VOCABULARY. In an Irish pub / Visiting the doctor / The Emerald Island

Transcription

1 VOCABULARY A four-leaf clover A lucky charm An itchy palm Bitter Cider Close to Colourful Conference Content Dial Dull Far away Fountain Horseshoe Impulse Increase Inspired Irish pub Ladder Magical Methodical Minute Misfortune A small green plant considered to be lucky if you find one with four leaves. Any item which the carrier feels brings them good fortune. Typical examples are a rabbit's foot, a lucky piece of clothing for job interviews, etc. An expression used when you have a feeling you will either receive (right hand) or give (left hand) money. A dry sharp-tasting ale with strong flavor of hops. Tasting very sharp or sometimes not very nice. Not at all sweet. An alcoholic drink made by fermenting apples. Near not very far in distance, or intimate regarding relationships. With a large variety of colours. An event where a large number of people with related interests meet to hold discussions and share information. The things that are contained in something. A type of wheel on a central axis that you move in order to control or make changes to a device or instrument, e.g. on watches or old telephones. Not bright or interesting, boring. Distant, a long way. A water display. Often seen at the centre of a lake or pond. Water is ejected into the air and then falls back down. The U-shaped piece of metal attached to a horse's hoof, which is considered to be lucky in some cultures. A spontaneous action because one felt like doing it. Raise, growth. Resulting from inspiration, brilliant. A bar with an Irish theme, decorated to look like a typical bar from Ireland. Something used to reach high places. Two parallel poles which are joined by horizontal rungs which we can step on in order to go higher. Wonderful, enchanting, containing magic. A way to describe a very special experience. Working or thinking in a very logical and practical way. Tiny, very small. Bad luck

2 Pint Record Risk Row Sum of money Sunburnt Tear The right way up To adjust a dial To apologise To bleed To go on a spree To have something on one's mind To hesitate To hold onto To jump at the chance To let oneself go To melt To object to To play safe To press a button To propose to someone To pull a lever To purr To regulate To scratch To stroke A measure of liquid equalling 568 ml, often linked to beer. A collection of files or information on a certain subject. A danger or possible negative aspect of something. An argument or angry discussion. Quantity of money. Having spent too long in the sun and, therefore, having red and sore skin. A drop of water which comes from the eyes when we are very sad. With the top and bottom (e.g. of a picture) in the correct place. To turn a circular button or knob in order to get a desired result. Radios often have a dial to find the different stations or channels. To say 'sorry' to someone. To have blood coming from a cut. To spend a short but intense period of time doing something. E.g.: I went on a shopping spree yesterday and bought a lot of clothes. Expression used to say that you are thinking or worried about something. To stop before doing something and to reconsider. To keep, not dispose of. An expression used to say that someone takes an opportunity quickly, without thinking. Expression meaning to relax and have fun. To change from a solid state into a liquid one. To think that something is a bad idea. To be in opposition to something. An expression for being cautious. To apply pressure to a button in order to activate a machine or appliance. To ask someone if they will marry you. To change the position of a long stick. Machines often have them to start or stop. The verb that is used to refer to the sound a cat makes when it is happy. To monitor or make sure that something is correct, in the correct proportion. To slightly damage something by removing a very thin layer from the top. To use one's nails to relieve an irritation on the skin. To use one's hand to smooth an animal's fur.

3 To tear up To terrify To weigh up the pros and cons Upside down To break a piece of paper into small pieces. To scare or horrify. An expression that means someone is considering the positive and negative aspects of something. When the top is at the bottom and the bottom is at the top. VOCABULARY SENTENCES Shall we go to the new Irish pub in town? I've heard they've got a special on all drinks for the opening week, so we could try a few traditional drinks. We tried some still cider in the North of Spain. It was quite different from the fizzy cider we drink in Devon. Do you fancy another pint? It's my round. If you walk under a ladder, you may get paint on your head. There was a lovely fountain in the square. The conference is about the international economy. They got married in Las Vegas on an impulse, but they're still happy 20 years down the road. I never thought I'd find an original antique radio with a dial, but I came across one in a little junk shop. I think it's fair to say that with the new contract your workload's going to increase significantly. I hope you're up to the job. Some people like to carry a lucky charm. Mummy, mummy, we've found a four-leaf clover! I've got an itchy palm; I wonder why. They gave him a card with a horseshoe on it. Losing his job was a great misfortune for him and his family. If you go climbing without a guide, you are taking a risk. Most of the audience shed a tear or two during the film: It was very moving. I found the museum rather dull, I'm afraid. I was inspired to join a local theatre group by my drama teacher; and that's where it all began. The night was magical; candlelit dinner, champagne, romantic music and then he proposed to me. My brother and I are like chalk and cheese. He's methodical and happy to slog away at

4 something, whereas I am impatient and always looking for a quick fix. That butterfly's wings are so colourful in the light. I thought I'd hardly caught any sun at all because it was cloudy, but it turns out I got quite badly sunburnt. And that was that; my favourite cut glass vase had fallen off the shelf and smashed into minute pieces. If you added some brown sugar to your coffee, it wouldn't taste so bitter. She hesitated before jumping in the water. I'm sorry I lost my temper. I mean it: I apologise for being so moody lately. My nephew's cat sat purring happily in his lap all afternoon. It was so loud you could hear it in the next room. The cat likes to be stroked around its ears and all along its back. I know you're not supposed to scratch insect bites, but I can't help it. Don't tear up the letter! I want to read it. Quick! Eat up your ice cream before it melts in this heat. He's bleeding quite badly. He may need stitches. People say that the tour is terrifying when you go into the dungeons and actors jump out at you. What happens if I press this button? Can you adjust the dial on the radio? Is it possible to regulate the volume? Now pull the lever! That's it. She told me that she strongly objected to the new plans, but there's not much she can do about it. She'll just have to bite her tongue when the big boss comes. He proposed to me on January 1st. I advise you to hold onto your money and not to spend it on something unnecessary. The couple next door are always rowing. I wish they'd sort their problems out. May I see the contents of your suitcase, sir? It is important to keep a record of your spending. He was offered a large sum for the photographs. In an Irish pub / Visiting the doctor / The Emerald Island I wish I didn't live so far away from my family, so it'd be easier to see them more often. We're fairly close to the gallery, so I think we should walk as it's a nice day and we were cooped up all day yesterday.

5 USEFUL PHRASES You're not concentrating. Have you got something on your mind? Do you fancy going on a spree? I think we should play safe and buy her some flowers. Yes, she really lets herself go. If I were you, I'd jump at the chance. You have to weigh up the pros and cons. Make sure that package is the right way up; it's delicate! I'm not surprised, you're looking at it upside down! LANGUAGE USE PRACTICE 1 He is recording a new CD. It is essential to keep a record of expenses. The boss has promised to increase my salary. There has been an increase in crime. Australia exports a lot of wool. Cars are amongst the main exports. LANGUAGE USE PRACTICE 2 Oh dear! Did you tear your dress? The content of the magazine is very interesting. Look at the ants; they're minute. She lives close to her mother. I always prefer live music. The neighbours are having another row.

6 GRAMMAR Conditional sentences Conditional sentences have two parts: a) The subordinate clause, which expresses a condition and is introduced by if b) The main clause, which expresses the result of the condition There are three types of conditionals, depending on the degree of probability of the indicated condition: 1. First conditional Type of conditional 1st Degree of probability Probable Form If + present future If he is interested in your offer, he ll let you know. 2nd Imaginary or improbable If + past conditional If we lived in London, I would accept the job. If + past perfect 3rd Impossible conditional perfect If she had phoned, I would have fetched her. Use: The subordinate clause introduced by if expresses a condition which is possible or probable to become true. The main clause predicts the consequences of the condition. The most frequent tenses in this type of sentences are: Form: Subordinate clause: If + present simple Main clause: will future IF + PRESENT è FUTURE

7 If you study, you ll pass your exam. Sub. Clause Main Clause. Variations: This basic structure has many variations. Instead of if, there are conditional particles like unless, as long as, provided, even if. The verb in the subordinate clause can have the form of Present Continuous or Present Perfect, instead of Present Simple. The verb in the main clause can appear with a modal verb (can, may, must, should, had better) or have the imperative form, instead of Future Simple. IF Unless (= if not) As long as Provided Even if PRESENT SIMPLE Present Perfect Present Continuous FUTURE SIMPLE can, may must should, had better imperative Unless you study harder, you won t pass your exams. Even if we can fix it, it will never look the same. You may go, provided (that) you re at home by eleven o clock. As long as you are not busy, can you help with this work? If you have the time, you must visit him in hospital. If you have a cold, you should go to the doctor. Unless you are tired, we may go out. If you want to know his name, ask him. The two parts of the sentence are interchangeable; but when the subordinate clause comes first, we have to separate the two clauses by adding a comma. If you study, you ll pass your exam. = You ll pass your exam if you study. In an Irish pub / Visiting the doctor / The Emerald Island

8 FALSE CONDITIONALS Universal truths There is a type of conditional sentence with present simple in both parts. This clause is classified as zero conditional, but in fact, it is no conditional sentence. It doesn t indicate probability of a condition, but expresses a relation of cause and effect. In this type, the particle if is equivalent to when : If you mix red and white, you get pink. When you mix red and white, you get pink. In case Conditional: If it rains I ll take the umbrella. False conditional: Time clauses Take the umbrella, in case it rains. IF / WHEN + PRESENT è PRESENT Be careful with the subordinate clauses that are time clauses. Although they can coincide regarding the tenses, these clauses indicate a temporal reference, and not a condition: After As soon as Before Till / Until When + Present è Future After After she graduates, she will get a job. As soon as As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. Before I will leave before he comes. Till / until We will stay there until we finish our work. When When I see him tomorrow, I ll ask him to come.

9 2. Second conditional Use: The second conditional is used to speak of hypothetical or imaginary situations, of what would happen if they were true. Form: Subordinate clause: If + past simple Main clause: Conditional simple If I lived in China, I would learn Chinese. IF + PAST è CONDITIONAL If I were travelling in the desert, I d take a bottle of water with me. We have to take some points into consideration when we use this type of conditional: Like in the first conditional, the main and subordinate clauses can invert their order. If I lived in China, I would learn Chinese. I would learn Chinese if I lived in China. The conditional particle doesn t always have to be if ; it can be unless, provided, as long as or even if. Even if I had entered the competition, I wouldn t have won it. The modal verbs could or might can be substituted with would if we want to express that the result is less probable. If I knew her telephone number, I could phone her. But I don t know it, so it is practically impossible to call her. The verb To be has two past forms: was and were, but in the conditional sentences we use were for all persons.(note: In colloquial English, sometimes people use was for the first and third person singular.) If I were you, I would take the job. 3. Third conditional

10 Form: Subordinate clause: If + past perfect Main clause: Conditional perfect If I had known, I would not have come. IF + PAST PERFECT è CONDITIONAL PERFECT If you had been to Spain, you would have learned more Spanish. Like with the first and second conditional sentences, we have to take into consideration: The conditional particle can also be unless, provided, as long as, even if. The two parts of the sentence are interchangeable. I would have bought it if I had had enough money. If I had had enough money, I would have bought it. There can be modal verbs. In that case, it s might have or could have instead of would have in the Conditional Perfect. Compare: If you had asked him, he would not have let you go. If the condition had become true, I am sure, that this would have been the result. But: If you had asked him, he might not have let you go. I don t know, what would have happened, but it is possible that this would have happened. 4. Mixed conditionals They are a mixture of the second and the third conditional: the subordinate clause seems to belong to the third type (Past Perfect), that is, it indicates a condition that is already impossible to become true; but the main clause has the form of the second type of conditionals (would) showing a consequence in the present: If you had listened to me, you would be rich now.

11 If she had entered that company, she wouldn t be looking for a job now. In an Irish pub / Visiting the doctor / The Emerald Island

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