CONTENT SL. NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO. 1. Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective

Transcription

1 CONTENT SL. NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO. 1. Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Conjunction Preposition Article Time & Tense Active & Passive Voice Direct & Indirect Speech Sentence Arrangement Sentence Improvement Cloze Test Question Tag Fill UP the Blanks Error Detection Reading Passage Comphehension Antonyms & Synonuyms One Word Substitution Idioms & Phrases Correct Spelt Wrongly Spelty Etude Classes 1 1

2 Etude Classes 2 2

3 1. NOUN Any Name is a noun. Ex: Mohan, Patna. bread, pen, beauty, etc. Points to Remember 1. Noun + al/en/ic/y/ly/ful/less/ish = Adjective Ex: National + al = National, Heaven + ly = Heavenly, Wood + en = Wooden, Beauty + ful = Beautiful. Islam + ic = Islamic, Care + less = Careless Air + y = Airy, Child + ish = Childish 2. Noun + en/ify/ize = Verb. Ex: Strength + en = strengthen, Class + ify = Classify, Central + ize = Centralize 3. One of / The number of / A number of / A lot of / Plenty of / Most of / Each of / Either of / Neither of ds ckn Plural Countable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: One of the boy was ill. ( ) One of the boys was ill. ( ) A lot of boy were playing. ( ) A lot of boys were playing. ( ) Either of the boy is intelligent. ( ) Either of the boys is intelligent. ( ) Number nks izdkj ds gksrs gs& I. Singular Number (,d opu) : tc fdlh Noun ls,d O;fDr] olrq ;k LFkku dk cks/ gks] rks mls Singular Noun dgrs ga SA Ex: A book, a pen, an orator etc. II. Plural Number (cgqcpu) : tc fdlh Noun ls nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr] olrq ;k LFkku dk cks/ gks] rks mls Plural Noun dgrs gsa Ex: Boys, girls, pencils, cows etc. ;kn j[ksa % Proper, Abstract rfkk Material Nouns dk cgqopu (Plural) dhkh ugha gksrk gsa Proper (O;fDrokpd lakk) Ram, Mohan etc. Abstract Noun (Hkkookpd lakk) Height, Length etc. Material Noon (nzo;okpd lakk) Tea, Water etc. Singular ls Plural Number cukus ds fu;e 1. lk/kj.kr;k Noun ds var es a S tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Boy Boys, Girl Girls, Cow Cows etc. 2. Noun ds var esa ;fn s, x, ch, sh, z, ss gks] rks mlesa es tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex Bus Buses, Tax Taxes, Watch Watches, Bush Bushes, Topaz Topazes, Class Classes. ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu Noun ftudk var ch ls gks vksj mldk mppkj.k ^d* (k) dh rjg gks] rks mles a dsoy s tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Stomatch Stomatchs, Monarch Monarchs, Conch Conchs etc. 3. vxj dkbz Noun y ls [kre gks vksj y ds igys,d Consonant gks] rks y dh txg ies dk iz;ksx dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Army Armies, Lady Ladies, Baby Babies, City Cities, Fly Flies, Story Stories. ;kn j[ksa % y ds igys Vowel gks] rks ml Noun es a s tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Boy Boys, Day Days, Toy Toys etc. 4. Noun ds var esa ;fn o gks] rks mlea s es tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Mango Mangoes, Potato Potatoes, Hero Heroes, Mosquito Mosquitoes viokn % Photo Photos, Kilo Kilos, Piano Pionos etc. ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu vxj Noun ds vafre nks v{kj oo, io, eo, yo vkfn gks vksj muds igys,d Consonant gks] rks mlesa s yxkdj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Bamboo Bamboos, Cuckoo Cuckoos, Studio Studios, Radio Radios etc. 5. vxj fdlh Noun dk vafre v{kj f ;k fe gks] rks lk/kj.kr;k f ;k fe dh txg ves fy[kdj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Knife Knives, Wife Wives, Half Halves, Leaf Leaves, Thief Thieves, Calf Calves. viokn : Chief Chiefs, Dwarf Dwafls, Proof Proofs, Safe (frtksjh) Safes, Belief Beiifes, Grief Griefs, Staff Staffs etc. 6. vkb Nouns,sls gs] tks vius vanj Vowel ds ifjorzu ls Plural curs gasa Ex: Foot Feet, Goose Etude Classes 3 3

4 (dygal) Geese, Man Men, Woman Women, Louse Lice, Mouse Mice, Tooth Teeth, Dormouse (Risied) Dormice etc. 7. rhu Nouns,sls gas ftues a en tksm+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex : Ox Oxen, Child Children, Brother Brotheren 8. Compound Nouns esa] muds eq[; 'kcn dk Plural cukdj] iwjs Noun dk Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Step son Chief minister Court martial Maid servant Step sons Chief ministers Courts martial Maid servants Governer general Governersgeneral Boy friend Boy friends Pick pocket Pick pockets. ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu vxj Compound Nouns ds lkfk Preposition vk;s rks Preposition ds igys im+us okys 'kcn dk Plural cukdj iwjs Noun dk Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Commander in chief Commanders in chief Father in law Passer by Looker on Fathers in law Passers by Lookers on Hanger on Hangers on (finyxxw) 9. dqn,sls Compound Nouns gsa ftuds nksuks a inks a dks Plural cukdj leqps Noun dk Plural cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Man servant Men servants Comman servant Commen servants Lord justice Lords justices ysfdu] Post man Milk man Post men Milk men lgh gksrk gsa 10. dqn Hkk"kk ds Nouns vksj mudk Plural Form uhps fn, x, gsa bugs a ;kn j[ks a Agendum (dk;zøe) Agenda Pendulum (yksyd) Pendula Axis (/wjh) Axes Bandit (yqvsjk) Bacterium (dhvk.kq) Banditti/Bandits Bacteria Criterion (dlksvh) Formula (lw=k) Medium (ekè;e) Series (Øe) Index (lwph) Maximum (vf/dùke) Phenomenon (?kvuk) Stratum (lkekftd Lrj) Radius (f=kt;k) Datum (tkuh gqbz ckr) Genius (fo}ku) Basis (vk/kj) Criteria Formulae/Formulas Media Series Indices Maxima Phenomena Stratums/Strata Radii Data Genii/Genuses Bases 11. Material Noun dk pwafd mldk fxurh ugha gksrk gs vr% Material Noun dk Plural ugha gksrk gsa ysfdu ;fn mues a s yxk fn;k tk, rks mudk vfkz cny tk;sxk vksj og cgqopu gksxka Ex: Sand (ckyw) Iron (yksgk) Copper (rkack) Land (/jrh) Wood (ydm+h) Colour (jax) Air (gok) Advice (jk;) Good (vpnkbz] HkykbZ) Work (dke] Je) Water (ikuh) Way (jklrk) People (yksx) Force (cy] rkdr) vr% Sands (ellfky) Irons (gfkdm+h) Coppers (rkacs dk flddk) Lands (ns'k) Woods (taxy) Colours (>amk) Airs (vgadkj) Advices (lwpuk,a) Goods (lkeku) Works (jpuk,a) Waters (leqnz) Ways (rjhdk) Peoples (jk Vª) Force (lsuk) A ball loses its force when it comes to the ground. The Forces are sent to the border. blh izdkj, We should do our work. The Works of Shakespear are good. Etude Classes 4 4

5 a Uses of Noun 1. fueufyf[kr Nouns lnk Singular gksrs gsa Mathematics, Physics, Politics, News, Jewellary, Furniture, Crockery (di] I;kyk), Luggage, Baggage (lkeku), Scertsy (n ;ksa dk lewg), Poetry (dko;), Information, Food, Music, Science, Society. vr% Tagore s poetries are great. (x) Tagore s poetry is great. ( ) ;kn j[ksa % Mathematics, Physics, Politics br;kfn,sls rks Singular gksrs gsa ysfdu budks Particularised ([kkl) ;k Possessed djus ij ;s Plural gks tkrs gsaa vr% Mathematics is a interesting subject. ( ) ysfdu] His mathematics is weak. (x) His mathematics are weak. ( ) blh izdkj] P.N. P.V. The mathematics of Sohan is very weak. (x) The mathematics of Sohan are very good. ( ) iqu% P.N. P.V. The politics of India is dirty. (x) The politics of India are dirty. ( ) 2. fueufyf[kr Nouns ges'kk Plural gksrs ga S vksj buds lkfk Plural gksrs gs a vksj buds lkfk Plural Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Scisors (dsaph), Spectacles (p'ek), Trousers (istkek), Measles (pspd), Billiards, Police, Public, Poultry (eqxhz ikyu dsunz), Peasantry (fdlku), Mumps. vr% Scissors are new. ( ) Spectacles have been framed. ( ) ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu mi;qzdr es a A pair of tksm+ fn;k tk, rks os Singular gks tkrs gsa rfkk buds lkfk Singular Verb yxrk gsa vr% A pair of spectacles have been framed. (x) A pair of spectacles has been framed. ( ) S V blh izdkj] A pair of scissors are sharp. (x) A pair of scissors is sharp. ( ) S V 3. Dozen, Hundred, Thousand, Score br;kfn,sls Nouns gsa tks Singular rfkk Plural nksuks a volfkkvks a es leku :i es a iz;ksx gksrs gsa] ;fn buls fuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ buds va ar es a s tksm+dj Plural ugha cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: She has bought two dozens eggs. (x) She has bought two dozen eggs. ( ) blh izdkj] He received three thousands rupees. (x) He received three thousand rupees. ( ) ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu buls vfuf'pr la[;k (tsls&dqn] cgqr) dk cks/ gks rks var ess a s yxkdj Plural cuk;k tkrk gs rfkk buds ckn of dk iz;ksx vo'; gksrk gsa vr%hundreds and thousands of people were present there. ( ) iqu% He has got a few dozens of pens. ( ) 4. A lot of, lots of, plenty of, the number of, a number of, one of, most of ds ckn Plural Countable Noun ;k Uncountable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa vr% There are a lot of book. ( ) There are a lot of books. ( ) iqu: One of the student has done his work. (x) One of the students has done his work. ( ) blh izdkj] A number of boy is present. (x) A number of boys are present. ( ) 5. Each of / Either of / Neither of ds ckn Plural Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ Either of the boy.(x) Either of the boys. ) blh izdkj] Each of the girl. (x) Each of the girls. ( ) Ex: Etude Classes 5 5

6 Cases of Noun Noun dk Case ge rhu rjg ls cukrs gs& (i) Apostroph s [ s] dk iz;ksx dj (ii) dsoy Apostrophe ( s) dk iz;ksx dj (iii) of dk iz;ksx dj Ex : Ram s book jke dh iqlrd Boys college ym+dks a dk dkwyst The book of Ram jke dh iqlrd Uses of Case 1. dsoy ltho inkfkks ± (Living things) ds lkfk s dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] futhzo inkfkks ± (Non living things) ds lkfk s dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: Ram s book. ( ) ysfdu, The house s roof (x) ;kn j[ks a : futhzo inkfkks± ds lkfk s ugha cfyd of dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: The house s roof. (x) The roof of the house ( ) The table s legs (x) The legs of the table ( ) 2. s ending Plural Nouns ds lkfk s dk ugha cfyd mlds LFkku ij dsoy [Apostroph] dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Girls s hostel (x) blh izdkj] Boys s college (x) Girls hostel ( ) Boys college ( ) ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu,sls Plural Nouns ftuds var es a s ugha gksrk] ds lkfk Apostroph s [ s] dk iz;ksx dj Possessive cuk;k tkrk gsa Ex: Women s college ( ) Men s work ( ) 3. Compound Nouns ds Last term dss lkfk Apostrophy s [ sj dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Father s in law house (x) Father in law s house ( ) blh izdkj] Brother s in law health (x) Brother in law s health( ) 4. tc nks Nouns,d gh O;fDr ;k olrq dks crkrs gs] rks ckn okyk Noun igys okys Noun dk Noun of apposition dgykrk gs vksj,slh flfkfr esa ckn okys Noun ds lkfk gh Apostroph s [ s] dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Tagore, the poet s house was dawarated. ( ) blh izdkj, It is Mohan s, the writer house. (x) It is Mohan, the writer s house. ( ) blh izdkj, I married my brother s Ram s sister. (x) This advice of Mr. Rao s is important. ( ) This advice of Mr. Rao is important.( ) 6. ftl Noun ds fy, Relative Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gs mles a apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: This is Ali s house who is a singer. (x) This is the house of Ali who is a singer. ( ) This is Ali s house which is elegant. ( ) (;gka Which dk iz;ksx house ds fy, gqvk gs u fd Ali ds fy,) 7. Indefinite Pronoun tsls everybody, somebody, everyone, anyone ds lkfk Hkh apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx lgh gksrk gsa I married my brother Ram s sister. ( ) 5. The / this / that / those + Noun + of + Noun ds Structure es a Last Noun ds lkfk apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: Ex: Any body s book. ( ) Somebody s pen. ( ) ysfdu Anybody s else book. (x) ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu blds ckn else dk iz;ksx gks] rks s else es a yxrk gsa No body else s advice. ( ) Anybody else s book. ( ) 8. A / An + Noun + of + Noun cukov es a Last Noun ds lkfk apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Etude Classes 6 6

7 Ex: A friend of my wife house. (x) A friend of my wife s house. ( ) blh izdkj, Mr. Rao is a friend of Mr. Saha. (x) Mr. Rao is a friend of Mr. Saha s. ( ) 9. Hissing Sound okys Nouns ds lkfk dsoy apostrophe [ ] dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd s dka Ex: For Justice sake (U;k; ds fy,) For concience sake (psruk ds fy,) For goodness sake (vpnkbz ds fy,) Moses Law (ekwlst dk dkuwu) Jesus death (bzlk dh e R;q) 10. The + adjective ls cuk;s x, Plural Noun ds lkfk apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: The poor s problem. (x) The problem of the poor. ( ) The blind s house, (x) The house of the blind ( ) 11. City, Village, Court, Town, Hostel br;kfn ds lkfk Hkh s dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: I donot like city s life. (x) I do not like the life of the city. ( ) blh izdkj, Court s decree was inrolled. ( x) The decree of the court was inrolled. ( ) 12. Everything, anything, nothing, all, many, both, each, either, neither ds lkfk Hkh s dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: Nothing s colour is blue. (x) The colour of nothing is blue. ( ) Both s name are familiar. (x) The names of both are familiar. ( ) 13. nks yxkrkj Nouns ij Apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gsa Ex: Ram s wife s brother. (x) The brother of Ram s wife. ( ) 14. dqn [kkl ifjflfkfr;ks a es a fueufyf[kr expressions ds lkfk Apostrophe s [ s] dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gsa The train's The ship's The plane's A boat's crew + arrival/departure Exercise Read the following sentences carefully to find out any grammatical error based on Noun. The error will be in one part of the sentence. The letter,,, indicating the part is the answer. 1. The sceneries of karhmir / move me / most. / No. error 2. Cattle / is grazing / in the field. / No. error 3. His elder brother / gave him / many good advices / No. error 4. The majority / are opposed / to this proposal / No. error 5. The poor people of the village buy neither vegetables / nor grow them / in the village / No. error 6. The Greeks / were / brave peoples / No. error 7. My cousin brothers / are coming / tonight / No. error 8. Thank you / for your / advices / No. error 9. What is / your critereons / for admission / No. error 10. How / is your / father and mother? / No. error 11. One / should / help poors / No. error 12. His father / gave him / many good advices / No. error 13. He gave me / a five rupees note / and asked me to get / him a few cigarettes. / No error.(e) 14. My coat s pocket / has / a big hole / No. Etude Classes 7 7

8 error 15. A herd of cattles / were grazing / in the farm. / No. error 16. One of my friend / is / a good poet / No. error 17. We / must be / true to our words / No. error 18. You have to / put your sign / here / No. error 19. They have learnt / many poetries / by heart / No. error 20. Entry / to the cinema / is by tickets. / No. error 21. Don t sit / on the ground / of the room. / No. error 22. My parents saw her / at a doctor s clinic / and en quired about her state of health / No. error 23. Boys who live in the boarding / do not get/ delicious meal / No. error 24. Three males and four females / were selected / for this work / No. error 25. There is no place / for them / in this coach. / No. error 26. What s / your date of birth /? / No. error 27. We / do not use / blotting these days / No. error 28. Help him / after all we are brothers / of the same profession / No. error 29. Mr. David /our English teacher /works hard. / No. error 30. They want to spend / these summer vacations / with one of their teachers / No. error 31. Credit / that sum / in my name. / No. error 32. Our principal / granted us / freeship. / No. error 33. The weather of our place / does not / Suit us / No. error 34. The wages / of wrong doing / are prison. / No. error 35. We do not qualify / to pass order / for her release. / No. error 36. We don t / know the reason / of an earth quake / No. error 37. My brothers are / in the teaching / lime. / No. error 38. The bench / was diuided in its opinion / yesterday / No. error 39. Good night / How did you / do that? / No. error 40. My brother s friend s sister / is / a nurse / No. error 41. The next item / on the agendum / is the publicity budget. / No. error 42. There are many / beautiful furnitures / in the room / No. error 43. Fish and chips / is my favourite / dish for lunch / No. error 44. There are / so many filths / all around the office / No. error 45. It was a pleasant / five hours drive / from Varanasi to Patna / No. error 46. The relatives of the victim / threatened to avenge /her death / No. error 47. Three conditions critical / for growing plants are / soil, temperature chemical balance or amount of moisture / No. error 48 A, series of lectures / have been delivered at the uni versity / by adistinguished scholar / No. error 49. A friend of my brother / came to my uncle yester day / and asked him for help / No. error 50. Our building s roof / needs / repairing / No. error 51. My parents visited / Mr. John s and Paney s house / and invited them to the party / No. error 52. The life of the poor / is not in many ways as Etude Classes 8 8

9 happy as / that of the rich s / No. error 53. The door s handle / was broken / by a boy / No. error 54. A director says that / he appreciates his staffs /coming on time and co-perating him / No. error 55. Bread and butter / are / my favourite break - fast. / No. error 56. One of the most / widely spread / bad habitat / is the use of tobacco. / No error.(e) 57. Recently I visited Kashmir / and found the sceneries / to be marvelous. / No error. 58. All the furnitures have been sent to the new house / located in a village. / No error. 59. They left / their luggages / at the railway station. / No error. 60. The police were ordered / to catch the thief / with arm. / No error. 61. My brother-in-laws / who live in Bombay / have come to stay with us. / No error. 62. This article / is not available in / any of the shop / in the market. / No error.(e) 63. The blinds / deserve / our sympathy. / No error. 64. As a rule / each of the boy / cleans up the hostel twice a month. / No error.(e) 65. One of / every two new / business fail / within two year. / No error.(e) 66. It is very / difficult to chase / a huge score / in the fourth inning. / No error.(e) 67. There was no money in the bank in / Maya s and Veen s / joint account. / No error.(e) 68. Between them / there is plenty of rooms / for most of talents / to breathe freely. / No error.(e) 69. Liberalisation of economy / has given birth to / many uncommon / phenomenon in the society. / No error.(e) 70. I have not read / the first and second / chapter of the / freedom struggle. / No error.(e) 71. Pt. Nehru was one of the most / learned statesman / if not the most / learned statesman. / No error.(e) 72. Since newly appointed teachers / lack basic teaching skills / the teacher s training schools are / providing basics of teaching skills to these teachers. / No error.(e) 73. Pakistani Govt. has / turned a deaf ear / to the advices of Indians Govt. / for peace. / No error.(e) 74. After their marriage / the two brothers / do not see / eye to eye on any issue. / No error.(e) Answer Etude Classes 9 9

10 2. Pronoun og 'kcn ftldk iz;ksx Noun ds ckjaokjrk dks jksdk gs] Pronoun dgykrk gsa Ex: I, me, mine, we, ours, us, you, yours, she, her, hers, he, his, they, them, their, it, yourself etc. Points to Remember 1. Verb, Let rfkk Preposition ds ckn Objective Case ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Let he do this work. ( ) Let him do this work. ( ) Between you and he there is little to close. ( ) Between you and him there is little to close. ( ) 2. One of, Each of, Either of, Neither of ds ckn Singular Possessive Pronoun (his/her) dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd their dka Ex: Either of the two wives is dominated by their husband. ( ) Either of the two wives is dominated by her husband. ( ) One of the girls has done their work. ( ) One of the girls has done her work. ( ) 3. Everybody, Every one, Nobody, No one ds ckn Singular Possessive Pronoun (his/her) dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Everybody is requested to do their work. ( ) Everybody is requested to do his/her work. ( ) Everyone of the students has brought their identity card. ( ) Every one of the students has brought his identity card. ( ) 4. ;fn okd; dk Subject One gks rks mldk Possessive Case Ones dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, his, her, their vkfn dk ughaa Ex: One should keep his promise. ( ) One should keep ones promise. ( ) One should keep himself away. ( ) One should keep oneself away. ( ) 5. Who dk iz;ksx ^ltho* ds fy,] Which dk iz;ksx ^futhzo* ds fy, rfkk That dk iz;ksx ltho rfkk futhzo nksuks a ds fy, gksrk gsa Ex: Ram is the boy which has passed. ( ) Ram is the boy who has passed. ( ) This is the pen who I bought yesterday. ( ) This is the pen which I bought yesterday. ( ) ysfdu The boy that stole my purse was a student. ( ) The pen that is on the table is mine. ( ) Adjective A word which is used to qualify Noun or Pronoun. Ex: Good, bad, dangerous, beautiful, etc. Points to Remember 1. Adjective + cy/ty/ity/dom/ness = Noun Ex: Urgent + cy = Urgency, Free + dom = Freedom Cruel + ty = Cruelty, Wise + dom = wisdom Real + ity Reality, Kind + ness = kindness. 2. Adjective + en/ify/ize = Verb Ex: Sharp + en = Sharpen, Certy + ify = Certify Dark + en = Darken, General + ize = Generalize, Beauty + ify = Beautify, National + ize = Nationalize, Broad + en = Broaden, Familiar + ize = Familiarize. 3. Adjective + ly = Adverb Ex: Quick + ly = Quickly, Slow + ly = Showly, Real + ly = Really, Quite + ly = Quitely. 4. Comparative Degree ds Adjective ds ckn than dk iz;ksx gksrk gs ;k than ds igys Comparative Degree Adjective dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: It is more difficult to do a work but to talk about it. (x) It is more difficult to do a work than to talk about it. ( ) It is easy to talk about a problem than to resolve it. (x) It is easier to talk about a problem than to resolve it. ( ) 5. Prefer, Preferable, Prior, Senior,Snperior, Junior, ds ckn than dk ugha cfyd to dk iz;ksx gksrk Etude Classes 10 10

11 gsa Ex: Ram is junior than Shyam. (x) Ram is junior to Shyam. ( ) I prefer coffee than tea (x) I prefer coffee to tea ( ),slk 'kcn ftudk iz;ksx Noun dks jksdus ds fy, fd;k x;k gks] Pronoun dgykrk gsa Ex: Ram is a boy. He is a good boy. ;gka He,d Pronoun gs D;ks afd bldk iz;ksx Noun Ram ds fy, fd;k x;k gsa Kinds of Pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun (O;fDrokpd lozuke) : Ex: He, She, It, They, You, We, I. 2. Possessive Pronoun (laca/okpd lozuke) : Ex: My, Mine, Our, Ours, Your, Yours, Them, Theirs. 3. Demonstrative Pronoun (ladsrokpd lozuke) : Ex: This, That, These, Those, One, Ones. 4. Indefinite Pronoun (vfuf'p;okpd lozuke) : Ex All, None, Some, Many, Few, Less, Somebody, Nobody, Someone, Anything, Everything. 5. Reflexive Pronoun (futokpd lozuke) : Ex: Myself, Yourself, Ourselves, Himself. 6. Relative Pronoun (laca/okpd lozuke) : Ex: Who, Which, That, Whose, Whom, What. 7. Reciprocal Pronoun (ijlij okpd lozuke) : Ex: Each other, One another. 8. Introgative Pronoun (iz'uokpd lozuke) : Ex: Who, Which, What, Whose, Whom. 9. Dristributlve Pronoun (fohkkxlwpd lozuke) : Ex: Each, Either, Neither. Pronoun in Different Cases Nominative Objective Possessive Possessive Case Case Adjective Pronoun I me my mine We us our ours You you your yours He him his She her her hers It it its (i) One one ones one s Who Whom Whose Use of Pronouns 1. PERSONAL PRONOUN lkeku; rksj ij Subjective / Nominative Case dk iz;ksx okd; ds Subject ds :i esa gksrk gs] tcfd Objective Case dk iz;ksx Object ds :i esaa vfkkzr~ Ex: me teach Ram. (X) Verb I teach Ram. ( ) Verb I teach he. (x) Verb I teach him. ( ) (ii) Let rfkk Preposition ds ckn Objective Case dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ Ex: Let we go home. (x) Let us go home. ( ) blh izdkj] Let you and mine do it. (x) Let you and me do it. ( ) iqu% This invitation is for you and I. ( ) Prep. This invitation is for you and me. ( ) blh izdkj] Prep. Between you and he, you are rouge. (x) Between you and him, you are rouge.( ) (iii) Gerund (M.V. + ing) ds ckn Objective Case dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex : Talking he was.not pleasant, (x) Gerund Talking him was not pleasant. ( ) (iv) Infinitive (To + V 1 ) ds igys vksj ckn Objective case ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex : I requested she to come here. (x) Infinitive I requested her to come here. ( ) Etude Classes 11 11

12 (v) As / Than ds ckn Nominative Case ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex : Ram is as fat as me. (x) Ram is as fat as I. ( ) I am better than him. (x) I am better than he. ( ) ;kn j[ksa % ysfdu] nks object ds chp rqyuk gksus ij] As / Than Objective Case ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: I love you as much as he. (x) I love you as much as him. ( ) (vi) ;fn okd; dk Subject One gks rks mldk Possessive Ex: Case Ones dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, his, her, their vkfn dk ughaa One should keep his promise. (x) One should keep ones promise. ( ) blh izdkj] One should keep himself away. (x) One should keep oneself away. ( ) (vii) Possessive Case ds Pronoun ds nks Hkkx gksrs gs& (viii) Possessive Adjective My Your Our Her (e) Their Possessive Case Possessive Pronoun Mine Yours Ours Hers Theirs ;kn j[ksa % Possessive Adjective ds ckn Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gs tcfd Possessive Pronoun ds ckn dhkh Hkh Noun dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa Ex: India is a great country and is our. (x) India is a great country and is ours. ( ) blh izdkj] This is yours book. (x) Noun This is your book. ( ) Ex: V+ing dk iz;ksx Noun dh rjg gks rks mlds igys Possessive Adjective dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd Poss.Pronoun dka vfkkzr~ He objected to us going to Kashmir. (x) Prop. Noun He objected to our going to Kashmir. ( ) blh izdkj, Poss Adj. He was astonished at me doing this work, (x) Prop. Noun He was astonished at my doing this work. ( ) Poss. Adj. (ix) One of ds s ckn Singular Verb rfkk Singular Pronoun (his/her) dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd their dka Ex:- One of my friends has passed their examination. (x) One of my friends has passed his examination. ( ) Order of Pronouns 1. ;fn rhuks a Persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) ds Pronoun,d lkfk vk;s vksj mudk mís ; vpnk gks rks mudk Øe gksxk 2nd + 3rd + 1st Ex: You I and he study here. ( ) 2nd 1st 3rd You, he and I study here. ( ) 2nd 3rd 1st ;kn j[ks% tc okd; ls nks"k] Hkwy] iki vkfn Lohdkjus dk vfkz izdv gks rks mudk Øe gksxk 1st + 2nd + 3rd. Ex: You, he and I are criminals, (x ) 2nd 3rd 1st I, you and he are criminals. ( ) 1st 2nd 3rd 2. ;fn dbz Persons,d lkfk vk;s a vksj mues a 1st Person Hkh ekstwn gks] rks mudk vf/dkj n'kkzus ds fy, our/us/ ourselves dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd your, his ;k my dka Ex: You and I have done your/my work. (x) You and I have done our work. ( ) ;kn j[ks a% ysfdu ;fn okd; es a First Person u gks] dsoy 2nd vksj 3rd Person gh gks] rks Your/Yourselves dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: (i) You and he are doing our/his work. (x) You and he are doing your work. ( ) Use of It Natural ( izkñfrd)?kvuk tsls Season, Weather vfkok le; (time), fnu (day), o"kz (year) dks crykus Etude Classes 12 12

13 s ds fy, It dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Ex: It is winter, It is five o clock. It is raining. It was (ii) fdlh futhzo olrq ;k NksVs&NksVs tkuoj vfkok dhm+ s&edksm+ ds fy, It dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Ex: It is a chair. It is a dog. It is an ant. (iii) NksVs cpps ftlds fyax (Sex) dh tkudkjh u gks] ds fy, Hkh It dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: The child was playing with toy. ( ) (i) Ex: The baby is crying because it is hungry. ( ) 2. RELATIVE PRONOUN Who dk iz;ksx ltho ds fy,] Which dk iz;ksx ^futhzo* ds fy,] rfkk That dk iz;ksx ltho rfkk futhzo nksuks a ds fy, gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ Who ltho ds fy, Which futhzo ds fy, That ltho rfkk futhzo nksuks a ds fy, Ram is the boy which has passed. (x) Ram is the boy who has passed. ( ) blh izdkj] This is the pen who I bought yesterday. (x) This is the pen which I bought yestdrday. ( ) ysfdu, The boy that stole my purse was a student. ( ) The pen that is on the table is mine. ( ) (ii) Who, which, that dk iz;ksx ml Noun ds Bhd ckn gksrk gs ftlds fy, ;g iz;qdr gksrk gsa Ex: This is Ali s house who is a writer. (x) ;gka Who dk iz;ksx Ali ds fy, gqvk gsa vr% lgh gksxk This is the house of Ali who is a writer. ( ) (iii) Who, which, that ds ckn fø;k (Verb) D;k yxsxh ;g blds igys vkus okyk Noun ij fuhkzj djrk gsa vfkkzr~ ;fn blds igys Noun Singular gks rks blds ckn vkus okyk Verb Hkh Singular gksxk vksj ;fn Noun Plural gksxk rks blds ckn vkus okyk Verb Hkh Plural gksxka Ex: It is I who is responsible for this. (x) It is I who am responsible for this. ( ) blh izdkj One of the boys who has passed in the examination P.N. s v. is my brother. (x) One of the boys who have passed in the examination P.N. P.V. is mv brother. ( ) (iv) Who Nominative Case gs tcfd Whom Objective Case vr% Who ds fy, Verb vkrk gs tcfd whom ds fy, ughaa Ex: The doctor who I met was Ram s brother, (x) Sub I Sub II Verb I Verb II ;gka vfrfjdr Verb ugha vk;k gsa vr% lgh gksxk The doctor whom I met was Ram s brother. ( ) The doctor whom came here was my brother. (x) Sub I VerbII Verb II ;gka Verb II ds fy, Subject ugha vk;k gsa vr% lgh gksxk& The doctor who came here was my brother. ( ) (v) All, None, Only, Everything, Nothing, Introgative Pronoun Superlative degree Adjective ds ckn Relative Pronoun ds :i es a lnk that dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Mr. Sharrna is the bravest man who I know. (X) Sup. degree Sup. degree Mr. Sharma is the bravest man that I know. ( ) Sup. degree Sup. degree blh izdkj All which glitters is not gold. (x) All that glitters is not gold. ( ) iqu: This is the same pen which you want. (x) This is the same pen that you want. ( ) (vi) The same dk iz;ksx Noun ds igys gks] rks ml Noun ds fy, As ;k That nksuksa dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gsa Ex: This is the same shirt that/as I bought yesterday. ( ) fdurq] The same ds ckn ;fn Verb fnik gqvk gks] rks dsoy As dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: This is not the same watch as mine (is). 3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN 1. Enjoy, absent, avail, revange, introduce, sacrific satisfy, avoid, prostrate, acquit br;kfn,ls Verbs gs Etude Classes 13 13

14 a ftuds ckn,d Object ;k,d Reflexive Pronoun dk iz;ksx vo'; gksrk gsa Ex: She introduced me to D.M. ( ) Obj ysfdu, She introduced to D.M. (x) lgh gksxk & She introduced herself to D.M. ( ) blh izdkj] He absented from the class. (x) He absented himself from the class. ( ) 4. RECIPROCAL PRONOUN (1) Each other dk iz;ksx nks O;fDr;ksa ;k olrqvks a ds fy, gksrk gs] tcfd one another dk iz;ksx nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ks a ;k olrqvksa ds fy, gksrk gsa Ex: The two girls love one another. (x) The two girls love each other. ( ) blh izdkj] We all love each other. (x) We all love one another. ( ) 5. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN (i) nks ;k nks ls vf/d olrqvks a ;k O;fDr;ks a esa ls izr;sd dk cks/ djkus ds fy, Each dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Each of the two boys has done this work. ( ) Each of the five boys has done this work. ( ) (ii) nks O;fDr;ks a ;k olrqvks a esa ls ^,d* dk cks/ djkus ds fy, Either dk iz;ksx gksrk gs tcfd nks O;fDr;ks a ;k olrqvks esa,s ^,d Hkh ugha* dk cks/ djkus ds fy, neither dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa vfkkzr Either nks es a ls,d Neither nks esa ls,d Hkh ugha Ex: Either of the two boys has come to me. ( ) Neither of the two boys has helped me. ( ) (iii) nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ks a ;k olrqvksa esa ls,d dk cks/ djkus ds fy, Either dh txg anyone dk iz;ksx gksrk gs tcfd nks ls vfèkd O;fDr;ks a ;k olrqvksa esa ls ^,d Hkh ugh* dk cks/ djkus ds fy, Neither dh txg none dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Either of the five boys has done this work. (x) Anyone of the five boys has done his work. ( ) blh izdkj] Neither of the four boys has helped me. (x) None of the four boys has helped me. ( ) 6. INDEFINITE PRONOUN (i) Body rfkk One Pronoun (Somebody, anyone) ds lkfk vf/dkj dks lqfpr djus ds fy, their dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk cfyd mlus LFkku ij His/her dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Everybody should do their duty. (x) Everybody should do bis duty. ( ) blh izdkj] Someone has done their duty. (x) Someone has done his duty. ( ) ;kn j[ksa % Thing ls cus Pronoun (Everything, (i) anything,...) ds fy, its dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd his/ her ;k their dka Ex: Every thing has their own importance. (x) Everything has its own importance. ( ) 7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN This rfkk these dk iz;ksx fudv olrq ;k O;fDr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa This dk iz;ksx,d rfkk these dk iz;ksx,d ls vfèkd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa Ex: This is a present from my father. These are my friends. (ii) That rfkk those dk iz;ksx nwj dh olrq ;k O;fDr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa That dk iz;ksx,d rfkk those dk iz;ksx,d ls vfèkd ds fy, gksrk gsa Ex: That is my elder sister. Those are Ram s cows. 8 INTEROGATIVE PRONOUN (i) Who dk iz;ksx O;fDr dk irk djus ds fy, gksrk gsa Ex: Who is at the door? Who teaches you english? (ii) Which dk iz;ksx O;fDr rfkk olrq nksuks a ds fy, gksrk gsa bldk iz;ksx pquko (Selection) ds fy, gksrk gsa Ex: Which of these pictures do you like the most? Which of you has done this? (iii) Preposition ds ckn whom dk iz;ksx gksrk gs u fd who dka Ex: By whom was the glass broken? By whom was the boys taught? By whom was this written? ;kn j[ksa % Preposition dk iz;ksx okd; ds var esa gksus ij okd; ds 'kq: es a who dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] u fd whom dka Ex: Who was the Ramayan written by? Who was the boy taught by? Etude Classes 14 14

15 Exercise 1. Let Ram and go. (I/me) 2. India is proud of scientists (is/ her). 3. You, he and I are going to houses. (their/our) 4. of the two pens is new. (one/either) 5. Ram and Sita love. (each other/ one another) 6. You and he have come from villages. (their/your) 7. of the four boys has come. (one/ either) 8. One should love children (one s/his) 9. Prizes were distributed between you and (I/me) 10. The child has lost doll (its/his) 11. A number of boys are going to school. (his/their) 12. Either Ram or his friends have gone to offices. (his/their) 13. His friends as well as Ram have done home work properly. (their/his) 14. Each girl and each boy has lost pen. (his/her) 15. Many a man has finished work. (his/their) 16. My pen is better than. (your s/ yours) 17. Every boy and every girl has not brought book. (her/his) 18. This is red pen. I want a black. (one/ones) 19. He is the same man has helped me. (who/that) 20. The cat has lost tail. (its/her) 21. Seema has qualified herself as a doctor. 22. Who are you referring to? 23. I, you and he must help that poor man. 24. He stole a pen and sold the same for Rs The climate of Ranchi is better than Patna. 26. We went to the Red fort and enjoyed. 27. Mansi and myself went to Patna. 28. The more you read, the more you will like this book. 29. My father does not like me going to pictures everyday. 30. Both did not go. 31. What is your date of birth? 32. These four boys respect each other s desire. 33. Such boys who shirk work hardly succeed in life. 34. It was the coldest day which we ever experienced. 35. One should do his work himself. 36. The army was rewarded for their over whelming success in curbing terrorism. 37. Payal was one of those Miss Universe contestants who attributed her success to her parents. 38. It is the first time I have seen you. 39. Mala s looks are more attractive than Zia. Etude Classes 15 15

16 40. Your need is greater than that of mine. 41. There s Mr. Shanu / whom they say / is the best singer / in the country. / No error.(e) 42. The money minded people believe / that it is foolish to exert themselves for such study / and brain work / which cannot be converted into cash. / No error.(e) 43. My brother and myself / went to / collect the money. / No error.(e) 44. In cost water habitats, certain invertebrates / and fish convert stretches into / complex carbohydrates called glycerol / in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.. / No error.(e) 45. Can not one do / what one / likes to do / with his own. / No error.(e) 46. I objected to him scolding me / for my good / specially when he said it hurt him/ more than me. / No error.(e) 47. Let I and you / come to an agreement / that we will share the space / adjoining the building. / No error.(e) 48. My friend is more skilful / than me / in dealing with / this type of the problem. / No error.(e) 49. Dolly went out / with George / what made / Paul very angry. / No error.(e) 50. Mahatma Gandhi taught us / that one should respect / the religions of others / as much as his own. / No error.(e) Answer 1. Me 2. Her 3. Our 4. Either 5. Each other 6. Your 7. One 8. One s 9. me 10. Its 11. Their 12. Their 13. Their 14. His 15. His 16. Yours 17. Her 18. One 19. That 20. Its 21. Remove herself from sentence. 22. Change who into whom 23. Change I, you and he into you he and I 24. Change the same into it 25. Use that of before Patna 26. Use ourselves after enjoyed 27. Change myself into I 28. Use this book after read and it instead of 'this book'. 29. Change me into my 30. Neither went 31. What is the date of your birth? 32. Change each other s into one another s 33. Use as instead of who 34. Use that to remove which 35. Use one s & oneself 36. Change their into its 37. Change her into their at both the places 38. Use this instead of it 39. Use s with zia 40. Use only mine instead of that of mine (e) Etude Classes 16 16

17 3. Verb The word that stands for doing or being something. Ex: Go, Come, Read, Teach, Agree etc. Points to Remember 1. Auxiliary Verbs rhu rjg ds gksrs gsa& To be : is, are, am, was, were, been, being Do: do, did, does done Have: has, have, had, having ;kn j[ks a Verb to be dk iz;ksx Active Voice esa gksus ij buds ckn V 4 (V+ing) dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] ysfdu Passive Voice esa buds ckn V 3 dk iz;ksx gksrka Ex : I am writting a letter. (Active Voice) He was playing the piano. (Active Voice) A letter is written by me. (Passive Voice) The piano was played by him. (Passive Voice) Do, Did, Does ds ckn V 1 dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: Does Ram reads a book? (x) Does Ram read a book? ( ) Did you played football? (x) Did you play football? ( ) He does not teaches me. ( x) He does not teach me. ( ) Has, Have, Had ds ckn V 3 dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex : I have never saw the Taj Mahal. (x) I have never seen the Taj Mahal. ( ) Had you finish your work? (x) Had you finished your work? ( ) Ram has go home. (x) Ram has gone home. ( ) 2. Model Verbs ( Shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, used to) ds ckn ges kk V 1 dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: They must felt the fact. (x) They must feel the fact. ( ) He will helped them. (x) He will help them. ( ) You should came home. (x) You should come home. ( ) 3. Verb + al /er /ion /ture /age /ance /ence /ment = Noun Ex: Arrove + al = Arrival, Cover + age = Coverage Lead + er = Leader, Attend + ance = Attendance Collect + ion = Collection, Differ + ence = Difference Mix + ture = Mixture, Pay + ment = Payment 4. Em/en + Noun / Adjective = Verb Ex: ern + power = Empower em + back = Emback en + act = Enact en + circle = Encircle Infinitive Past tense Past Participle abide abided, abided, *abode *abode arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken babysit babysat babysat bear bore borne beat beaten beat become became become befall befell befallen beget begot, *begat begot, *begotten begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent beseech beseeched, beseeched, besought besought beset beset beset bespeak bespoke bespoken bet bet bet betake betook betaken bid 1 bid bid bid 2 bade, bid bidden, bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten Etude Classes 17 17

18 bleed bled bled blow blew blown,*blowed break broke broken breastfeed breastfed breastfed breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast browbeat browbeat browbeaten build built built burn burnt, burned burnt, burned burst burst burst bust bust, busted bust, busted buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cleave c leaved, *cleft, cleaved,*cleft, *clove *cloven cling clung clung Infinitive Past tense Past Participle come came come cost cost, *costed cost, *costed creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived; dived (Name also dove) draw drew drawn dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed drink drank drunk drip-feed drip-fed drip-fed drive drove driven dwel dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled eat ate eaten eall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought foughty find found found (Name usually fit) (NAme usually fit) flee fled fled flingflung flung floodlight floodlit floodlit fly flew, *flied flown, *flied forbear forbore forborne forbid forbade forbidden forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted foresee foresaw foreseen foretell foretold foretold forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forgo forwent forgone forsake forsook forsaken forswear forswore forsworn freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got got; (Name, spoken) give gave given grind ground ground grow grew grown hamstrig hamstrung hamstrung hang hung,*hanged hung, *hanged hear heard heard heard heave heaved, *hove heaved, *hove hew hewed hewed, hewn hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt inlay inlaid inlaid input input, inputted input, inputted inset inset inset intercut intercut intercut interweave interwove interwoven keep kept kept kneel knel; knelt; (NAme also kneeled) (NAmE also kneeled) Knit knitted, *knit knitteed, *knit know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leaned; leaned; (BrE also leant) (BrE also leant) leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped learn learnt, learned learnt, learned Etude Classes 18 18

19 leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie 1 lay lain light lit,*lighted lit,*lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met miscast miscat miscast mishear misheard misheard mishit mihsit mishit mislay mislaid mislaid mislead misled misled / I mis I li:d/ / I mis I led/ / I mis I led/ misread misread misread / I mis I ri:d/ / I mis I red/ / I mis I led/ misspell misspelled, misspelled, misspelt misspelt misspend misspent misspent mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunder stood mow mowed mown, mowed offset offset offset outbid outbit outbid outdo outdid outdone outgrow outgrew outgrown output output output outrun outran outrun outsell outsold outsold outshine outshone outshone overcome overcame overcome overdo overdid overdone overdraw overdrew overdrawn overeat overate overeaten overfeed overfed overfed overfly overflew overflown overthang overthung overthung overthear overheard overheard overlay overlaid overlaid overlie overlay overlain overlie overlay overlain overpay overpaid overpaid override overrode overridden overrun overran overrun oversee oversaw overseen oversell oversold oversold overshoot overshot overshot oversleep overslept overslept overspend overspent overspent overtake overtook overtaken overthrow overthrew overthrown overwrite overwrote overwitten partake partook partaken pay paid paid plead pleaded; pleaded; (NAmE also pled) (NamE also pled) preset preset preset proofread proofread proofread / I mis:fri:d/ / I mis:red/ I mis:fred/ prove proved proved;(also proven especially in NAmE) put put put quit quit; quit; (BrE alos quitted) (Bre also quitted) read/ri:d/ read/red/ read/ red/ rebuild rebuilt rebuilt recast recast recast redo redid redone redraw redrew redraw rehear reheard reheard remake remade remade rend rent rent rerun reran rerun resell resold resold reset reset reset resit resat resat restring restrung restrung retake retook retaken retell retold retold rethink rethought rethought Etude Classes 19 19

20 rewind rewound rewound rewrite rewrote rewritten rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring 2 rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn; say said said see saw seen (NAmE also sawed ) seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn, sewed shake shok shaken shear sheared shorn, sheared shed shed shed shine shone,*shined shorn, shined shit shit, shat; shit, shat; (BrE also shitted) (BrE also shitted) shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown, *showed shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk shutshut shut simulcast simulcast simulcast sing sang sung sink sank, *sunk sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smell smelled; smelled; (BrE also smelt) (BrE also smelt) smite smote smitten sow sowed sown, sowed speak spoke spoken speed speeded,*sped speeded, *sped spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled spend spent spent spill spilled; spilled; (BrE also spilt) spin spun spun (BrE also spilt) spit spat; (also spit spat; (also spit especially in NAmE) especially in NAmE) split split split spoil spoiled; spoiled; (BrE also spoilt) (BrE also spoilt) spotlight spotlit, spotlit, *spotlighted *spotlighted spread spread spread spring sprang; sprung (NAmE also sprung) stand stood stood stave staved, *stove staved, *stove steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank, stunk stunk strew strewed strewed, strewn stride strode strike struck struck; (NAmE also stricken) string strung strung strive strove,*strived striven, *strived sublet sublet sublet sublet sublet sublet swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen, swelled Etude Classes 20 20

21 swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn telecast telecast telecast tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden, trod typecast typecast typecast typeset typeset typeset unbend unbent unbent underbid underbid underbid undercut undercut undercut undergo underwent undergone underlie underlay underlain underpay underpaid underpaid undersell undersold undersold understand understood understood undertake undertook undertaken underwrite underwrote underwritten undo undid undone unfreeze unfroze unfrozen unwind unwound unwound uphold upheld upheld upeset upset upset wake woke woken waylay waylaid waylaid wear wore worn weave wove, *weaved woven, *weaved wed wedded, wed wedded, wed weep wept wept wet wet, wetted wet, wetted win won won wind 2 /wamd/ wound/wa nd/ wound/ wa nd/ withdraw withdrew withdrawn withhold withheld withheld withstand withstood withstood wring wrung wrung write wrote written Exercise 1. I heard some one the door. (close/closing) 2. A number of boys come. (has/ have) 3. Politics dirty game. (is/are) 4. The number of pens fifty. (is/are) 5. The jury divided in their opinion. 6. She not oppose her father. (was/were) (dares/dare/ought) 7. All that glitters not gold. (is/are) 8. You go to school in time. (must/ought to/should) 9. How old he be? (can/may/must) 10. Visitors not tease the animals in this zoo. (need/must) 11. Who am I that advise? (should/can/may) 12. The train is very late; so you drive very fast. (do not/need not/must not) 13. Work hard lest you fall. (can/should/will) 14. Judges be honest. (must/should/might) 15. You need not. (go/to go) 16. Who knows what happen? (can/will/should) 17. You had better. (stay/to stay) 18. Let him. (go/to go) 19. I don t enjoy classic novels. (to read / reading) 20. He made me. (laugh/to laugh) 21. He does nothing but to play. 22. Ill news travel fast. Etude Classes 21 21

22 23. You must avoid to drink. 24. One of the boys have gone to their village. 25. I don t mind to wait for him. 26. Either Ram or his friends has gone. 27. He likes play football. 28. Where is the breaking glass? 29. I am confident of win. 30. The book is worth to read. 31. It is a pleasure meeting you. 32. You had better to ask permission. 33. How dare you to speak against the king? 34. I would rather to die than suffer so. 35. I felt the earth to shake. 36. I would sooner to die than tell lie. 37. Being a nice day, we decided to go out. 38. He never has and never will go for a picnic. 39. Learn respecting your parents. 40. He is tired to play cricket. 41. Children visiting the / park are amused / by the monkeys / play in the cages. / No error. (e) 42. I am sure that / neither the house nor its / contents is for sale. / No error. 43. The Hindi and the Marathi are / different forms of the Sanskrit language / which were once spoken / in almost every part of India. / No error. (e) 44. The committee chief warned the party members / that if they persist / in their obstructionist attitude / they would be suspended. / No error. (e) 45. More widely popular / than the hunting of deer or fox / were the pursuit of the hare. / No error. 46. The foremost criterion of selection we adopted / were the number of years of training / a dancer had received / under a particular guru. / No error. (e) 47. The future is / yet to come / but you have a / right to shape it. / No error. (e) 48. He won t return the money / that he borrowed / will you? / No error. 49. The child / picked up a burned paper / from the street. / No error. 50. Many a student / are frustrated / be cause of unemployment. / No error. Etude Classes 22 22

23 Answer 1. Closing 2. Have 3. Is 4. Is 5. Were 6. Dare 7. Is 8. Must 9. May 10. Need 11. Can 12. Need not 13. Should 14. Must 15. Go 16. Will 17. Stay 18. Go 19. Reading 20. Laugh 21. Remove to 22. Change travel into travels 23. Change to drink into drinking 24. Change have into has and their into his 25. Change to wait into waiting 26. Change has into have 27. Use to before play 28. Change breaking into broken 29. Change win into winning 30. Change to read into reading 31. Change meeting into meet 32. Remove to 33. Remove to 34. Remove to 35. Change to shake into shaking 36. Remove to 37. Use it before being 38. Use gone after has 39. Change respecting into how to respect 40. Change to play into of playing Etude Classes 23 23

24 s 4. Adverb og 'kcn tks Verb, Adverb, Preposition ;k Adverb dh fo'ks"krk crykrk gs] Adverb dgykrk gsa Ex : very, much, too, almost, slowly, really etc. Points to Remember 1. Verb to be (is/are/am/was/were) rfkk adjective ;k V 3 ds chp es a Adverb dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex: This is real important (x) C.V. Adj. This is C.V. Adv. really important ( ) Adj. The car is quite rejected (x) This car is quitly rejected ( ) ;kn j[ks % Adjective + ly = Adverb gksrk gsa 2. Very dk iz;ksx Present Participle (V+ing) ds igys rfkk Much dk iz;ksx Past Participle (V 3 ) ds igys gksrk gsa Ex: This book is much interesting. (x) This book is very interesting. ( ) Ram was very surprised at his rude behaviour. (x) Ram was much surprised at his rude behaviour. ( ) 3. ;fn okd; dh 'kq:vkr Hardly, Scarcely, No sooner, Never vkfn ls gks rks blds ckn igys Verb rc Subject dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex : Never I have seen such a beautiful painting. (x) Never have I seen such a beautiful painting. ( ) Hardly he had started when it began to rain. (x) Hardly had he started when it began to rain, ( ) No sooner the bell rang than the students came out from the classes, (x) No sooner did the bell ring than the students came out from the classes. ( ) Adverb,d,slk 'kcn gs ftldk iz;ksx lkeku;r% Verb, Conjection, Preposition, Adjective ;k vu; Adverb dh fo'ks"krk crykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa Ex: Shyam speaks loudly. Verb Adv. Priya is very beautiful. Adv. Adj. Jackey ruus very Adv. Adv. Kinds of Adverb slowly. 1. Adverbs of manner: ;s fø;k ds <ax (dsls@fdl izdkj) dks crykrk gs&hard, well, slowly, fast, beautifully, carefully Ex: It is raining heavily. He runs slowly. Adv. Adv. 2. Adverbs of Place: ;s LFkku (dgka) dk cks/ djkrs gs&here, there, out, away, everywhere near, away, above, below. Ex: Come here. I looked everywhere. 3. Adverbs of time : ;s le; (dc) dk cks/ djkrs gs a& yesterday, today, tomorrow, last Ex: month, now, then, soon before, shortly I met him yesterday. He will come tomorrow. 4. Adverbs of frequency : ;s ckjackjrk (fdruh ckj) dk cks/ djkrs gas& always, often, seldom, once, twice, never, again, sometime Ex: Ram always laughs at me. I have never seen the Taj Mahal. The Position of Adverb 1. Adverbs of manner, Place rfkk Time dk iz;ksx Verb ds ckn gksrk gs] ysfdu ;fn okd; es a Object gks rks budk iz;ksx Object ds Hkh ckn gksrk gsa Ex: He runs slowly. ( ) Etude Classes 24 24