Practical English Grammar Mr. Harkishan Tulsiani

Transcription

1 1. Sentence 2. s 3. Pronoun 4. Adjective and Degree of comparison 5. Verbs 6. Adverbs 7. Present Tense (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous) 8. Past Tense (Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous) 9. Future Tense (Simple Future, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous) 10. Preposition 11. Conjunction 12. Modals 13. Phrases & Clauses 14. Simple, Compound and Complex sentences 15. Articles 16. Active and Passive Voice 17. Direct and Indirect Speech 18. Understanding word better 19. Determiner 20. Punctuation 21. Reading Comprehension 22. Bio Sketch 23. Letter Writing 24. Picture Composition 25. Notice Writing 26. Story Writing 27. Message Writing

2 SENTENCE Sentence is a group of words which has a subject and a predicate of its own and it makes complete sense. Example 1. Every living organisms required oxygen for their existence and growth. 2. A triangle has three sides. There are basically four kinds of sentences 1) Assertive / Declarative Sentences These are the most commonly used sentences. They make statements. These sentences begin with an uppercase letter and ends with a full stop. There are three kinds of Declarative statements 1) Affirmative Sentences are also known as Positive statements. A sentence which contains only positive statement and doesn t contain words like no, never, none, neither nor in it are called an affirmative sentence. a) He is a generous and helpful b) The view from this room is very beautiful. 2) Negative Sentences A sentence which contains or declares some negative words like no, not, never, neither nor etc. is called a negative sentence. a) Hitesh s does not like to miss the class. b) He did not come to the school because he was not feeling well. 3) Interrogative Sentence An interrogative sentence can either affirmative or negative. An interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It always ends with a question mark (?). a) Which boy is the fastest in the relay team? b) When will you return my book? c) How many people attended the meeting? 2) Imperative Sentences An imperative sentence is in the form of a command, an order, a request, advice, warning or instructions. Normally, the subject of these sentences is you, which is not mentioned in the sentence, but is understood. a) Command Complete your food immediately. b) Order Don t be untidy. c) Request Please, sit quietly while I am out of the house. d) Advice You must learn to do your work neatly. e) Warning Don t touch electric switch with wet hands, otherwise you may get shock. f) Instructions Read all the questions carefully. 3) Exclamatory sentences A sentence which expresses some strong or sudden feeling is called an exclamatory sentence. It always ends with an exclamation mark (!).

3 a) How wonderful to be back home! b) What an interesting book it was! Exercise 1: Rearrange these words to make complete sentences with appropriate punctuation 1) many the box sweets contains 2) today done has not project work his rajesh 3) will be leaving the bus at 7 o clock 4) most graceful is the have lady ever seen mr. rajesh 5) very well the piano hitesh plays 6) much time need the assignment do you to finish how (question) 7) he his home work does every evening by seven 8) next week they for delhi leaving are 9) took she I when was me care young of 10) taught how me my she shoes to tie 11) An eloquent speech what she gave (exclamatory) 12) When you go will to the office (questions) Exercise 2: What kind of sentences are the following 1. Sachin Tendulkar is regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of the cricket. 2. How did you able to solve this difficult sum? 3. Don t go close to the water. 4. Just look at that painting! 5. Open the gate. 6. Who built the Taj Mahal? 7. May I borrow your books for a day? 8. He completes his work regularly. Exercise 3: Change the following sentences as directed below. First one has been done for you - 1. He likes to read a lot of books. (into negative sentence) He doesn t like to read a lot of books. 2. She wrote neatly. (into interrogative sentence) 3. He isn t an engineer. (into interrogative sentence) 4. That is a beautiful garden. (into exclamatory sentence) 5. What an interesting story it was! (into affirmative sentence) 6. Shall we wait for him to come? (into negative sentence) 7. Does he want to come to the meeting with us? (into positive affirmative sentence) 8. Shall we visit Harry this evening? (into negative sentence) 9. She is writing a letter to her mother. (change into negative) 10. Jack is reading newspaper. (change into interrogative with question what) 11. They have not eaten anything. (interrogative) 12. Alan has worked hard for the examination. (negative) Exercise 4: Change the following statements into exclamatory sentences using the hint given below: 1. It is bitterly hot yesterday. (How.!) 2. Sanjay is a good student. (What a...!) 3. Shakespeare was a writer. (What a.!) 4. The English paper is easy. (How..!)

4 5. It is a beautiful sight. (What..!) 6. The apples are sweet. (How!) 7. I had a tasty breakfast. (What.!) 8. Gandhiji was a great leader. (What...!) Parts of a sentence A sentence is made up of two parts namely a subject and a predicate. Subject: it is that part of a sentence which tells us who or what the sentence is about. Predicate: It is that part of a sentence which tells us something about the subject. Example: The Australian team won the tournament. Subject: The Australian team, Predicate: won the tournament. In Imperative sentences, the subject is not mentioned but implied. Do this work. It means: you do this work. Subject: you Predicate: do this work. Exercise 5: Read the following sentences and identify the subject and the predicate: 1. Grandmother told an interesting story. 2. Most parts of the Amazon forest are covered with trees. 3. Sweets were distributed among the children. 4. They eat a lot of sweets. 5. We should cultivated discipline. 6. Her songs are very popular. 7. Has he completed his work? 8. How beautiful the frock is! 9. Have two tablets daily. 10. What is he doing? Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with suitable question words 1. Do you know he lives in Liverpool? Is it near the port? 2. I can't understand he said - it wasn't in English. 3. time does the film start tonight? 4. Do you know far it is to the nearest bank? 5. Nice to see you again, Hitesh! was your holiday in Delhi? 6. I like rock and roll. sort of music do you listen to most? 7. That's a wonderful house. I wonder lives there.

5 8. did you arrive in Mumbai? 9. There's no-one here. have they all gone? 10. was the hotel like when you were on holiday? Question tag A question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement. If the sentence is affirmative, the question tag will be negative and if the sentence is negative, the question tag will be positive. Steps for question tag 1) Copy the sentence to which a question tag has to be added and put a comma after it. 2) Use the appropriate question tag. 3) Put a question mark at the end. Example 1. We should speak nicely. We should speak nicely, shouldn t we? 2. We are not always coming on time. We are always coming on time, are we? Exercise 6: Complete the following questions with question tags. First one has been done for you - 1. Sheela will arrive as early as possible. Sheela will arrive as early as possible, won t she? 2. You will help them. 3. The clerk has come to work today. 4. The children haven t completed their project. 5. The mother won t scold us. 6. We are not asking for too much. 7. He will get them back. 8. We will put you right soon enough. 9. I didn t see anything. 10. He was a tackle on the cricket team.

6 NOUNS A noun is a naming word. It can be name of a person, place, animal, thing or event. Example 1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first president of India. 2. Aryabhatta was India's first satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name. Kinds of s 1. Proper A proper noun names particular things. It is the name of a particular person, animal, place, thing or event. It always begins with a capital letter. Rajesh is a clever and intelligent boy. He lives in New Delhi. 2. Common Common names given to any person, place, animal or thing is called common noun. It is the common name for the same kind of person, animal, place, thing or event. Manali is a beautiful hill station in Himachal Pradesh 3. Collective nouns A collective noun is the name of a collection of persons or things taken together and spoken as one whole. an army of soldiers a bunch of keys a pack of dogs a litter of puppies a gaggle of geese a panel of judges a suite of rooms a bar of chocolates a string of beads a herd of elephants a group of musicians a troop of monkeys 4. nouns nouns are the name of some state, quality, feeling or idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot touch or see. Qutub Minar is famous for its height. Honesty is the best policy. Unity is strength. Today temperature is very high. nouns can be formed from adjectives, common nouns and verbs. Those derived from adjectives and common nouns signifying qualities or characteristics, are termed as attributive nouns and those from verbs are called verbal nouns.

7 brother brotherhood man manhood child childhood member membership friend friendship mother motherhood king kingship neighbor neighborhood leader leadership scholar scholarship Verb Verb act action know knowledge appear appearance laugh laughter behave behavior lose loss believe belief marry marriage die death permit permission do deed please pleasure employ employment refuse refusal free freedom sell sale grow growth speak speech invite invitation think thought judge judgement treat treatment Adjective Adjective able ability kind kindness angry anger long length beautiful beauty honest honesty brave bravery new newness different difference strong strength difficult difficulty thirsty thirst

8 envious envy unique uniqueness great greatness weak weakness happy happiness wide width hungry hunger wise wisdom Exercise 1: Point out the nouns in the following sentences, and say whether they are common, proper, collective, abstract or material noun 1. The crowd was very large. 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. The lion has great strength. 4. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery. 5. Our team won the match and got first place in the tournament. 6. Akbar was one of the greatest rulers in Indian history. 7. It was a sunset of great beauty. 8. Sarojini Naidu was among the most visible leaders of pre-independent India. 9. The Ajanta caves are located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. There are many rock cut monuments. 10. Wheat is the second most important winter cereal in India after rice. Exercise 2: Find the collective nouns in the following sentences 1. We got a bunch of red roses for our teacher. 2. We saw a herd of cattle lying over there. 3. The committee will meet us on Monday. 4. A shoal of fish was caught by fisherman. 5. The whole family went out for dinner. 6. A pack of wolves attacked the man. 7. A swarm of bees collected honey. 8. The policemen were trying to control the crowd. 9. Our school has got a whole library of books. 10. A gang of thieves attacked the traveler. Exercise 3: Complete these sentences with suitable collective nouns from the box band pack flock clump range crowd swarm fleet bouquet fleet crew class bunch committee 1. Michael was looking for his..of keys. 2. Rita bought a of flowers for her friend. 3. Yesterday a..of musician played nice music.

9 4.. of tulips grew along the road side. 5. A of five members were appointed. 6. We saw a..of ships in the harbour. 7. Our.consist of sixty pupils. 8. A..of locusts spoiled the crop on the field last winter. 9. Beside the river was a..of trees. 10. The farmer has a of birds on his field. 11. A..of wolves were howling in the forest last night. 12. The..of mountains was covered with trees. 13. The was very big. 14. My brother is one of the.member of a ship. Exercise 4: Pick out the abstract noun in the following sentences: 1) The world has made progress in Science and Technology. 2) My teacher always gives me useful advice. 3) The price of this refrigerator is very high. 4) Akbar was famous for his bravery. 5) He always performs his work with sincerity. 6) I have got much profit when I sold that flat. 7) Forgiveness is better than punishment. 8) This boy is famous for his intelligence. 9) The team was filled with hope. 10) Life is a full of joy. Exercise 5: Give example of the proper noun given below for each of the following 1. An Indian city beginning with letter D 2. A storybook character that you like 3. The name of the shopping mall you go 4. An Indian state beginning with G 5. The longest river of the world 6. The First President of India 7. Current Prime Minister of India 8. Your favourite restaurant 9. A well brand name of shoes company 10. The highest mountain of the world Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns formed from the words in brackets. 1. Robinhood is famous for his (gentle) 2. Raj always speak the (true) 3. What is the of this wall. (long) 4. My father gave me to go for picnic. (permit) 5. Unity is (strong) 6. King was very happy with his clever)

10 7. I still remember my days. (child) 8. He was very happy with his (judge) 9. Akbar was famous for his (wise) 10. It will be great to attend your party. (happy) Exercise 7: Form abstract noun from the given adjectives Adjective Adjective able kind angry long beautiful honest brave new different strong difficult thirsty envious unique great weak happy wide hungry wise Sample Over