds should be voiced. I m going o slow and exaggerate the sounds. You may just wanna listen to me first, then stop the video, practise on your own and then later on watch this video again and pratice with me. Whatever feels right to you. Now this first one has many voiced Z sounds. Here we go.

25 Another zippy, zappy, crazy day comes to a close. As we zoom up to Joe s snooze zone,zoe Jones of Zodiac Zoo plays with her zipper. Very good. Next one. Last week, Jim s brothers were picked to represent their country in the Olympic Games. Two of the brothers were swimmers, while the other two were long distance runners. All of the brothers wore glasses. These athletes worked hard at qualifying for the games and were hoping to come home with prizes. Since the brothers go to the same university, they often take the same courses. This makes studying easier and gives them more time to do other things. O, here s the last one. On Thursday, I had a very lazy day. I woke up early and first squeezed oranges into juice. I then got dressed and watched the sunrise come up over the mountains. It was so beautiful that I took many pictures with my camera and I used three rolls of film. After drinking two cups of coffee, I got dressed, left the house, and walked three miles home. Very good. Now another good way to practise these voiced S and Z endings is to do a naming activity. What you do is you just sit in your rome and out loud name everything you see. First in singular form, and then in plural form. For example, you look around and

26 you say out loud One door, Two doors with the voiced Z ending. One table. Two tables. One computer. Two computers. One light. Two lights. Some of my clients found this to be very helpful. In addition, try listening for these voiced sounds when you hear native-borned Americans speak. It s very good ear-training and that ll help you improve. Soon, slowly begin to put these sounds into your ownspeech. You ll find that by adding these voiced endings your English will sound cleaner and people will have an easier time understanding you. Believe me it s going to really make an improvement. Before we finish, I have one more suggestion that comes from clients who have taken this program. I think it s really a good idea. If you can find a very small mirror and attach it maybe with some tape right onto the side of your computer monitor right next to the screen. By having a mirror right in front of you during our sessions you can easily read the text on the screen, watch my mouth and then look right into the mirror at your own mouth. You ll be able to compare your mouth with what I m doing. And you ll know whether you re forming your lips and tongue into the correct positions. Through imitation and following my instructions, you ll be becoming closer to speaking with American accent. Well, that is for today. Relax. Have fun and practise what I ve shown you until next time. I m Paul

27 Gruber with Pronunciation Workshop and I ll see you on the next session. Session Three 1. The Unvoiced TH Sound 2. The Voiced TH Sound 3. THR Blends 4. Voicing the T Sound Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshops---Third Training Session. In this class, we will cover the American TH sounds, both the unvoiced TH[θ] and the voiced TH[ð]. This is one of my favourite areas because when you correctly produce TH sounds, you will significantly improve the way you speak English. Later on in this video, we ll also address voiced T sounds. Now except for maybe a few languages, English is one of the only language in the world that has TH sound when your tongue comes out between your teeth[θ] that you may have a difficult time with this sound because this sound probably does not exist in your own native language. Therefore, you don t think to use the sound when you

28 speak English. Most likely, you just sbustitute another sound, like a T or an S. So instead of saying a word like Thumb, my Thumb, which this is and notice my tongue is coming out. My thumb. You ve been saying Tumb. My Tumb or my Sumb and your tongue is not coming out. That is not correct. If you made mistake like this and connected speech over and over again. There s a good chance people are not going to understand you. I have found that some people from different cultures of the world find the idea of sticking out their tongue when they speak to be rude and offensive even if it is to produce a TH sound, I want you to understand that this is how American speak English and it is something that you must become comfortable with if you wish to speak well. To produce TH sound correctly you need to first stick your tongue out between your teeth and bite down slightly[θ], then blow[θ]. This created Air Friction. The sound comes from the air friction and should be pretty loud[θ]. Keep your tongue flat and maintain it even steady flow of air. I m not just saying stick it out a little bit, I m saying stick it way out at least while you re practising to get used to the feeling. The TH sound comes from the air and the friction. You have got to hear it and should be somewhat loud [θ], like that. If you re like most people, you may need to work on this a little bit but trust me I know you can do it. Hundreds of my clients who have never produced a TH sound

29 in their lives are speaking English English clearly and beautifully, because they ve learned how to do this. It may help if you look at a mirror and watch your mouth and tongue. See if you can maintain the air flow for these sounds [θ],like that. I know this may feel very strange and uncomfortable to do possibly, but soon you ll get used to it and the small change in your speech is going to really improve how your English sounds. Now the TH sound is a friction sound and it s not as aloud as other speech sounds. Therefore American speakers stretch them out a little bit we don t even realize we do this, but this make the sound come out clearer. Let me show you what I mean. Let s look again at the word Thumb. For practicing purposes, think of the word in two beats: One. Two. [θ]thumb. You see that? Notice how long I m holding the TH sound. [θ] Thumb. It s not good enough just to put your tongue between your teeth and say a TH word. Like this~. You see that, my tongue came out. But there was never any air friction. That s not good. You must stretch out the TH sound and hear the air friction. Thumb. Like that. Let s pratise some words with TH sounds. First at the beginning of words. Here we go. Thanks Thick Thunder Thursday

30 Think Now in the middle of words. Anything Bathmat Toothpick Athletic Mouthwash Now at ends of words. Bath North Beneath Fourth South Very good. Ok now let s talk about voiced TH sounds. To make a voiced TH sound, all you have to do is take the TH sound that I just showed you and just add voicing [ð]. There s the voiced TH. You should be able to feel the strong vibration in your throat and on your tongue [ð]. Let s go over some of these voiced TH sounds. This first set of words are some of those the most commonly used words in English and yes

31 they should all be voiced and all made with your tongue coming through your teeth. First at the beginning of words. The (The book) That (That house) They (They came over) Them (Give them water) There (There it is) This (This is my nose) Those (Those boys are good) These (These are my parents) You know, another good way to practise these words is by going around your room and naming everything you see using a TH word. For example, the chair, that window, those books, this door, like that. Then go around and name your body parts in some clothing like that shoe, this watch, these feet. Ok. That may be helpful. Let s look at these voiced TH sounds in the middle of words. Clothing. Notice how my tongue comes out in the middle of the word and the TH sound is pushed out. Clothing. Leather. Same thing. Stick out your tongue and make a very strong vibration. Leather. Mother

32 Another Weather Northern And now at the ends of words. Smooth. Believe it or not. The TH in Smooth is voiced. Most foreign speaker say this word incorrectly. They say Smooth, the unvoiced TH. But it s voiced. Smooth [ð]. Bathe. The word Bath is a noun, with an unvoiced TH. Bath. But when you change it into a verb to bathe the vowel changes to an /e/ sound and the TH is voiced. Bathe, like again. Batheing suit. Breathe. Same thing. Breath is a noun. Take a breath, unvoiced. But when you change it into a verb, the vowel changes and becomes Breathe. I am breathing with the voiced TH. Now, let s do some practice phrases. These all have voiced and unvoiced TH sounds. Repeat after me. This and that A tablecloth Winter clothing Athens, Greece That s the one Her skin is smooth

33 Thirty Day s notice A famous author Here and there False teeth Thread the needle A thoughtful gift Thunder and lightening Thumbs up Repeat these sentences. Thelma arrived in town last Thursday. I m having trouble threading this needle. I need 33 thick thermometers. The thing they like best about Athens is the weather. This thrilling novel was written by a famous author. He will be through with his work at three-thirty. Now and then, she likes to buy new clothing. They thought they were going to Northern Spain. Which tablecloth shall we use for the party?

34 That was the thirty-third theatre to open. Now, I d like to talk about THR Blends which is the combination of TH sonund and the R sound. Like in the word Thrill or Throw. When producing these blends, I want to be aware that the R is the stronggest sound of the blend and it s louder than the TH. Just like what we talked about in the first session. So when you say a word which begins with THR. First make the TH sound and then strongly push out the R. Let s practise a few of these. Thread (thread the needle) Throw (throw the ball) Throat (my throat is sore) Thrill (a thrilling ride) Three (three more days) Threw (yesterday he threw the ball) Throne (the king sits on a throne) Ok, now let s go over this reading paragraph. It has many TH sounds and it might be difficult, but it is a very good paragraph to practise on. You may wanna watch me do this a number of times. Keep your eyes on my mouth and notice how often my tongue comes out. Try to do the same thing. Here we go.

35 Nurse Thatcher was thankful it was Thursday. She knew that on Thursday she had to deliver 33 boxes of thermometers to the North American Athletic Club. They thoughtthat thermometers were necessary for testing the hydrotherapy baths. This was thought to benefit the athletes with arthritis. The athletic trainers required authorization to provide hydrotherapy to the youthful athletes on the three bulletin boards withthumbtacks throughout the athletic club. Rather than risk the health of the athletes, they thoroughly checked the thousands of thermometers to insure their worthiness; otherwise they needed to be thrown away. Very good, I hope that wasn t too bad. As I said that is an excellent paragraph to practise on. You should review it a few times if you can. Ok, now as I always said English is a crazy language and there are always to be exceptions. Here are a few TH exceptions that I d like to point out. Although these next words and names are spelled with TH. They re pronounced as if they were spelled with a normal T/t/, like that. And these words are: Thomas Thompson Theresa Thailand

36 Thames, likethe river Esther Thyme,which is a spice Ok, now let s take a moment and talk about T sounds. The T sound is the unvoiced sound like in the name Tom or the word TV. If you add voicing to a T, what do you get? /t/---/d/, a D. Remember? We went over this in the first session, but I want to tell you is in American pronunciation we like to make things easy. So if a letter T falls between two vowel sounds, which are voiced. So if it falls in the middle of vowels, then the T is pronunced as a D and the whole word is voiced. This is very easy and you may already be doing this correctly. Here are three examples: Water is pronunced as Wader, the T into a D and the whole word is voiced. Water. I want water. Better becomes Bedder. She s feeling better. And Butter becomes Budder. Please pass the butter. This should be simple. So now that you know that. Practising this poem with me. Remember all the Ts are pronunced as Ds because they fall between vowels. Betty bought a bit of better butter. But, said she, this butter s bitter. If I put itin my batter, it ll make my batter bitter.

37 Again, notice that you do not hear any T sounds /t/. they are only Ds /d/, which are voiced. Go over this poem a few times. It s also printed in your manual. Once you get good at it, try to speed it up. I ll do it one more time for you a little bit faster: Betty bought a bit of better butter. But, said she, this butter s bitter. If I put itin my batter, it ll make my batter bitter. Well, that was marvellful. Ok, start by practising it slow and then later get faster. Try to let the words just roll out of your mouth. That s for today s session. Try spending some time in front of a mirror and practising these TH sounds like Thumb and Throw. The small change will really improve your English and make you a lot more understandable. I m Paul Gruber with the Pronunciation Workshop and I ll see you at our next session. Good bye! Session Four 1. Consonant F 2. Consonant V 3. The Unvoiced SH Sound

38 4. The Voiced ZSH Sound Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshops---Fourth Training Session. I hope things have been going well. Today, we ll cover F and V sounds as well as SH and voiced SH sounds. Just a reminder all of the material covered in those videos are also printed in your training manual for pratising later on. Let s get started. In the last session, we talked about Air Friction with TH sounds [θ] that the sound is made with air friction. Well, today we re going to talk about Air Friction again, but this time it is with F and V sounds. The F and V are paired consonants and they are both produced exactly the same way except the F sound is unvoiced and the V sound is voiced. They are both produced by contacting your upper teeth to your lower lip. It s sort of feels like your biting down on your lower lip /v/,like that. Now remember all the voicing means that your vocal chords here on your throat are vibrating and making a sound. So the F sound is unvoiced and sounds like this /f/ and the V sound is voiced, and sounds like this /v/. Correctly pronuncing these sounds will make your speech nuch clearer and you more intelligible, like the TH sounds from the last session. Fs and Vs are friction sounds and not

39 that loud. So we stretch these sounds out a little bit, so they can be clearly heard. Let s start by looking at the F sound in the word Foot. Now many foreign speakers may use the right positioning by biting down on their lower lip, but they still keep the F very short and they don t creat air friction. Therefore, you do not hear the F clearly and it sounds like~. That s no good. Let me show you what you need to do. First think of the word is having two beats: one- two. Hold the F sound for the first full beat. F---oot, like that. Do it again. F---oot. Do you see how long I m holding that F? Now I know that s a little bit exaggerated, but you get the idea. You need to hear the air friction when practising. Try to give the F one beat F---oot. Let s work with words beginning with the letter F. Here we go. Find Finally Family Freedom,with the strong R, freedom Laugh, notice the gh combination in that word,laugh. Telephone, notice the ph combination in that word, it s also pronunced as an F telephone, It s the same thing in this next word

40 Symphony, this is a tricky one because you ve got the M sound followed by an F sound, symphony. And the last word Rough, notice the gh combinatin in that word,rough. Let s work on this paragraph. Do you feel like a physical wreck? Are you fed up with your feeling of fatigue? Have you had enough of feeling rough? Why don t you fight fever with Pharaoh s Friend. A medicine that is tough on Flu. Very good. Ok now let s talk about the V sound. First of all, like the F sound. Don t make the V sound too short. Let s look at the word Vote, you ve got to stretch out the V. Like this.v---ote, V---ote. Are you hearing that long V sound. That s what you should be doing. Now, depending on your native language, you may be replacing your V sounds for W sounds. Be careful not to do this. The word is not Wote, it s Vote. Every V that you ll see in English is made with this lip-biting position./v//v//v/. When you say a V, it s never WaWaWa.

41 It s never a W sound. It s always V---, V---ote, like that. Let s practise some words with the V sounds, Here we go. Vine Oven Evaluate Voice Travel River,notice the strong R, River Every And now the ends of words Glove Alive And Leave. This last word Leave is very different from the word Leaf, like from the tree, which has an unvoiced F The word is leave,with voiced V. Keep the voicing going throughout the whole word and voice the V. Leave, like that. If you stop the voicing at the end of the vowel /i/, then you ll be saying Leaf with an unvoiced F and the word we re trying to say is Leave with the voiced V. Ok, now let s look at the

42 paired words with F and V. You ll see here just by adding voicing, you can completely change the meaning of the word. Here we go. Feel Veal Safe Save Fat Vat Fine Vine Face Vase Fan Van Foul Vowel Proof Prove Very good. Ok now we re going to work on listening exercises and ear-training. I m going to displace some words with V sounds, however, some words I ll be saying correctly and then some others are purposely saying incorrectly. I want you to listen carefully to my pronunciation and to the voicing of the V sounds and see whether or not you can tell if I m saying the words correctly or incorrectly. Here we go. Here s the first word. Stove-- I cooked dinner on a hot stove. Was that correct? No. I should have said Stove/V/. I cooked dinner on a hot stove with a voiced V.

43 Next word, Five. There, four, five.correct? Yes, I said Five with voiced V. Leave I m in a hurry, and I need to leave. Is that correct? No, it s not Leaf with an unvoiced F. I should have said Leave with the voiced V sound. Visa She just received her international Visa. Correct? No, I said Fisa with an unvoiced F. I should have said Visa with voiced V. Living I am living in a house. Is that correct? Yes, the V is voiced. Living. That s correct. Ok, now repeat these phrases. A famous athlete A food vendor The Foreign Service Summer vacation Vocabulary test Over the rainbow Our first victory Harvard University Husband and wife Very well done

44 Good. Ok now repeat these sentences with me. Her promotion in the firm was well deserved. There was only one survivor on the island. Steve noticed that the olive juice must have stained his sleeve. The street vendor was selling souvenirs to tourists. Dave gave me his car so that I could drive on New Year s Eve. There were several dents in the rear fender. Tom placed several tomatoes from the vine into a basket. Very good. Now we re talking about English so you know that there s always an exception to everything. I would like to show you what I call the OF Exeception. Many foreign speakers make this mistake. Even though the word OF is spelled with an F, we pronunce the word OF with the voiced V. I know this sounds crazy, but it s true. For example, Statue OVVV Liberty. And notice how I connected the word OF with the word. Liberty of Liberty. You see OF is voiced. Here s another example. It s made ovvv Glass or it s made ovvv Wood. It s not OF with unvoiced /f/. It s all voiced and it s all connected. It s made ovvv wood, like that.

45 Very good. Ok now let s go on to something new. Let s talk about SH sounds [ʃ] and voiced SH sounds [ʒ]. First, to make the SH sound, you bring your lips forward, keep them open, and leave your teeth slightly apart. Blow air through your teeth and produce the sound [ʃ]. It s an easy sound. What you may not know was that there are some words in English that are written with the letter S, but are pronunced with the SH sound. Words like Sugar and Sure. And to make things even more difficult. There are a couple of words that are spelled with CH and are also pronunced the [ʃ] sound. Words like Chef and the city of Chicago. Ok, having said that let s go over these words: She Sugar Sure Shadow Sheep Shirt Shoe Shape Chicago Chef

46 Very good. Ok now let s do [ʃ] sounds in the middle of words. You ll notice that there are many different spellings for these sound, but the sound is always the same. Here we go. Nation Motion Mission Special Reputation Official Machine Fishing Insurance Sunshine Ocean Tissue Addition Subtraction And now at the end of words. Rush Dish

47 Establish Splash Irish Fresh Finish Very good.ok, let s do some sentences now. The fishing trip was planned and we left to go to the ocean. Was the chef ashamed to use the precious sugar? Sharon gave a special performance. He will be stationed in Washington, D.C, the nation s capital. She went to a fashion show after taking a shower. She sells seashells by the seashore. The social club was praised for their cooperation. Now try this. Joe s weather machine shows a sharp drop in air pressure, especially offshore. Ships in motion on the ocean should be sure to use caution.

48 Very good. Ok, now let s work on the voiced SH sound [ʒ]. To produce this sound, first make a [ʃ] sound and then you add voicing [ʃ] --[ʒ]-, like that. [ʒ]. Now, for some people this may take a little bit of practice, you should feel the vibrations right here in your throat [ʒ]. Believe it or not. This is a very important sound in American English. Many none-native English speakers mispronunce the words with the sound, especially the words Usual and Uusual, which are very very common. If you were someone that pronunce the word Usual as ~(a wrong pronunciation). I m telling you you re not being understood. Let me show you how to pronunce the word Usual correctly. Break it up into three syllables. U-ZSHU-AL. That s second syllable ZSHU, the one with the underline needs to be voiced. Put your hand on your throat and feel for the vibration in the second syllable U-ZSHU-AL. Now, put it together U-ZSHU-AL, Usual, like that. Ok now try Usual, UN-U-ZSHU-AL, Unusual, like that. Very good. Now let s practise some more words. It may help if you keep your hand right here on your throat to feel the vibrations. Here we go. Vision Visual Conclusion Asia

49 Version Division Casual Television Very good. Now there are only a few words that have the voiced [ʒ]sound at the end. A few of these words are: The color Beige. The word Massage. And the word Prestige. Ok. Now that you re great at this. Let s go over some sentences. It s not unusual for people to study division in Asia. I usually use a measuring cup to measure erosion. The beige walls were the usual color in the treasury building. Very good, you ll find in your manual that there is a worksheet that you could list things that you would consider usual and things that you would consider to be unusual. For pratice, fill this list and read your answers out loud in full sentences. Like this: It s usually hot in the summer.

50 And it s unusual for me to be late for an appointment. Great. Well now it s time to go on practice. You may want to wait a day or two and then watch this training session again. You ll find that the things in this video again would probably be very helpful. Ok, have fun practising. I m Paul Gruber for the pronunciation workshop and I ll see you at our next session. Session Five 1. Consonant L Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshops---Fifth Training Session. We re really moving along. In this session, we will cover the L sound, which happens to be another important speech sound. Dpending on your native language, some speakers have a very difficult time with the L sounds. L sounds are actually very easy. Here are a few things to remember. No.1. When you re saying a word which begin with an L, your mouth should be wide open and your jaw should be down, like this. That s an easy one. No.2.Your tongue should rise up and push just behind your top teeth, like this. Notice my mouth is open.