A. Flue Pipes. 2. Open Pipes. = n. Musical Instruments. Instruments. A. Flue Pipes B. Flutes C. Reeds D. References

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1 Musical Istrumets 1 Wid Istrumets 2 Wid Istrumets A. Flue Pipes B. Flutes C. Reeds D. Refereces May A. Flue Pipes 3 1. Vo Karma vortex street 4 1) Vortex Oscillatio 2) Ope-Ed Pipes 3) Closed-Ed Pipes Stream of air oscillates from oe side of the sharp edge to the other 2. Ope Pipes Pressure ode at both eds Displacemet atiode at both eds Fudametal wavelegth is 2x Legth A two foot pipe approximately hits middle C (C4) All harmoics are preset (but higher harmoics are excited oly whe the air flow is big) 5 2b. Ope Pipe Harmoics All harmoics possible (both eve ad odd) 2L C1 C2 G2 6 C3

2 3. Closed Pipes Pressure atiode at closed ed, ode at mouth Displacemet ode at closed ed, atiode at mouth Fudametal wavelegth is 4x Legth A oe foot pipe approximately hits middle C (C4) Oly odd harmoics preset! 7 3b. Closed Pipe Harmoics 4L Oly ODD harmoics preset (1, 3, 5, ) Ope pipe Closed pipe 8 C1 C2 G2 C3 B. Flutes 9 1a. Recorder The Recorder 2. The Flute x opeig holes effectively makes the cylider shorter (moves atiode up). Plays the diatoic scale 1b. Recorder Resoaces 11 2a. Flute 12 A very high ote ca be played by opeig a hole midway, forcig a pressure ode, hece excitig a higher harmoic ( upper register ote) Agai, 2 foot ope pipe, fudametal is C4 (middle C) Has extra levers to play sharps/flats (full set of 12 toe holes), allowig oe to play all 12 semitoes from C4 to C5. upper register to C4 to C5, you ope a hole ear ceter to force a pressure ode, hece play the 2 harmoic (i.e. play otes a octave higher with early same figerig) E4 D5

3 2b. Upper Registers 13 2c. Flute Figerig Charts 14 To play eve higher, you ope up other holes to force the 3 harmoic D6 Aother combiatio forces the 4 harmoic G6 C. Reeds 15 history Reed Acoustics 2. Harmoics (Clariet) 3. Coical Bores Simple reed istrumets were iveted by the Egyptias 1. Reed Pipe Acoustics Reed ope ad closes, sedig pulses of pressure waves. Hece mouthpiece is a pressure atiode Ope ed is a pressure ode Hece behaves like a closed pipe Fudametal wavelegth is 4x Legth Typical Clariet, fudametal is D3 17 1b. Closed Pipe Harmoics 4L Oly odd harmoics N1 λ4l C4 18 N3 λ4l/3 G5 N5 λ4l/6 E6

4 1c. Reed Pipe Timbre Cylidrical bore (Clariet) oly allows odd harmoics. Waveform is approximately square (as reed opes/closes its like a biary o/off pulse) Reed Pipe Figerigs Example: let fudametal (lower register) be a C 4 Next resoace ( middle register ) is 3 rd harmoic, i.e. octave plus P5, so G 5 Next resoace is 5 th harmoic, i.e. 2 octaves plus a M3, so E 6 20 Square waves are made of oly odd harmoics. Clariet Figerigs 21 Clariet Figerig: Low Register 22 Like recorder, opeig holes effectively makes the cylider shorter (moves atiode up). Clariet Figerig: Upper Register 23 Clariet Figerig: High Notes 24 To get very high otes, opeig some other holes forces the 5 th harmoic to domiate! (so istead of playig the fudametal C1, you would get the E3) Opeig the register key makes a atiode that reiforces the 3 rd harmoic, ad suppresses the fudametal (so istead of playig a C1, you d get a G2 which is a twelfth above the fudametal).

5 3. Coical Bore Cylidrical bore (Clariet) oly allows odd harmoics. Saxophoe, Oboe have a coical bore which allows for all the harmoics, but this is complicated to explai why. Hece upper register of these istrumets utilizes the 2 d harmoic (more similar to figerig for the flute). 25 Sax 26 Figerig Saxophoe is a moder istrumet, iveted 1840 by Adolphe Sax. its mouthpiece is similar to clariet 3c. Double Reeds Oboes ad Bassoos have a double reed Both have coical bores 27 misc x 28 Refereces