How to use your Knowledge Organiser...

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2 How to use your Knowledge Organiser... Each school day you should be spending one hour completing your Out of Lesson Learning. This will either be: You can revise your Knowledge Organisers using a range of different methods but you should not just copy from the Knowledge Organiser into your book. You can use the How to Self-Test with the Knowledge Organiser booklet to help you! A copy of this, along with all of the Knowledge Organisers and the timetable can be found on the school website. Revising your Knowledge Organiser Try to use some of the methods we have gone through in school: Completing extra maths work Reading at home Look, cover, write and check Ask someone to write questions for you The timetable on the next page shows you which subject you should be Create mind maps Use the clock template to divide the knowledge into smaller sections Revising (it doesn't matter if you have that subject on that day or not, you should follow the timetable). You should complete the work in your Knowledge Organiser Exercise Book. Each subject should take up half a side of A4. Don t forget to add a date and title. Create a timeline of key events You should take pride in how you present your work, each page should be clearly dated, with the name of the subject used as a title. Half way down the page a line should divide it in two.

3 Year 8 Timetable... Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Homework A MFL To be quizzed Tuesday or Wednesday Science To be quizzed Wednesday or Thursday English Technical Accuracy To be quizzed Thursday or Friday Maths To be quizzed Friday English To be quizzed Monday Homework B Humanities Extra Maths 30 Minutes Reading 30 Minutes Reading Reading To be quizzed Tuesday or Wednesday

4 ENGLISH John Boyne s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Key Term and Definition Naïve: Lacking experience, wisdom or judgement. Connotations: An idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Narrative perspective/voice: The point of view of the narrator, e.g. 1st person, 3rd person. Narrative focus: The focus of the narrator, e.g. dialogue, description, action. Ideology: A system of ideals and Ideas forming the basis of an economic or political theory. Dialogue: Conversation between two or more people using direct speech. Stereotype: A fixed image or idea of a person based solely on their type, e.g. female. Prejudice: A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. Dialect: A form of language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group. Empathy: The ability to share and understand the feelings of another. Tension: The build-up of mental worry or emotional strain. Imagery: Use of figurative language to create visual images. Useful verbs for analysis suggests highlights implies emphasises illustrates proves presents verifies Vocabulary and word class Definition concentration camp (noun) A work camp normally used to house a large number of prisoners Adolf Hitler (proper noun) The leader of Germany Ghetto (noun) Part of a city, usually a slum area, occupied by a minority group Aushwitz-Birkenau (noun) Commandant (noun) The biggest death camp, in Poland, used by the Nazis The commanding officer of a place or group Liquidation (noun) Emptying of the ghettos, usually by killing or forced removal to death camps Sarcasm (Noun) To mock or convey contempt usually using irony. Naïve (adj) Showing a lack of experience, wisdom or judgement. Mercilessly (adv) Without pity Appalled (adj) Struck with fear or dread. Concede (verb) Admit or acknowledge, often reluctantly. Explicit (adj) Precisely and clearly expressed Context Second World War Germany and Great Britain were at war with each other (other countries formed the Allies with GB - and the Axis with Germany) Berlin the capital of Germany. The city was heavily bombed during the WWII. Adolf Hitler leader of the Nazi Party. Concentration Camps purposely built camps where Hitler and his Nazi Army would send anyone they considered to be undesirable. Auschwitz one of the largest death camps. Propaganda a tool used in this context to make the people of Germany believe that all Jewish people were evil. Over six million Jewish people were killed under Hitler s dictatorship. Character Summaries Bruno 8-year-old protagonist of the story who is moved from Berlin to Poland; seems naïve of Nazi ideology and innocent despite living in a concentration camp. Gretel Bruno s 12-year-old sister who acts as though she is far more grown up than Bruno; appears to be consumed by Nazi ideology; seems to have a crush on Lieutenant Kotler. Shmuel Polish inmate of the concentration camp who shares Bruno s birthday; becomes friends with Bruno. Bruno s Mother Appears kind and caring; wishes to protect her children from Nazi beliefs and acts. Bruno s Father Nazi soldier working for Hitler at the concentration camp; wants Bruno to grow up to serve The Fury; appears to put work over his own family. Lieutenant Kotler Young soldier working at the concentration camp; spends lots of time with Gretel and Bruno s mother; treats workers poorly and patronises Bruno. Pavel Old inmate of the camp serving in Bruno s kitchen; revealed to be a doctor before his imprisonment.

5 ENGLISH Stone Cold, Robert Swindells Language Implicit: Something that is suggested, but not actually said Explicit: Expressing details in a clear and obvious way, leaving no doubt as to the intended meaning Fiction: Is a story which is imaginary and not real Non-fiction: A text which describes real life events. E.g. Newspaper articles, textbooks, journals, biographies Emotive language: Language which evokes emotion in the reader Euphemism: The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant Colloquial language: Informal, everyday language which is used in conversation rather than writing. Swindells uses colloquial language at moments in the story to make the characters seem more believable Verb: A word to describe an action or a state, verbs change their endings depending on who is carrying out the action (e.g. to walk, to be, I walk, you are) Adverb: Adds detail to the verbs to describe how an action is carried out (e.g. kindly) Structure First person narrator: Told from a character s perspective (I) Unreliable narrator: A first person narrator who cannot be fully trusted. Dual narrative: Told from two different perspectives Dramatic irony : When the reader knows more about what is happening than the main character Atmosphere: The mood or tone created by the writer Foreshadowing: When the writer hints at what is going to happen Narrative voice / perspective: The attitude of the narrator to what they are talking about, e.g. Shelter is often mocking and sinister Repetition: Repeating words, ideas or events over a texts to highlight their importance Tension: The feeling of emotional strain as the reader anticipates something happening Dialogue: Use of speech from one or more characters will help to bring the text to life. Characters Link The main protagonist of the novel, Link is really called Dave but changes his name on the streets. He leaves home because of his relationship with his stepdad Vince Shelter Shelter is the antagonist of the novel. He is a former sergeantmajor who is on a mission to clear London s streets of the homeless. He carefully plans his mission Vince Vince is Link s stepdad and the reason Link leaves home Ginger A streetwise kid who befriends Link and teaches him about life on the streets Gail Befriends Link after Ginger has gone missing and he quickly falls Historical Context Key concepts: Protagonist: The leading character or one of the main characters in a book, play or film Structure-the way a text is put together Antagonist: The antagonist is the character who stands against the main character, the opponent Characterisation: The act of creating and describing characters in a text. Writers use many methods, description, imagery, dialogue and narrative voice to create a character who seems convincing to the reader. Homelessness: After the 1980s when Britain was relatively rich, the economy became less stable and more people became bankrupt and unemployed, leading to more people on the streets. In Waterloo the area which is now the IMAX became known as cardboard city, home to up to 200 people sleeping rough in cardboard boxes 1990s: At the start of the 1990s Margaret Thatcher left 10 Downing Street and John Major become Prime Minister. The country had been under her conservative government for 11 years and many people were feeling that this was a government who was not doing enough for young people or the poor Robert Swindells: Robert Swindells believes that we are responsible for each other in society and he writes books to encourage people to share this mentality Charles Dickens: Charles Dickens was also keen to teach people about the Emotive vocabulary to discuss homelessness: Word Definition Alcove a small opening off a larger room Squat Occupy illegally Melancholy a tendency to feel depressed Foetid Extremely unpleasant smell Fascists Sally Army YMCA DSS A person who is very intolerant or domineering in a particular area Salvation Army-international charitable organisation A welfare movement that began in London in 1844 A place where tenants receive financial housing benefits from the local council Adjectives Adverbs Verbs Destitute Down-hearted Neglected Deserted Unloved Ignored Suffering Hopeless Unfair abandoned Tragically Desperately Shockingly Appallingly Incredibly Unbelievably Unthinkingly Criminally Recently Cruelly Tragically To neglect To abandon To desert To victimise To suffer To torment To reject To dehumanise Word Synonyms Say (v.) Whisper shout stutter mutter beg remark answer Walk (v.) Saunter stagger stroll amble stride shuffle stumble prowl amble pace march traipse Sad (adj.) Down depressed melancholy glum unhappy gloomy distressed bitter Bad (adj.) Appalling atrocious despicable dreadful hideous monstrous revolting terrible

6 Technical Accuracy ENGLISH Term There/They re/their Definition Full stop. Shows that a sentence has finished Comma, Slight pause in a sentence. Separates clauses. Separates items in a list. There shows position: Your seat is over there. Their shows they own something: Their ties are missing. Your/You re Your is possessive: This is your pen. Question Mark? At the end of a question Exclamation Mark! To show expression such as shock. Apostrophe Shows that letters have been missed out or to show possession Speech Marks Shows that someone is talking direct TIPTOP RULE You move onto a new paragraph when you change Time, Place, Topic or Person. Use connectives in your paragraphs to link ideas and put them in a logical order. Furthermore But Meanwhile Whereas Since Nonetheless Yet However Therefore Although You re is short for you are: You re coming over to my Nevertheless house. Alternatively Hear/Here speech or being quoted Hear is for sound: I can hear someone talking. Here shows position: Come over here! Apostrophes: There are two reasons why we use apostrophes: for possession and to replace missing letters. Colon : To introduce a list, a statement or a quote in a sentence Possession: if a single thing/person owns anything, add an apostrophe + s: Semi Colon ; Separates two sentences that are related and of equal importance Dash/hyphen - Shows extra information. Brackets () Can be used like dashes to show extra information. Ellipses To show a passage of time and to create suspense ITS: When using its to show that something owns something, you don t need an apostrophe: The dog ate its bone and we ate our dinner. It only needs an apostrophe when you are putting it and is together: it s. The apostrophe replaces the i. The dog s bone The boy s homework Yesterday s lesson However if it is a plural (more than one), an apostrophe comes after the s: Basics Every sentence must start with a capital letter. Every sentence must finish with some form of punctuation.?! Proper nouns need capital letters. These are unique people, places or things. When writing titles of works such as books, films or plays: Capitalise the first word Capitalise any man/important words Don t capitalise minor words such as and of or the. The Sound of Music, The Wizard of Oz, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire When writing speech: Go to a new line when a different person speaks Good morning, said the teacher. It s the afternoon! replied the student. Each person s speech is marked with speech marks. apostrophe to replace the letter we remove: When you are writing in first person (using I) it should always be a capital letter. I know all the basics for writing now! No informal language or slang: I m gonna do my homework, should be I m going to do my homework. The dogs bone The boys homework Many websites content is educational... When we join together words like do not, we use an don't - the apostrophe replaces the o.

7 Mathematics MATHS Topic/Skill Negative numbers Number & Algebra Definition/Tips A number that is less than zero. They can be decimals. -7, -2.5, -0.8 Rounding to 1 decimal Rounding to place means to leave one decimal places number after the decimal point. (Tenths). Rounding to 2 decimal places means to leave two numbers after the decimal point. (Hundredths), etc. Going from left to right, Significant Figures the first non-zero digit is the first significant figure. Each digit to its right is then a significant figure. Square numbers The product of a number multiplied by itself. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 Example Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Square root A factor of a number that when squared gives that number. BIDMAS The order in which you complete a calculation. Indices are also known as powers Solving equations To solve an equation, you find the numerical value of letter/ symbol. Expanding brackets Expanding brack- means removing the brackets, using multiets plication. Multiply everything outside the brackets by everything inside the brackets. Example

8 Structures and Functions SCIENCE Lessons One: Levels of Organisation Kerboodle Pages What is a multicellular organism? An organism made up of lots of cells. Put these levels of organisation in order starting with the smallest Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism Organ, cell, organism, tissue, system What is a tissue? What is an organ? What is a system? Lesson Two: Gas Exchange Name three organ systems What is gas exchange? A group of cells that work together to perform a certain function A group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function A group of organs that work together to perform a certain function Kerboodle Pages Choose from: Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Digestive, Skeletal OR Muscular When you breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide Label this diagram Lesson Three: Breathing What happens when we breathe in? Ribs move up and out Diaphragm contracts moves down Volume of the chest increases. Pressure decreases so gas rushes in. What happens when we breathe out? Ribs move down and in. Diaphragm relaxes moves up. Volume of the chest decreases. Pressure decreases so gas rushes out What can increase lung volume? What can decrease lung volume? Lesson Four: Skeleton Give four functions of the skeleton Support the body, Protect vital organs, Helps the body move, Makes blood Where is your blood made? In the bone marrow Name three types of joints. State what cartilage is What do ligaments do? What is respiration? A chemical reaction that releases energy Why can you see your breath when you breathe on a cloud mirror We breathe out water that condenses on the mirror Kerboodle Pages Exercise and a healthy diet. State what a joint is. Oxygen diffuses into the blood Exercise Smoking Lung diseases such as asthma Old age How do you keep your bones healthy? Lesson Five Movement: Joints What happens in the alveolus? Kerboodle Pages Lesson Six Movement: Muscles Why is a muscle a tissue? Why are muscles antagonistic? How do you bend your arm? Kerboodle Pages Where two or more bones join together. Hinge joints Ball and socket joints Fixed joints Cartilage covers the end of a bone and stops bones rubbing together. Ligaments hold bones together. Kerboodle Pages Lots of muscles cells work together to cause movement. They work together but in the opposite directions. One muscle contracts and the other relaxes The bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes

9 SCIENCE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE Nutrients Food Tests What are nutrients? List the seven types of nutrients? What is meant by balanced diet? What are carbohydrates? and which foods can they be found in? Name the type of carbohydrates that provide a quick source of energy. Name the type of carbohydrate that provides a slow-release source of energy What are the three main functions of lipids (fats and oils)? Give to functions of proteins. Give two examples why we need vitamins and minerals? What foods are a good source of vitamins and minerals? How do we lose water from our bodies? What is fibre Nutrients are important substances that your body needs to survive and stay healthy. Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats and oils), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water, Fibre To eat food containing the right nutrients in the correct amounts. Carbohydrates provide our main source of energy. Sugars, in sweet food eg fruit Starch. This is found in starchy foods such as pasta, potatoes and bread. To provide a store of energy. To keep you warm, by providing a layer of insulation under the skin. To protect organs, like your heart and kidneys, from damage. To repair body tissues and to make new cells for growth. We need vitamin A for good eyesight. We need Vitamin D and the mineral calcium to maintain healthy teeth and bones. What reagent do you use to test for starch? What is the colour change if starch is present? How do you test for lipids in solid foods? How do you test for lipids in a food solution? Which reagent tests for sugar? What are the colour changes? What two chemicals are used to test for protein? What colour shows that protein is present? State the unit that energy in food is measured in. Give three reasons why it is unhealthy to be underweight? What diseases are overweight people more likely to suffer from? Iodine Changes from orange-brown to dark blue-black. The greasy paper test Add ethanol to the food solution, shake, pour the ethanol in a test tube of water and see if it turns cloudy Benedict s solution. The solution turns from blue to green, yellow, or orange-red if sugar is present. Copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide (Biuret). If protein is present, the solution turns purple. Joules (J) or kilojoules (kj). 1 kilojoule = 1000 joules suffer from health problems, such as a poor immune system, lack energy and often feel tired, are likely to suffer from a lack of vitamins or minerals. Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers. Fruits and vegetables What is a deficiency? When a person does not have enough of a certain vitamin or mineral. We lose water in sweat, tears, urine, faeces and exhaling. Fibre is a type of carbohydrate, but it is not classed as a nutrient.

10 BIOMES HUMANITIES Key word Biome Ecosystem Definition A very large ecosystem. An area made of living things and their non-living environment, for ex- Climate The weather conditions of an area in general or over a long period of time. Adaptations The process of change by which a species becomes better suited to its environment. Biodiversity The range of plants and animals in an ecosystem. Desertification The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought. Hot desert A large, dry, barren biome with harsh living conditions. Temperatures in the day are often over 100 F (38 C) in summer, but drop sharply at Cold desert A large, dry, barren biome with harsh living conditions. In summer, temperatures will be just below freezing and drop to 30 C in the winter. Rainforest Tropical rainforests are forests with tall trees, warm climates and lots of rain. There are approximately 10 million known species of animals, plants and insects and more than half of them call the rainforest home. Taiga (Boreal) The largest land biome. Taiga forest covers much of northern Russia, Siberia, Canada and Scandinavia. Tundra Vegetation A cold biome where harsh conditions make it hard for plants and animals to survive. All the trees and plants growing in a place. Dangers to forests Deforestation is when areas of forest are cleared for another use. 60% of the Earth's surface was originally covered in forest, now it is 10%. There are many reasons for this: *Urbanisation clearing forest to build houses; *Agriculture clearing forests to grow crops/ raise animals; *Mining digging for natural resources; *Logging cutting down trees for resources, such as paper and wood; and *Dam building storing water to produce hydro-electivity (electricity generated from water). Problems caused by deforestation: - fewer plants and animals; - loss of habitats for animals; - flooding; and - global warming. Climate graphs are a combination of a bar graph and a line graph. The line graph relates to the temperature, with figures shown on the right side of the graph. Rainfall is shown by the bar chart with figures on the left side of the graph.

11 French FOREIGN LANGUAGES MODERN MODAL VERBS Je veux Tu veux (?) Je peux Je ne peux pas Je dois GRAMMAR DES EXCUSES laver la voiture wash the car I want (Do) You want I can I can t/ cannot I have to!!with modal verbs use infinitives: Tu veux + infinitive E.g. Tu veux aller au parc? Je ne peux pas + infinitive E.g. Je ne peux pas aller au parc. Je dois + infinitive E.g. Je dois faire mes devoirs. promener le chien tidy my bedroom walk the dog rester à la maison stay at home faire les courses do the shopping do babysitting ranger ma chambre faire du babysitting me laver les cheveux do the gardening do the housework do my homework wash my hair aller voir ma grandmère go to visit my grandmother faire le jardinage faire le ménage LES ACTIVITÉS JOUER au tennis tennis to play au basket basketball faire mes devoirs EN VILLE IN TOWN le château the castle le stade the stadium le musée the museum le collège the school le cinéma the cinema le supermarché the supermarket la poste the post office la banque the bank la gare the train station la piscine the swimming pool L église The church Les magasins The shops Il y a. There is Il n y a pas de There isn t any To say TO or AT use à: à + le = au E.g. au parc à + la = à la E.g. à la piscine à + l = à l E.g. à l eglise à + les = aux E.g. aux magasins au babyfoot table football ALLER au bowling bowling to go au cinema cinema à une fête a party Je vais I go/ I am going VOIR des DVDs DVDs Tu vas You go to see un film a film Il/Elle va He/She goes FAIRE du vélo cycling On va We go to do du skate skateboarding Nous allons We go une promenade a walk Vous allez You(pl) g0 Ils/Elles vont They(m/f) go LES OPINIONS J aime I like Je n aime pas I don t like J adore I love Je déteste I hate Je préférè I prefer POINTS OF VIEW Je pense que I think that Au McDo at McDonalds Je ne vais pas I m not going à mon avis In my opinion Selon moi According to me MANGER to eat TCHATTER to chat ÉCOUTER sur l internet de la musique La radio on line/ internet some music the radio to listen INFINITIVES: Verbs that end in: ER, IR, RE ALLER TO GO FUTURE TENSE: Use ALLER + INFINITIVE souvent E.g. Je vais aller au Parc Il va voir un film FREQUENCY WORDS often sur sous devant derrière dans entre à côte de PREPOSITIONS on under in front behind in in-between next to en face de The DE rule: de + le = du de + la = de la de + l = de l de + les = des opposite E.g. du stade E.g. de la piscine E.g. de l église E.g. des magasins LES DIRECTIONS Allez tout droit Go straight on Tournez à droite Turn right Tournez à gauche Turn left Traversez le pont Cross the bridge Prenez la première rue à droite/gauche deuxième Take the first road on the right/left second CONNECTIVES où where parce que because car because cependant however INTENSIFIERS très very assez quite parfois sometimes un peu a bit toujours always vraiment really/truly