Activity 6.1: Compound and Complex nouns 5. Activity 6.2: Predicate and Object 7. Activity 6.3: Comparison of Adjectives 7

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2 2 Content: Theme 6 Page no Activity 6.1: Compound and Complex nouns 5 Activity 6.2: Predicate and Object 7 Activity 6.3: Comparison of Adjectives 7 Activity 6.4: Simple Present and Simple Past Tense 8 Activity 6.5: Literal and Figurative meaning 9 Activity 6.6: Punctuation 9 Activity 6.7: Word forms 9 Theme 7: Chatter Bugs Exercise 7.1: Analysing Computer Games 10 Exercise 7.2: Persuasive skills 11 Exercise 7.3: Debate 11 Exercise 7.4: Comprehension 12-13

3 3 Activity 7.5: Proper Nouns 14 Activity 7.6: Demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns 15 Activity 7.7: Direct and Indirect Speech 16 Activity 7.8: Simple and Compound Sentences 17 Activity 7.9: Synonyms and Antonyms 18 Activity 7.10: Literal and Figurative Meaning 20 Activity 7.11: Word Forms 20 Theme 8: Getting to know you Activity 8.1: Prepositions 21 Activity 8.2: Numerical adjectives 22 Activity 8.3: Active and Passive voice 23 Activity 8.4: Idioms and Proverbs 24 Activity 8.5: The Apostrophe 24 Activity 8.6: Word forms 26

4 4 Theme 9: Film Critic Activity 9.1: Transitive and Intransitive verbs 28 Activity 9.2: Passive Voice 28 Activity 9.3: Present Simple Tense vs Present Continuous Tense 30 Activity 9.4: Direct and indirect/reported Speech 31 Activity 9.5: Synonyms and Antonyms 31 Activity 9.6: Literal and Figurative Meaning 32

5 5 Activity 6.1: Compound nouns In English, two nouns are sometimes used together to form a compound noun. Compound nouns are either written: 1) Together Examples: classroom, raincoat, sunglasses 2) With a hyphen Examples: pen-knife, razor-blade 3) Separately Example: table fan, tablet cover Note: A plural is usually formed by adding -s to the main word. Complex nouns A complex noun is formed when a noun is put together with another part of speech. Example: passer-by = (noun + preposition) lazy-chair = (adjective-noun) Note: A plural is formed by putting the -s after the noun. Activity Compound and Complex Nouns Make the noun plural by adding the -s in the correct place. 1. spoonful 5. staircase 2. teacup 6. dollar note 3. carpool 7. handbag 4. storeroom 8. son-in-law

6 6 Activity Compound and Complex nouns Correct the errors wherever the nouns are not correctly pluralised. 1. There were Indian, Chinese and Malay dances troupes in the culture show. 2. We appreciate the comments from the non-members students. 3. Many tapes recorders appear in the market every year. 4. There are several kinds of hairsbrush for you to choose from. 5. I wish there were more bedsroom in the house. Activity 6.2: Subject, Predicate and Object Subject: Who or what is doing the action (verb) The object: who or what is receiving the action (verb). Subject Predicate Verb Direct object The aliens destroyed the planet The rats ate the food The princess kissed the frog Subject Predicate Linking verb Adjective or subject compliment noun The aliens were killers The rats are hungry The princess is beautiful However, sometimes we have another object within sentences that don t relate directly to the subject. These are indirect objects. Subject Predicate Verb Indirect object Direct object The aliens sent the people smoke signals. The rats ate the dinosaur s peaches.

7 7 Activity 6.2 Predicate and Object Rewrite the following sentences in your books. Underline the subject in one colour and the predicate in another colour. Once you have done this, circle the direct object. NB: Remember: sometimes sentences don t have a direct object. 1. The prince gave her a beautiful diamond ring. 2. The ogre forgot his watch in the slime. 3. She had oats and yoghurt for breakfast this morning. 4. The king announced his speech to the community. 5. The Queen of hearts went to Wonderland last year. 6. Don t run in the corridor! 7. Have you ever seen a Loch Ness Monster? Dual use of some nouns Be careful of dual category nouns. These nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on how we use them. Examples: We buy a box of chocolates (countable) or a bar of chocolate (non-countable). We ask: How much time? (time = non-countable), But How many times? (Times as in occasions=countable). Activity 6.3: Comparison of Adjectives COMPARATIVE FORM: When we compare two things, we add the suffix er after, or we add the word more before the adjective. SUPERLATIVE FORM: When we compare three or more things, we add the suffix est after, or we add the word most before the adjective.

8 8 1 st Degree Form 2 nd Degree/ Comparative Form 3 rd Degree/ Superlative Form My friend is clever and beautiful. My friend is cleverer and more beautiful than me. Out of the group of friends, she is the cleverest and most beautiful Activity 6.3 Comparison of Adjectives Rewrite the following sentences and change the word in brackets into the correct form. 1. Peter is the (naughty) boy in the class. 2. Thandi s mark was (low) than Craig s. 3. That painting is the (beautiful) out of the two. 4. I have a (less) amount to spend at tuck than you 5. Dad had the (many) points at the end of the game. 6. Andre is the (artistic) in his class Activity 6.4: Simple present tense and Simple past tense Rewrite and complete the table below into your books. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE I sing Yesterday I sang Tomorrow I will sing I forget to make my bed Yesterday... Tomorrow... Yesterday you sat on the chair Yesterday... Tomorrow you will drive my car I go to the shops Yesterday... Tomorrow... Yesterday I ate a burger Tomorrow... Yesterday... Tomorrow it will fly

9 9 Activity 6.5: Literal and Figurative Meaning Activity 6.5.1: Literal and figurative meaning Write the following words in your book and give a definition of each: a) Literal meanings b) Figurative meaning c) Emotive language Activity 6.5.2: Literal and figurative meaning Write the following idioms into your book and write the literal and figurative meanings: a) The apple doesn t fall far from the tree b) It s raining cats and dogs Activity 6.6: Fill in the punctuation marks Rewrite the following sentences adding any punctuation marks needed. 1. Are john mark and katlego coming today 2. Look out shouted philani 3. Jack couldnt believe i said that to him 4. Are you sure she said that would be really kind of you Activity 6.7: Word forms Complete the following sentences by using the correct form of the word in brackets. Rewrite the whole sentence into your books, underlining the word that has been modified. 1. Exercise helps to... the muscles. (strength) 2. Each girl longed for... (victorious) 3. I... that the Irish girl will win (prediction) 4. We would like to... the winner. (congratulations) 5. Now a... girl has taken the lead. (difference) 6. As usual, the...is tough. (competitive) 7. The study of the mind is called... (psychological) 8. I would like to... you with the latest methods. (acquainted)

10 10 Computer games, PlayStation, Xbox... imaginary or too realistic? Computer technology allows programmers to create graphics that are very life-like and convincing. Characters, in some games, look and move like real human beings; others have a fantasy world where players actually assume the role and identity of certain characters. Exercise 7.1: Analysing computer games How carefully do you think about the games that you play? Copy the following table into your book: Name of Killing/ Questing Sport Playing cards, Working a Cartoon Life like Role game fighting numbers or simulator figures human playing shapes figures Working on your own, name the top three games you enjoy playing and complete the table by ticking the columns that are appropriate to the game. Once you have done this answer the following questions: 1. Do you think it is acceptable to play games in which you pretend to kill people? Why? 2. Do you think it is more acceptable if the killers are fictional characters or if they are more life-like human figures? Give a reason to support your answer. 3. Are the games that you play realistic? Could somebody do what the characters in your games do in real life? Explain why you say so.

11 11 Debating Debating is a formal discussion on a particular matter in a public meeting, in which opposing arguments are put forward and which usually ends in a vote. Click on the first link of your List of links for term 2 to watch a short video on how debating takes place in a formal setting. Exercise 7.2: Persuasive skills Discuss the following questions with a partner and come to some conclusions about how you feel. You will be sharing your opinions with the rest of the class. 1. a) Some people criticise computer games for being antisocial because they don t encourage people to socialise with friends, family and other people. What do you think of this criticism? Explain. b) How much time do you think a grade 7 should be allowed to spend playing computer games a week? c) Are grade 7 s mature enough to monitor and, if necessary, moderate how much time they spend playing computer games and what types of games they play? Discuss this as a class. Exercise 7.3: Debate Groups of four will be given a motion to debate. One couple will be told they are for the motion (the proposing team) and the other couple will be told they are against the motion (the opposing team). The first speaker will have two minutes on each team to lay down their reasons for opposing or proposing the motion. The second speaker will then have a chance to back up their motion and will sum up their ideas. Mrs Taylor is the chairperson and the rest of the class is the audience. The audience will be able to ask a few questions and then they will vote. Merits will be awarded to those who debate well. Remember: This is a formal debate, wait for your turn to speak.

12 Mandela s Speech During what is now known as the Rivonia Trial in 1964, Nelson Mandela was faced with a possible death sentence for the number of crimes he had committed. He read a speech from a piece of paper until he got to this part below. He put his piece of paper down and looked straight into the eyes of the judge, Justice De Wet and said: 12 During my lifetime, I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against White domination and I have fought against Black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Repetition used in persuasive language Sometimes repetition is a well thought out technique used by people who make speeches. Overly repetitive writing can become tiresome. However, when used sparingly for effect, it can reinforce the writer's message and/or entertain the reader. Writers may repeat a word, a phrase or an entire sentence for emphasis. Can you think of two other ways we could write this sentence?...it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

13 13 Exercise 7.4: Reading and Viewing Answer the following questions in your work book. 1. What are your feelings after reading this extract and what impact does it have on you? 2. The power of Nelson Mandela s speech comes partly from the strength of the beliefs and emotions that are evident in his words. What is the ideal that he stands for? (2) (1) 3. a) Which particular words show that he is totally committed to his cause? (2) b) Explain what emotive language means. What is emotive about his speech? (2) 4. When Mr Mandela made this speech, he had no idea what the future held for him. Write down two things that you could never change your mind about no matter what the future may hold. Give reasons for your answers.

14 14 Activity 7.5: Proper Nouns Rewrite the sentences only. Add capital letters to all the proper nouns 1. Why didn t george washington ever need a bed?... because he could not lie 2. Boy: What s the capital of alaska? Girl: juneau. Boy: Of course I know, but I m asking you! 3. Which are the two strongest days of the seven?... saturday and sunday... the others are weekdays 4. Boy: Why was your january math grade so low? Girl: Everything is always marked down after christmas. 5. Why are the middle ages also called the dark ages?... because there were so many knights. 6. How did the dog stop the dvd player?... It pressed the paws button. Demonstrative Adjectives and Demonstrative Pronouns Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun. That smells. (Demonstrative pronoun) That book is good. (Demonstrative adjective + noun)

15 Activity 7.6: Demonstrative Adjectives and Demonstrative Pronouns Underline the demonstrative adjectives or pronouns and state whether it is an adjective or pronoun below the sentences. 1. That is the best way to ride a bike. 2. Are those the right shoes? 3. This is the perfect place to spend a snowy weekend. 4. Is that cloth as soft as silk? 5. These are my favourite candies. 6. Those peppers burn like fire. 7. Listen to this girl sing. 8. That is where I will place the birdbath 15

16 16 Direct and Indirect (reported) speech Read through these two passages: Jason looked amazed. Did you made that model yourself, Liam? he asked. Liam nodded. All by myself. I had no help whatsoever. Well, I am amazed! said Jason as he walked off. Direct speech These words are written directly as to what was said by the speaker Direct speech uses inverted commas and other punctuation as required A new paragraph begins for each speaker Jason looked amazed and asked Liam if he had made the model himself. Liam nodded and said that he had done it all by himself. He had, had no help whatsoever. Jason walked off saying that he was amazed. Indirect/Reported speech There are no inverted commas The tense changes Pronouns change (e.g. yourself becomes himself ) Time changes Sometimes new words are added to link the words said to the speaker (e.g. that ) if or whether are used for questions Activity 7.7: Direct and Indirect speech 1) Rewrite the following in direct speech: Tammy jumped up in fright. She said that Peter had scared her. Peter told her to put away her painting set and to hurry as they had to get home quickly. Tammy wanted to know what the rush was. Peter smiled at her and told her to wait and see. 2) Rewrite the following in indirect/reported speech: You ve spoilt my afternoon. I just wanted to sit and paint, complained Tammy. Peter dragged her down the hill. Stop moaning and get a move on, said Peter. As she walked round the hedge she saw a pony. What s that? stammered Tammy. It s your birthday surprise! shouted the family.

17 Activity 7.8: Simple and Compound Sentences Simple sentences = SUBJECT + PREDICATE Compound sentences = SUBJECT 1 + PREDICATE 1 + (CONJUNCTION) + SUBJECT 2 + PREDICATE 2 17 Join the two simple sentences by adding a conjunction to create compound sentences. 1. She went to day-care. She did not want to go. 2. Helping parents is hard. No one said helping parents with their children would be easy. 3. He loves to play outside during the day. I will let him play after lunch. 4. The girl was hungry. She had not eaten since breakfast. 5. Professionals can view toilet training from an independence point of view. Parents can view it as a struggle. 6. Babies like to put things in their mouths. Learning about objects in this way is how they use all of their senses.

18 18 Activity 7.9: Synonyms and Antonyms Redraw the following crossword puzzle into your book: Here are the clues to help you complete the puzzle: Down 2. A type of flower that begins with R. 14. Synonym for home. 3. A kind of fish that begins with G. 4. A farm animal that rhymes with wow. 5. The antonym of thick. 7. The antonym of far. 9. The antonym of young. 10. A kind of fruit that begins with B. 15. A kind of fruit that begins with L. 16. The antonym of good. 19. The antonym of high. 21. The antonym of wrong. 22. The antonym of big. 23. A synonym of sleepy. 25. The antonym of fast.

19 19 Across 1. A type of fruit that begins with O. 4. A pet that rhymes with hat. 6. A farm animal that rhymes with pen. 8. The antonym of deep. 11. A pet that rhymes with log. 12. A drink that rhymes with sea. 13. A place that rhymes with pool. 18. A synonym for angry. 19. A synonym for jump. 20. A synonym of gift. 24. An antonym of east. 26. A farm animal that rhymes with boat. 27. The antonym of north. 28. A synonym for speak. 17. A place that rhymes with teach. Literal and Figurative meaning Personification is a figure of speech. It is used to give an abstract or inanimate object, human characteristics and is often used in poetry. The literal meaning is exactly as it is stated, for example the literal meaning for the trees danced in the wind is that the trees were actually dancing The figurative meaning however would be that the wind was blowing and this made the trees move like they were dancing in the wind.

20 Activity 7.10: Literal and Figurative meaning The following lines are taken from poems. Underline the personification and say what you think the poet means. In other words what do you think the underlying, figurative meaning may be? 1. The morning comes to consciousness ~T.S. Eliot 2. The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet. ~Thomas Nash 3. (The steam shovel s) jaws were dripping with a load of earth and grass that it had cropped. ~Charles Malan 4. The night was creeping on the ground ~James Stephens 20 Activity 7.11: Word forms Form verbs from each of these words: Example: false: falsify soft: soften 1. colony 2. tight 3. correction 4. simple 5. dictation 6. moisture 7. sharp 8. song 9. provision 10. dark

21 21 Prepositions of time, place, movement Prepositions show the relationships between things usually in terms of space, distance, time and movement. Prepositions of movement: show motion or movement to or from a place. Examples: down, along, out of, through, up, over, under, etc. Prepositions of place: show where one thing is in relation to another. Examples: under, on top of, next to, behind, in, etc. Prepositions of time: show when something takes place. Examples: at, on, in, during, since, next, etc. Activity 8.1: Prepositions of Time, Place, Movement Rewrite the following and underline the correct preposition. Colour code your answers to time place and movement and draw a key code below your answer. Example: Key Time: red Place: blue Movement: green I am Peter, I live (on, in, at) Germany. (In, At, During) Summer I like to travel (after, to, towards) Italy because (by, from, of) the weather and the people there. Last summer I took a plane (from, over, against) Munich to Rome. (From, on, after) the airport we went to our hotel (by, with, on) bus. The driver parked the bus (behind, over, below) the restaurant. Nobody could find the bus and the driver, so we waited (down, outside, on) the restaurant (for, in, through) one hour. The driver was walking (across, through, over) the park (near, over, round) the restaurant which we did not know. So we were very angry (along, with, from) him. But my holidays were great. We sat (over, at, round) camp fires and went dancing (for, against, till) early hours in the morning.

22 22 Activity 8.2: Numeric Adjectives Watch the second video of your list of links for term 2 to understand more about numerical adjectives. Now complete the activity by filling in the numerical adjectives 1. A TV screen measuring 40 inches across it A TV screen. 2. Every day, I work 8 hours Every day I work an shift. 3. The rugby player took the kick twenty five metres in. He took the kick from the mark. 4. A dog with only three legs A dog 5. The book is one hundred and twenty years old. He read the book. Active and Passive voice So far we have spoken about active voice. This is when the subject of the sentence is active (it is doing the action or the verb) Examples: S V Stuart clipped his toenails. S V The ballerinas beat the rugby players in a soccer game. S V Many students of Tom Newby have seen UFOs.

23 23 However, Passive voice is when we make the subject passive and it no longer does the action. Now, the subject rather is acted upon: Examples: S V Stuart s toenails were clipped by him. S V The rugby players were beat by the ballerinas in a soccer game. S V UFO s have been seen by many Tom Newby students. Have you noticed that we needed to add some helping verbs? Activity 8.3: Active and Passive Voice Rewrite these active voice sentences into your books and change them into the passive voice: 1. Johan cleaned the bathroom. 2. The electrician is testing the fire alarm. 3. They often listen to music. 4. She is reading an The earthquake destroyed many houses. 6. We did our homework last Sunday. 7. A crocodile ate him in 2010.

24 24 Activity 8.4 Idioms and Proverbs Rewrite these idioms into your book and give the figurative meaning of each: 1. When the politician was caught stealing from the taxpayers, everyone thought he would receive a severe punishment, but all he got was a slap on the wrist. 2. We thought that our neighbour s, the Jones family, were rich beyond our wildest dreams, but it turns out that we re all in the same boat. 3. If Kim thinks that I m going to let her copy my math homework, she s barking up the wrong tree. 4. The lawyer knew that beating around the bush would get Tom all worked up. 5. Don t get so worked up, buddy. She s only pulling your leg. The Apostrophe The apostrophe has 2 functions: 1. Contractions When two words are joined together, e.g. do and not, an apostrophe is used where the letter has been omitted. do + not don t Activity 8.5: Apostrophe 1. there + is - 2. will + not - 3. where + is - 4. have + not - 5. is + not -

25 25 2. Possession/ownership To indicate that something belongs to someone or something, an s or s is used to show possession. When the noun in question is singular, e.g. one boy, one girl or one man, use 's. Example: That bag belongs to one boy: It is the boy s bag. 6. That car belongs to that man: It is the 7. The cover is for that book: It is the 8. An experience had by a woman: It was the When the noun in question is plural, e.g. two boys, five girls, many books, many tables, then only an apostrophe is added. WHY? Try saying these: boys... those are the boys s bags books... those are the books s covers tables... don t touch the tables s cutlery It doesn t work! So instead, we just add an apostrophe: Unless... If the noun is a plural that does not end in s, e.g. mice, women, men, children, oxen then use s to show ownership. The mice s tail 9. The toys. 10. The wagons. 11. The lipsticks. 12. The soccer teams. NB! An apostrophe is not used for plurals! e.g.: boy s = possessive; boys = plural

26 26 Activity 8.6: Word forms Form nouns ending in ion from each of these words: 1.collide 2.navigate 3.select 4.explode 5.include 6.create 7.supervise 8.explain 9.evade 10.expel 11.cultivate 12.apply 13.extend 14.reduce 15.isolate

27 27 What are transitive verbs? Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. Here are some examples of transitive verbs: I baked some cookies. I rode the bicycle. I moved the chair. I stitched a quilt. All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb. But, what about the sentence: The bird sang. Is the verb in that sentence a transitive verb? No, in this case the verb sang is an intransitive verb. What are intransitive verbs? Intransitive verbs are action verbs, but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice, there are no words after the verb sang. More examples of intransitive verbs: I laughed. I cried. The book fell. The horse galloped. The sun set. In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action. What about this sentence? I walked to the park today. Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about the rules. Since walked has words coming after it, the verb must be transitive, right? WRONG! The phrase to the park is a

28 prepositional phrase and today is an adverb. There is no object receiving the action of the verb walked so the verb is intransitive. 28 To recap, a transitive verb must be an action verb plus there must be an object to receive that action. Activity 9.1: Transitive and Intransitive verbs Rewrite the following sentences and underline the verb. State whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. 1. She was crying all day long 2. We showed her the photo album. 3. The doctor advised me to exercise regularly. 4. It was raining at that time. 5. She laughed at the joke. 6. She gave a cookie to the child. 7. They slept in the street. 8. I ate the cherries. 9. My father doesn't drink coffee. 10. He always keeps his money in a wallet. Activity 9.2: Active and Passive Voice Rewrite these passive voice sentences into your book and then complete them in active voice on the next line: 1. This book was written by an Irishman 2. Football is played by the children 3. She is being called by her mom to go home. 4. Blue jeans were invented by Levi Strauss. 5. Many computer games were bought by our regular client.

29 29 Present simple tense vs. present continuous tense Present simple tense I play tennis You play tennis He/ She plays tennis We play tennis They play Present continuous tense I am playing tennis You are playing tennis He/ She is playing tennis We are playing tennis They are playing tennis When do we use present simple tense? Facts Example: I live in Benoni. I like English. It rains a lot in summer. Habits: Example: I usually shop on Sundays. He drives fast. She always drinks coffee in the morning. When do we use present continuous tense? Actions in progress now (i.e. It is temporary and will stop at some point) Example: I am wishing on a star. You are listening to me. The sun is shining outside. Common mistakes I am living in Gauteng. This is only correct if it is temporary. If you are living there permanently, it should say: I live in Gauteng. OR They build a house next to mine. This is temporary. It should be present continuous tense. They are building a house next to mine.

30 Activity 9.3 Present Simple Tense vs. Present Continuous Tense Rewrite these sentences into your books. Underneath each sentence change the sentence from present simple tense to present continuous tense. Do this by changing the sentence from permanent (all the time) to temporary (now). Example: Jason listens to music all the time. Jason is listening to music now I talk in class all the time. 2. Erin and Jessica make cakes once a week. 3. The teacher speaks to us in class every day. 4. Marco and I study English together every Friday. 5. Daniel and James often play soccer together. 6. Thando eats breakfast every morning. 7. My mom s car made a strange noise this morning.

31 31 Activity 9.4: Direct and Indirect/Reported Speech Rewrite the Madam and Eve cartoon in: a) Direct speech b) Indirect/reported speech Activity 9.5: Synonyms and Antonyms Add prefixes to the following to change them into their antonyms: 1.convenient 2.logical 3.popular 4.considerate 5.advantageous 6.movable 7.loyal 8.truthful 9.mobile 10.relevant 11.frequent 12.worthy

32 32 Activity 9.6: Literal and Figurative meaning Rewrite these sentences into your books and state whether they use literal or figurative language. 1. My sister and I fight like cats and dogs all of the time. 2. The feet of my baby brother are chubby. 3. Hans is funny. He always cracks me up with his jokes. 4. Mom s cooking always works like a charm on dad. 5. Watson laughed like a hyena when I wore my mask. 6. Mom gave me a tongue lashing when she found out I had broken the computer. 7. I have a ton of paperwork to finish before the week ends. 8. Yao Ming is so tall his head almost touched the ceiling.