California 2 ND EDITION. English Language Arts Standards Review

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1 California 2 ND EDITION 5 English Language Arts Standards Review

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 Test-Taking Tips... 3 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies... 5 Lesson 1: What s the Word?... 6 Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Lesson 2: Taking Words Apart Content Standards: RW1.2, RW1.4, WC1.5 Unit 2 Reading and Understanding Lesson 3: What s the Big Idea? Content Standards: RC2.3, RL3.4 Lesson 4: Details, Details, Details Content Standard: RC2.3 Lesson 5: Critical Reading Skills Content Standards: RC2.1, RC2.2, RC2.3, RC2.4, RL3.7, WS1.3 Lesson 6: Getting to Know the Author Content Standards: RC2.3, RC2.4, RC2.5, RL3.1, RL3.7 Unit 3 Kinds of Reading Lesson 7: Made-Up Stories Content Standards: RL3.1, RL3.2, RL3.3, RL3.4, RL3.6, RL3.7 Lesson 8: Painting Pictures with Words Content Standards: RW1.5, RL3.1, RL3.5, RL3.6, RL3.7 Lesson 9: Comparing Reading Passages Content Standards: RL3.3, RL3.6 Unit 4 Writing Basics Lesson 10: Building Sentences Content Standards: WC1.1, WC1.2 Lesson 11: Shaping Sentences and Paragraphs Content Standards: WC1.1, WC1.2, WS1.1, WS1.2.1, WS1.2.2, WS1.2.3, WS1.6 Lesson 12: Pronouns Content Standard: WC1.2 iii

3 Table of Contents Lesson 13: Capitalization Content Standard: WC1.4 Lesson 14: Punctuation Content Standard: WC1.3 Lesson 15: Spelling Content Standard: WC1.5 Unit 4 Practice To the Teacher: Content Standards codes are listed for each lesson in the table of contents and on each page in the shaded gray bars that run across the tops of the pages in the workbook (see the example at right). These codes identify the Content Standards covered on a given page. iv

4 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Lesson 1: What s the Word? The conifers started to move really move. They leaned over the path, grappling for the hobbit with their scraggly limbs as he galumphed through the weald. You may be thinking, Huh? What does this mean? Take a look at this version: The pine trees started to move really move. They leaned over the path, grasping for the small, human-like creature with their rough limbs as he walked clumsily through the forest. Well, why didn t you say so? But we did! English is full of unusual words. You are sure to run into a few unfamiliar words in a book or on a reading test. Learning new words is one of the great things about reading! So, are you supposed to learn the meaning of every word possible? No, but you do need a plan to figure out the meaning of words you don t know. Read on to learn some tips for answering vocabulary questions, even when you don t know the meanings of the words. TIP 1: Find the vocabulary word in the selection. Before you answer a vocabulary question, you should go back and find the word in the selection. Read the sentence where the word appears. You may even want to read a few sentences before and after the vocabulary word.

5 Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Lesson 1: What s the Word? TIP 2: Look for other words that mean the same thing (synonyms). Sometimes the selection will use other words that have meanings close to the word you are trying to figure out. These kinds of words are called synonyms. Read the following passage and answer Numbers 1 and 2. Brooke had planned the perfect escape: a tightrope stretched from her bedroom window to the huge oak tree outside. Now she would put her plan into action. She climbed out the window and gingerly stepped onto the rope first one foot, then the other carefully keeping her balance. If she walked very slowly, watching each and every step, she just might make it. 1. Underline any words or phrases in the selection that are similar in meaning to the word gingerly. 2. What is the meaning of the word gingerly in the selection? A. boldly B. quietly C. secretly D. carefully TIP 3: Look for words that have the opposite meaning (antonyms). A word that is opposite in meaning to another word is called an antonym. If you can figure out an unknown word s opposite meaning, you can usually figure out its meaning. Read the following sentence and answer Numbers 3 and 4. Although Brody is usually charming and polite, he saw his sister s wedding as the perfect chance for obnoxious behavior. 3. Underline any words in the sentence that might mean the opposite of obnoxious. 4. Which word is an antonym for obnoxious? A. sad B. pleasant C. horrible D. friendly

6 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 TIP 4: Look for similar examples of the word in the text. Words in a series (or list) often give you clues to the meaning of an unknown word in that series. Read the following selection and answer Numbers 6 and 7. As the morning passed, the hikers saw firs, cedars, maples, pines, and one tall chinquapin. They also observed many blue jays, swallows and robins, one junco, and two bald eagles. 5. What is the meaning of the word chinquapin in the selection? A. a kind of tree B. a kind of lake C. a kind of river D. a kind of town 6. What is the meaning of the word junco in the selection? A. a kind of dog B. a kind of cat C. a kind of bug D. a kind of bird TIP 5: Look for words that look or sound the same, but have different meanings and spellings. Many words are spelled the same, but have more than one meaning. These words are called homonyms. Take bug, for example. A bug might be a little creepy-crawly creature with glassy eyes and six fuzzy legs. Or it might be the way your little brother s actions affect you: Mom! He s startin to bug me! There are also homographs words that are spelled the same, have different meanings and are pronounced differently. A tear in your eye is not pronounced the same as a tear in your jeans. Some words sound the same, but have different meanings and different spellings. These words are called homophones. It s easy to mix up words such as it s and its or to, too, and two. The key to answering questions about words is to ask yourself: How is the writer using the word in the selection? Go back to the selection and reread the sentence containing the unknown word.

7 Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Lesson 1: What s the Word? Read the following selection and answer Numbers 7 and 8. Isabel continued to wave to her grandparents as the ship pulled out of the bay. She stood by the ship s rail for what seemed like a long time. She had hardly noticed the ship pick up speed or the spray of water that had begun to dampen her long skirt. She kept her eyes on the shrinking spot of land on the horizon. America would be a long way from Spain, a long way from home. 7. What is the meaning of the word bay in the selection? A. a type of picture window B. a body of water along a coast C. an animal s long and loud howl D. a place where cargo is kept on a ship 8. How do you know? Read the following selection and answer Number 9. Jackie lay curled up in the corner of a cardboard box in the back of the alley. Tiny icicles were forming on the tips of her black fur. All she heard was the bay of hound dogs, the howl of other cats, and the pitter-patter of rain on top of the box. 9. What is the meaning of the word bay in the selection? A. a type of picture window B. a body of water along a coast C. an animal s long and loud howl D. a place where cargo is kept on a ship

8 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 TIP 6: Use vocabulary clues to understand figurative language. If you say that you re so hungry you could eat a horse, you don t mean you could actually eat a 1,000-pound animal. You are using figurative language to express how you feel. This is an example of an idiom, which is a common saying that doesn t mean exactly what it says. Here are a few examples of idioms in the English language: Idiom Leon is on top of the world. I m in a pretty pickle. It was a long row to hoe. What It Means Leon is very happy. I have a real problem. It was a long, hard task. Just like other unknown words, you can use the tips in this lesson to help you figure out an idiom s meaning. Read the following sentences. Write the meaning of each bold-faced idiom on the line provided. 10. I ll get it by hook or by crook. 11. The doctor says I m fit as a fiddle. 12. Ebony overslept this morning, and now she s in hot water. Metaphors and similes also create meaning that is different from what is actually being said. A metaphor says that one thing is another. A simile says that one thing is like another. Metaphor The lunchroom was a zoo. Simile She s like a bear in winter. What It Means The lunchroom was out of control. What It Means She s a heavy sleeper. 10

9 Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Lesson 1: What s the Word? Remember to read the words around figurative language to figure out the meaning. Read the following sentence, then answer Number 13. Ted s room was so messy that trying to find his math homework was like trying to find a needle in a haystack. 13. The phrase like trying to find a needle in a haystack means that Ted s homework was A. easy to find. B. hard to find. C. too late to find. D. dangerous to find. TIP 7: Plug in answer choices to replace the unknown word. If none of the other tips lead you to the answer, try this idea. Plug the answer choices in the sentence in place of the unknown word. The choice that makes the most sense in the selection is likely to be the correct answer. Read the following selection. Charles sat bouncing his knee in the waiting room. The dentist was running late. For thirty minutes Charles had been sitting there thinking about the dental chair, listening to the sound of the drill down the hall. He didn t think he could endure the wait much longer. Now read Number 14, but DON T answer it yet. 14. What is the meaning of the word endure in the selection? A. hope B. moan C. stand D. wiggle 11

10 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies Content Standards: RW1.3, RW1.5, WS1.5 Now plug each of the choices into the sentence where the unknown word appears. A. He didn t think he could hope it much longer. B. He didn t think he could moan it much longer. C. He didn t think he could stand it much longer. D. He didn t think he could wiggle it much longer. Think about the details in the selection. Charles is bouncing his knee. He s listening to the sound of the drill. Which answer choice makes the most sense in the sentence? Go back to Number 14 and circle the correct answer. Where to Go for Help The following tools will help you learn new words. Though you won t be able to use these tools on a standardized test, they will come in handy for your everyday reading and writing. A dictionary lists words in alphabetical order and gives each word s correct spelling, part of speech (noun, adjective, and so on), and definition. Many dictionaries also tell where the word came from. A thesaurus gives lists of words that have similar meanings. For example, if you want to say that an elephant you saw at a zoo was big, but the word big seems too plain, look it up in a thesaurus. There will be a list of words that mean about the same thing as big, such as huge, gigantic, enormous, gargantuan, and so on. Chances are, you ll find a word that fits what you want to say. 12

11 Lesson 1: What s the Word? Practice Questions Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. How to Solve a Mystery by Kathryn Quin 1 Disguised as everyday occurrences, such things as missing socks and muddy footprints are actually classic who done it? cases just waiting to be solved. 2 The case at hand: You find your bicycle, this morning happily stored in the garage, now lying recklessly on the front lawn. Angry? Stop! Don t get angry. Get to the bottom of this puzzle. 3 Like the greatest detectives, you must gather all the facts. You must know who, what, when, where, and why. Look for clues that may help you to find witnesses and, eventually, a suspect. 4 Looking around, you discover two clues: a screwdriver near the bicycle and a big, muddy footprint on the driveway. A closer look reveals that your bicycle seat is missing! 5 Next, you need to find and interview witnesses. People are often the key to solving mysteries. Appear friendly and nonthreatening as you interview them. In general, people do not like to be interrogated. Ask well-thought-out, specific questions so that you can get as much information as possible. 6 Mom, did you see what happened to my bike? It s lying in a heap on the front lawn, you say. Did my older brother, the handyman, decide to work on it while I was at practice? 7 No, I didn t see anything, your mom says with an odd smile. Your brother has been at a friend s house since early this morning, and I don t know where your dad went. 8 Since your interview did not solve the case, you decide to investigate your strongest piece of evidence: the footprint. The footprint is pointing directly toward the bike, and a logo in the shape of a star is visible in the print. You search your brain for a list of suspects who wear shoes with a star logo on them. Then you comb the area looking for a matching shoe. Aha! Near the car is a pair of large shoes. You flip one over and find a star logo. But... they re your... Dad s! Could the culprit be your father? 9 But why? you wonder. Why would Dad steal my bicycle seat? 10 Next, you must consider a motive, the reason a person might have for committing a crime. A motive will connect a specific suspect to the case. 11 This raises a problem. The most obvious suspect is your own father. You can t think of any reason your dad would want to spend his Saturday morning wrecking your bike. 12 Hi. Your dad appears out of nowhere. You decide to go for it. 13

12 Unit 1 Vocabulary Strategies 13 Dad, you ask angrily, did you take my Take your what? Dad asks, a slight grin on his face. 15 Huh? What? Oh, nothing, you reply, staring at the super-gel mountain-bike seat he is holding. 16 So, do you want to give me a hand putting on this new seat? We can adjust your brakes, too, he says. 17 Uh, sure. Thanks, Dad, you reply in the most grateful tone you can muster. 18 Case solved! 1 In paragraph 1, what does the word occurrences mean? A stories B C D crimes purchases happenings 2 Read this sentence from paragraph 4. A closer look reveals that your bicycle seat is missing! In this sentence, what does the word reveals mean? F shows G thinks H searches J understands 3 In paragraph 5, to interrogate is to do which of the following? A punish B question C recognize D interrupt 4 Read this sentence from paragraph 8. Could the culprit be your father? Which of the following is a synonym for the underlined word? F investigator G guilty person H main witness J person interviewed 5 Read the following sentence from the passage. The most obvious suspect is your own father. In which sentence does the word suspect mean the same thing as in the sentence above? A Because he was caught telling a lie, the candidate s honesty is now suspect. B I suspect that you will be able to find peaches in the canned foods aisle. C The sheriff finally arrested the suspect after searching for him for weeks. D We suspect Carrie to be the person who put a water balloon in Bob s locker. 14

Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS About This Book... v About the Author... v Standards...vi Syllables...1-5 Word Parts...6-37 Prefixes...6-19 Suffixes...20-33 Roots...34-37 Word Relationships...38-56